describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
describes the complete history, mechanisms, instrumentation(jablonski diagram), types, comparision and factors affecting, applications of fluorescence and phosphorescence and describes about quenching and stokes shift.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Introduction to UV, electronic transitions, terminology, chromophore, Auxochrome, Examples and Applications.
Introduction to IR, Fundamental vibrations, Types of Vibrations, Factors affecting the vibrational freaquencies, Group frequencies, examples and applications.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
Introduction to Spectroscopy,
Introduction to UV, electronic transitions, terminology, chromophore, Auxochrome, Examples and Applications.
Introduction to IR, Fundamental vibrations, Types of Vibrations, Factors affecting the vibrational freaquencies, Group frequencies, examples and applications.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
Properties of water and aqueous solutionssabir shah
Akhuwat Faisalabad Institute Of Research Science and
Technology.....
This video is a course context of 1st prof Bs (hons) biotechnology.. which is prepared by momin khan niazi...........
Learn the difference between the types of lab decontaminations, which one makes the most sense for you, why, and how to execute. This deck will give you tactical, step-by-step instructions to completing your lab move thoroughly, cost effectively and safely.
Visible Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.pptxNeetuSoni21
Visible Spectrophotometry and Colorimetry.pptx
Color comparison was one of the oldest methods used for quantitative
estimation of elements and substances. The variation of a color of a system with change
in concentration of some components forms the basis of colorimetric analysis. The color
is usually due to the formation of a colored compound by the addition of an appropriate
reagent at specific condition or it may be inherent in the desired constituent itself. The
intensity of the color may then be compared with that obtained by treating a known
amount of the substance in the same manner. Colorimetry is concerned with the
determination of the concentration of a substance by measurement of the relative
absorption of light with respect to a known concentration of a substance. In visual
colorimetry, natural or artificial white light.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
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Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
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June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
2. Maximum Absorbance
• Learning objectives:
– Determination of the wavelength of maximum
absorbance of a given solution
– Learn how to use spectrophotometer
– Calculate absorbance
3. Spectrophotometry
is a technique used to measure how much
energy a substance absorbs at varying
wavelengths of light.
Wavelength (nm)
Absorbance
0.0
2.0
200 250 300 350 400 450
4. What is wavelength?
Forms of electromagnetic radiation like radio waves or light waves
make characteristic patterns as they travel through space. Each wave
has a certain shape and length. The distance between peaks (high
points) is called wavelength.
7. • Visible light is only a
small portion of the
entire electromagnetic
spectrum
• it includes the colors
commonly observed
(red, yellow, green, blue
and violet).
• The visible spectrum
consists of electro-
magnetic radiation
whose wavelengths
range from 380nm to
nearly 760nm.
Background :
8. Wavelength (, Greek lambda):
Distance from one wave peak
to the next.
Units: m, cm, m, nm or
A
Light waves can be characterized By:
9. Spectrophotometer
To measure the amount of light that a sample absorbs
Visible spectrophotometer: uses light over visible range (400 - 700 nm) of
electromagnetic radiation spectrum.
12. UV-visible spectrum
The two main properties of an
absorbance peak are:
1. Absorption wavelength
max
2. Absorption intensity
Amax
Housecroft and Sharpe, p. 466
13. Identifying a compound by
spectrophotometry
• If a compound absorbs light its absorption
spectrum is a unique property of that
compound.
• The molecular structure is responsible for
the absorption properties
• The most common feature of absorbing
compounds are conjugated double bonds,
often as an aromatic ring
14. Spectrophotometry
By measuring the Absorption Spectrum of a
substance, it is possible to identify it or at
least place it in a particular class of
compounds.
Max λ
17. Transmittance (T) is defined as the fraction of
incident light which is transmitted, ie, passes
through, a sample.
Thus, T = I/Io,
Transmittance
18. • Defined as the ratio of the intensity of light
emerging from the solution (I) to that of
incident light entering (Io)
Transmittance
19. Transmittance is usually expressed as a
percentage:
%T = (I/Io) x 100
100% transmittance means no light is absorbed
by the solution so that incident light is 100%
transmitted
Transmittance
20. Absorbance (A), or optical density, is a
logarithmic function of T and is expressed as:
A = 2 – log(%T)
Note that absorbance has no units.
