The document discusses different types of aggression including hostile, proactive, and reactive aggression. It notes that while aggression is often seen as antisocial, there are also prosocial forms. Aggression can be physical or verbal. The causes of human aggression include social determinants, cultural factors, personality factors, and situational determinants. Gender differences exist in aggression, with males generally more physically aggressive and females more indirectly aggressive. Nature vs nurture perspectives are presented on whether aggression is innate or learned through experience. Punishment can reduce aggression if promptly administered, certain to occur, strong, and perceived as justified.

4.  Aggression can be defined as any behaviour
intended to hurt others.
 While most of the people would assume that
aggression is always anti social, there are both
anti social and prosocial forms of aggression.
 Aggression refers to behaviour between
members that can be physical or verbal.
People can avoid such treatment or can fight
back.

5.  Hostile Aggression: defined as aggression stemming from
feelings of anger and aimed at inflicting pain or injury.
 Proactive Aggression: aggression is initiated against a target
without immediate provocation.
 Reactive Aggression: it is a type of defensive, reactive, or
impulsive aggression in sense that the actor is responding to a
threat.
 Physical or verbal aggression
 Direct or indirect aggression.

7. Causes of
Human
Aggression
Social
Determinants
Cultural
Factors
Personality
Factors
Situational
Determinants

8. Social
Determinants
Frustration
Provocation
Heightened
Arousal

9.  Gender differences
○ Overall males report engaging in more aggressive
behavior than do females.
○ The extent of gender differences depends on the
situation and the type of aggression.
 Males are significantly more likely than females to aggress
against others when they have not been provoked in any
manner .
 Males are more likely than females are to use direct forms of
aggression (physical assaults, shouting).
 Females are more likely than males are to use indirect forms of
aggression (gossiping, spreading rumors).

10. ARE WE BORN AGGRESSIVE OR IS AGGRESSIVENESS
LEARNED THROUGH EXPERIENCE?
 Innate aggression: an inevitable, biological inclination to
violence
 Learned aggression: aggression taught through experience
and imitation

11. Aggression is Innate...
 Freud and Lorenz argued that aggression is an innate, natural,
and biological characteristic
 Freud described his theory of the ‘death instinct’ as a being a
method of escaping life by playing dead whereas the ‘life
instinct’ is meant to preserve life and reproduce. Lorenz stated
that the will to live and aggression are compatible in the fact that
both are directed at securing the advantages necessary to
survival and reproduction
 However, these theories of innate aggression are cyclical in the
fact that they are shut off from testable alternatives and linear
reasoning (Humans are aggressive because its instinctual and
we know its instinctual because humans behave aggressively)
(Brehm et al. 2008)

12.  When children are socially taught to
be aggressive to get what they want,
they tend to be aggressive adults
 If it is learned at a young age that
aggressive behavior has a positive
result this method of obtaining such
effects will continue (De Souza 2007).
 Rewards will increase violent behavior
(a kid hits another and gets his candy)
whereas negative results can stop
aggressive and violent behavior
 Punishment is most effective when it
is administered immediately after
unwanted behavior occurs, is strong
enough to stop the behavior, and is
consistently fair. Punishment can also
instigate retaliation however, and act
as a model to imitate.

13. Negative Affect
 A wide variety of noxious stimuli can create
negative feelings and increase aggression
 Hot temperatures are associated with
increased aggression and violence
 Positive emotional responses are
incompatible with negative affect and
reduce retaliatory aggression

14. Some Useful Techniques
 Punishment:
Delivery Aversive Consequences is a major technique for
reducing aggression.
○ Two beliefs regarding its implementation
 Aggressive behavior deserves to be punished.
 Punishment of aggressive behavior deters(Discourage) future
aggression
Punishment can reduce aggression ,but only if it meets
four basic requirements

15.  Prompt: It must follow aggressive actions as quickly as
possible.
 Certain to Occur : The probability that it will follow
aggression must be high.
 Must be Strong: Strong enough to be highly unpleasant
to potential recipients.
 Justified or Deserved: It must be perceived by
recipients as justified or deserved