Aggression in Sports Definitions Types Aggression vs Assertion Theories of Aggression Factors affecting Aggression Strategies Of Reduction

1. AGGRESSION
types of aggression
theories of aggression
factors affecting aggression
strategies to reduce aggression
PRESENTED BY:
GROUP 1
BAHAR HUSSAIN
MUHAMMAD USMAN
MUSHTAQ ALI
SAJJAD khan
NAYAB

2. Literal meaning
• Gress
• Aggress
• Progress
• retrogress

3. What is Aggression…
•
• Aggression is any behaviour intended to harm another individual or object by physical
or verbal means.
(Bull, 1990)
• Aggression is a set of behaviours that are likely to, or have the potential to, cause harm
to others, or intended to cause harm, and are goal-directed
(Berkowitz,1993)
• Aggression is any form of behaviour directed towards the goal of harming or injuring
another living being, who is motivated to avoid such treatment.
(Baron, 1977)

4. WHAT AGGRESSION IS NOT…
• Aggression is not competitiveness, nor is it anger.
• Competitiveness is an attitude; anger is an emotion. While aggression is a behaviour.
• anger and competitiveness may both contribute to aggression.
• aggression involves the intent to cause harm in some form; thus, behaviour which
accidentally harms someone is not aggression.
• So Behaviour of any kind that is carried out with the intention of harming another person
is called aggression

5. Types of aggression
1 •HOSTILE AGGRESSION
2 •INSTRUMENTAL AGGRESSION

6. HOSTILE AGGRESSION
• Hostile aggression takes place when the primary intention of the
behaviour is to harm the other player.
• This type of aggression is accompanied by anger, and the underlying
wish is to see the victim suffer.
• It is an end in itself.
• ITS PURPOSE IS TO HARM FOR ITS OWN SAKE, for example, hitting
an opponent who has just been aggressive against a player.

7. HOSTILE AGGRESSION CAN OPERATIONALLY BE
DEFINED AS PHYSICAL OR VERBAL INTERACTIONS
AIMED AT VARIOUS TARGETS BUT NOT DIRECTLY
CONNECTED TO TASK ACCOMPLISHMENTS.

8. Instrumental aggression
• Instrumental aggression takes place when the behaviour is clearly likely to
cause harm, but its intention is to achieve a different aim, such as to score a
point or prevent the opposition from scoring a goal.
• It’s a mean to an end, not an end in itself.
• It is Always motivated by some other goals.
• it is not always associated with anger.
• Such as injuring a plyer to gain competitive advantage.

9. Instrumental aggression
• Instrumental aggression can operationally be defined as aggression occurring during game
play and involves opponent-directed physical interactions that contributes to
accomplishing a task.

10. AGGRESSION VS ASSERTION
• ASSERTIVE BEHAVOURS ARE FORCEFUL BEHAVIOURS THAT ARE NOT INTENDED TO
INJURE THE OPPONENT.
• IT IS WITH IN THE RULES OF THE GAME.
• THE INTENTION IS TO ESTABLISH A DOMINANCE RATHER THAN TO HARM.
• COACHES OFTEN DESCRIBE STrONG PHYSICAL PLAY AS AGGRESSIVE, WHEN THIS
TYPE OF PLAY IS ACTUALLY ASSERTIVE.
• SOME SPORTS INVOLVES STRONG PHYSICAL CONTACT, WHICH HAS SOME KIND OF
CAPICITY TO HARM THE OPPONENT. SUCH AS KARATE, BOXING, WRESTLING ETC
• IT IS ALWAYS DIFFICULT TO DISTINGUISH BETWEEN AGGRESSION AND ASSERTION
BECAUSE OF THE NOTION OF INTENT.
•

11. AGGRESSION VS ASSERTION
AGGRESSION ASSERTION
CONTROL
FRUSTRATION
• INTENT TO DOMINATE
• LEGITIMATE
• FORCEFUL CONTACT
• CONTROLLED
• SANCTIONED
• INTENT TO HARM
• ILLEGITIMATE
• FORCEFUL
CONTACT
• UNCONTROLLED
• UNSANTIONED

12. Types of Aggression
Assertive behaviour
1. No intent to harm
2. Legitimate force
3. Unusual effort and
energy expenditure
Hostile aggression
1. Intent to harm
2. Goal to harm
3. Unusual effort and
energy expenditure
Instrumental
aggression
1. Intent to harm
2. Goal to win
3. No anger
Source: Silva (1980)

13. THEORIES OF AGGRESSION
• A number of psychological theories aim to explain the origins and triggers of human
aggression.
• Within sport psychology, three broad approaches have been particularly influential:
•
• INSTINCT THEORIES.
• SOCIAL LEARNING THEORY.
• THE FRUSTRATION–AGGRESSION HYPOTHESIS

14. INSTICT THEORY
• AGGRESSION IS INSTINCTIVE. (An instinct is an innate tendency to behave in a certain way).
• we are born with two opposing instincts, the life instinct and the death instinct. Our death
instinct leads us to be aggressive.
• It is manageable and we can, to some extent, exert conscious control over it.
• sport is a healthy way of expressing our death instinct.
• Proponents of the theory saw sport as serving the social function of channelling human
destructive instincts constructively.
• Main contributions to this theory includes Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalytical Approach
and Konrad Lorenz’s Ethological Approach
•

15. Social learning theory
• aggression, like other social behaviour, is learnt by imitation and reinforcement.
• children witness aggression in sports. Children may also witness highly assertive acts
and in-correctly imitate them in an aggressive form.
• aggression can be reinforced. An act of aggression might result directly in scoring or
preventing the opposition from doing so. Watchers might cheer; the coach and
parents might praise the aggressive child
• Albert bandura’s famous bobo doll study greatly contributed towards the formation of
this theory.

16. Baron & Byrne suggest the following four aspects of aggression that can be
explained by learning
1 HOW TO BE AGGRESSIVE How to commit a foul
2 WHO IS AN APPROPRIATE
TARGET OF AGGRESSION
Whom We Can Foul
3 WHAT ACTIONS REQUIRE AN
AGGRESSIVE RESPONSE
What They Have To Do To
Warrant A Foul
4 IN WHAT SITUATIONS
AGGRESSION IS APPROPRIATE
Under What Circumstances
A Foul Is The Best Response.
e.g
e.g
e.g
e.g

17. The frustration–aggression hypothesis
• FIrst suggested by Dollard et al (1939).
• This approach SEES the most important factors in aggression as the characteristics of the
situation.
• we have an innate aggressive drivE AND when we are frustrated we respond with
aggressive behaviour. all aggression was seen to be due to frustration.
• Berkowitz (1989) produced a more sophisticated version of this THEORY BY
PROPOSING that frustration leads to anger rather than directly to aggression.
• More anger is generated if the frustration is unexpected or seen as unfair WHICH
LEADS TO AGGRESSION.
• but because we can apply our higher mental processes, such as thinking and
reasoning, we do not necessarily respond to frustration with aggression. We may do
so, however, if our anger is great enough or if, for some reason, we cannot think
logically at that moment.
•

18. FACTOR
AFFECTING
AGGRESSION
BASED ON
INDIVIDUAL
DIFFERENCES
Gender
Identification
with Team
Motivational
Style
BASED ON
SITUATION
The physical
environment
Game
Circumstances

19. STRATEGIES
USED TO
REDUCE
AGGRESSION
CATHARSIS
ROLE
MODELING
CONTRACTING
PUNISHMENT