Absorbance
21. So, for example, at 100% transmittance, A = log
1.0 = 0.
At 50% transmittance, A = 2 -log (50) = 0.30.
Transmittance and Absorbance
25. Applications/Use
• Identify food dyes
• Protein assays of milk and protein drinks
• Test rates of photosynthesis
• Bacterial growth
• Use enzyme preparations to break down complex
sugars
• Determine unknown concentration of solution
• Determine equilibrium constant of a reaction
involving ions
• Purity of protein or nucleic acid preps (A260 /A280)
29. Prepare a BLANK cuvette by adding WATER
A BLANK is used to calibrate the Spec 20 so
that any absorbance attributable to the
solvent and/or glass cuvette can be
compensated.
By zeroing the Spec 20 to the blank, you will
measure only the absorbance due to the
substance in question.
Reference: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/spec20.html#spectrophotometry
Step 2:
30. With no tube in the
holder, adjust the meter
needle to read infinite
absorbance (= 0%
transmittance) using the
left front knob (= power
switch)
Reference: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/spec20.html#spectrophotometry
Step 3:
31. Using a Kimwipe, wipe off/polish the outside of the
cuvette.
Using a Sharpie, make a small vertical mark at the top
of each cuvette for alignment in the sample holder.
Reference: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/spec20.html#spectrophotometry
Step 4:
34. Remove BLANK and insert cuvette with
your sample. Close lid.
Read transmittance (upper scale) for your
sample.
Repeat steps 3-8 for each wavelength
Reference: http://abacus.bates.edu/~ganderso/biology/resources/spec20.html#spectrophotometry
Step 7:
Step 8:
Step 9:
Measuring Absorbance or Transmittance
35. NOTE: When taking several measurements at the
same wavelength over a short time period, you do
not need to re-blank for each.
If you are taking readings over an extended
period or change the wavelength, you must re-
zero the instrument.,
Re-blank the spectrophotometer
36. Summary
1. Turn instrument on
2. Select correct wavelength (400-700 nm)
3. Block light, set Zero (no light = infinity
absorption = 0% T)
4. Choose and clean test-tubes
5. Open light, insert Blank (maximum light =
no absorption = 100% T)
6. Measure transmittance of samples
7. Repeat from step 2
37. Method:
1) Prepare solution of Basic Fuchsin Dye
a) 1 ml of Dye into 9 ml of water (total 10 ml)
2) Determine spectrum:
a) Set up spectrophotometer
b) Measure %T using lambda (400 – 700 nm)
c) Convert %T to Absorbance
38. Data Analysis
• Plot your data on a graph
– Wavelenght is plotted on the X-axis
– Absorbance is plotted on the Y-axis
• Put units on each axis
• Determine the wavelength of maximum
absorbance
– Now you are ready to proceed to part B
40. Beer-Lambert Law
• Learning objectives:
– What is Beer-Lambert Law?
– Determine the relationship between concentration
and absorbance of the solution
– How to calculate dilutions
45. Mole: is simply the amount of a substance that contains
6.02 x 1023 particles.
Avogadro's Constant: The number of objects in a mole;
6.02 x 1023
Molarity: A unit of concentration equal to the number
moles of solute in a 1 liter of solution.
VOCABULARY:
46. What is mole?
• measurement for the amount of substance
• a mole of any pure substance has a mass
in grams exactly equal to that substance's
atomic or molecular mass
49. The Mole (n)
• 1 dozen cookies = 12 cookies
• 1 mole of cookies = 6.02 X 1023 cookies
• 1 dozen cars = 12 cars
• 1 mole of cars = 6.02 X 1023 cars
• 1 dozen Al atoms = 12 Al atoms
• 1 mole of Al atoms = 6.02 X 1023 atoms
Note that the NUMBER is always the same,
but the MASS is very different!
50. Suppose we invented a new collection unit
called a rapp. One rapp contains 8 objects.
1. How many paper clips in 1 rapp?
a) 1 b) 4 c) 8
2. How many oranges in 2.0 rapp?
a) 4 b) 8 c) 16
3. How many rapps contain 40 gummy bears?
a) 5 b) 10 c) 20
Learning Check
51. 6.02 x 1023 particles
1 mole
or
1 mole
6.02 x 1023 particles
Note that a particle could be an atom OR a molecule!
Avogadro’s Number as
Conversion Factor
52. 1. Number of atoms in 0.500 mole of Al
a) 500 Al atoms
b) 6.02 x 1023 Al atoms
c) 3.01 x 1023 Al atoms
2.Number of moles of S in 1.8 x 1024 S atoms
a) 1.0 mole S atoms
b) 3.0 mole S atoms
c) 1.1 x 1048 mole S atoms
Learning Check
54. Molarity (M)
A concentration that expresses the
moles of solute in 1 L of solution
Molarity (M) = moles of solute (n)
1 liter solution (V)
55. Molarity (M)
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
1 liter solution
The solvent is the liquid in which something
is dissolved in, usually water
Solute is a dissolved substance
Solution is a type of homogenous mixture in
which the solute is distributed uniformly
throughout another substance, the solvent
56. Units of Molarity
2.0 M HCl = 2.0 moles HCl
1 L HCl solution
6.0 M HCl = 6.0 moles HCl
1 L HCl solution
57. Molarity Conversion Factors
A solution is a 3.0 M NaOH.. Write the
molarity in the form of conversion factors.
3.0 moles NaOH and 1 L NaOH soln
1 L NaOH soln 3.0 moles NaOH
58. How to calculate molarity
Example 1:
What is the molarity of a 5.00 liter solution
that was made with 10.0 moles of KBr ?
http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson64.htm
59. What is the molarity of a 5.00 liter solution that was made
with 10.0 moles of KBr ?
Solution:
# of moles of solute
Molarity = --------------------------
Liters of solution
Given: # of moles of solute = 10.0 moles
Liters of solution = 5.00 liters
10.0 moles of KBr
Molarity = -------------------------- = 2.00 M
5.00 Liters of solution
Answer = 2.00 M
http://www.fordhamprep.org/gcurran/sho/sho/lessons/lesson64.htm
61. Learning Check M1
A KOH solution with a volume of 400
mL contains 2 mole KOH. What is the
molarity of the solution?
1) 0.8 M
2) 5 M
3) 0.005 M
Molarity (M) = moles of solute
1 liter solution
62. Solution M1
A KOH solution with a volume of 400 mL
contains 2 moles of KOH. What is the
molarity of the solution?
2) 5 M
M = 2 mole KOH = 5 M
0.4 L
63. Learning Check M3
Stomach acid is a 0.10 M HCl solution. How
many moles of HCl are in 1500 mL of stomach
acid solution?
1) 15 moles HCl
2) 1.5 moles HCl
3) 0.15 moles HCl
64. Solution M3
3) 1500 mL x 1 L = 1.5 L
1000 mL
1.5 L x 0.10 mole HCl = 0.15 mole HCl
1 L
(Molarity factor)
65. What is dilution?
The act of diluting a solution is to
simply add more water (the
solvent) thus leaving the amount
of solute unchanged
71. How to calculate serial dilutions
• Dilution Equation: MbVb = MaVa
• Mb = Molarity of initial solution
• Vb = Volume of initial solution to be used
• Ma = Molarity of final (diluted) solution
• Va = Desired volume of final dilute
solution.
72. How to calculate serial dilutions
• Dilution Equation: MbVb = MaVa
• Mb = Molarity of initial solution
• Vb = Volume of initial solution to be used
• Ma = Molarity of final (diluted) solution
• Va = Desired volume of final dilute solution.
2 ml
2 ml of water
1 M
73. How to calculate serial dilutions
• Dilution Equation: MbVb = MaVa
2 ml
2 ml of water
1 MMb
Vb
Va = 2ml +2 ml = 4 ml
Ma
= ???
MbVb = MaVa
Ma
=
MbVb
Va
=
(1M)x(2ml)
4 ml
= 0.5 M
74. How to calculate serial dilutions
• Dilution Equation: MbVb = MaVa
• Mb = Molarity of initial solution
• Vb = Volume of initial solution to be used
• Ma = Molarity of final (diluted) solution
• Va = Desired volume of final dilute solution.
2 ml
2 ml of water
1 MMb
Vb
Va = 2ml +2 ml = 4 ml
Ma
= ???
76. MOLARITY & DILUTION
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by
diluting 25.0 mL of 0.05 M potassium iodide with 50.0
mL of water.
Mb = 0.05 mol/L Ma = ?
Vb = 25.0 mL Va = 50.0 + 25.0 = 75.0 mL
77. MOLARITY & DILUTION
Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by diluting 25.0 mL
of 0.05 M potassium iodide with 50.0 mL of water.
Mb = 0.05 mol/L Ma = ?
Vb = 25.0 mL Va = 50.0 + 25.0 = 75.0 mL
MbVb = MaVa
Mb Vb = Ma = (0.05 mol/L) (25.0 mL) = 0.0167 M of Ka
Va 75.0 mL
78. Example:
• What volume of 0.01 M solution do we
need to make 20 mL of a 0.001 M
solution?
79. Example:
• What volume of 0.01 M solution do we
need to make 20 mL of a 0.001 M solution?
• Use the dilution equation, MbVb = MaVa
• Mb=0.01 M
• Vb = unknown
• Ma= 0.001 M
• Va = 20 mL
Solve for Vb
80. Example:
• What volume of 0.01 M solution do we
need to make 20 mL of a 0.001 M solution?
• Use the dilution equation, MbVb = MaVa
• Mb=0.01 M
• Vb = unknown
• Ma= 0.001 M
• Va = 20 mL
Vb=(0.001M)x(20ml) = ???
0.01M
81. Example:
• What volume of 0.01 M solution do we
need to make 20 mL of a 0.001 M solution?
• Got 2 mL. This is the amount of the 0.01 M
solution that we need. The total volume is
20 mL, so we need to add 18 mL of water.
• So, measure 2 mL of your 0.01 M solution
and add it to 18 mL of water to make a
0.001 M solution.
82. Methods:
1) Prepare serial dilutions using Basic Fuschin Dye
a) Stock (1 ml Dye + 9 ml of water)
b) Set up different concentrations of dye
2) Determine %T:
a) Set up spectrophotometer
b) Measure %T using maximum lambda from Part A
c) Convert %T to Absorbance
d) Plot Absorbance vs. Concentration
84. How to make dilutions (flow chart)
9 ml Water (mL)4.5 4.0 3.5 3.0
Stock solution:
1 ml dye + 9 ml water
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 Stock (mL)
2.5 2.5 ml H2O
1
6
5432
Mb=0.0024M
MbVb = MaVa
85. • Show your calculations, proper graphs and
results
• Be neat
• Part A and Part B are due before the class
next week (week 5)
87. 87
Concentration
Absorbance,A
0
0.5
1
Concentration
Transmittance,T
A=bc
certain
constant b
One analyte
T=10-A =10- bc
Beer’s law is a relation between
absorbance and concentration
which is a straight line passes by
origin at constant pathlength, b,
and at certain wavelength, .
Transmittance decreases
exponentially as concentration
increases
Beer’s law is obeyed for
monochromatic light
50%
25%
12.5%
P0 = 100%
Solution with T = 50%
not zero
Slope = b
88. UV/visible: Applications
UV/visible is still used in current research,
especially for heme-containing proteins, which have
absorbance in the Soret region that is sensitive to
the state of the protein
3d shell of Fe2+ has 6 electrons
High Spin Low Spin
89. UV/Visible Applications
This paper looks at iron-sulfur clusters in a native and a
mutant protein
C196S Mutant lacks broad
absorption band between 400-600
nm which is diagnostic of an 2Fe-
2S cluster
JBC (1998)Vol. 273, No. 35;28 pp. 22311–22316
90. Applications of Spectrophotometer
• Spectroscopy
• Chemical Analysis: concentration ,trace
analysis, pH and remote monitoring
• Geology.
• Astronomy.
• Particle size.
• Thin film characterization
• Color matching
• Optics
91. • For the mathematically minded:
• Transmittance = IT/I0*100
• Absorbance = log10(I0/IT)
Converting Transmittance to Absorbance
• %T/100 = IT/I0 100/%T = I0/IT
Taking logs on both sides
• Log 100 – log %T = log I0/IT
• 2 – log%T = Absorbance