Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy is a technique used to characterize organic molecules by identifying carbon-hydrogen frameworks. It exploits the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei when subjected to radio waves and magnetic fields. There are two main types of NMR spectroscopy: 1H NMR determines the number and type of hydrogen atoms, and 13C NMR determines the type of carbon atoms. When nuclei are placed in a magnetic field, their spins can be aligned with or against the field, producing detectable signals. Chemical shifts in these signals provide information about the molecular structure and atomic environment of the nuclei.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
It would be use full to All Needy People. It involve information about NMR Spectroscopy ( a spectroscopic techniques), factors influencing , proton NMR and their applications of NMR as well as Nuclear magnetic imaging.
Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy: advantage and disadvantage of conventional infrared spectroscopy, introduction to FTIR ,principle of FTIR, working, advantage, disadvantage and application of FTIR.
This presentation gives you thorough knowledge about the IR Spectroscopy. This include basic principle, type of vibrations, factors influencing vibrational frequency, instrumentation and applications of IR Spectroscopy. This is the most widely used technique for identifying unknown functional group depending on the vibrational frequency.
various parts of mAss spectroscopy, applications, principle, peaks, rules, typical mass spectra, various combinations, Fragmentation, rules of fragmentation and useful points which can help Chemical and analytical students and structural elucidation.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
IR SPECTROSCOPY, INTRODUCTION, PRINCIPLE, THEORY, FATE OF ABSORBED RADIATION, FERMI RESONANCE, FINGERPRINT REGION, VIBRATIONS, FACTORS AFFECTING ABSORPTION OF IR RADIATION, SAMPLING TECHNIQUES, APPLICATIONS OF IR SPECTROSCOPY.
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
ByM.Vharshini
B.Sc. Bio Medical Science
Sri Ramachandra University
ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Ion-exchange chromatography is a process that allows the separation of ions and polar molecules based on their affinity to the ion exchanger.
It can be used for almost any kind of charged molecule including large proteins, small nucleotides and amino acids.
Cations or Anions can be separated using this method.
PRINCIPLE
It is based on the reversible electrostatic interaction of ions with the separation matrix (i.e.)
The separation occurs by reversible exchange of ions between the ions present in the solution and those present in the ion exchange resin.
CLASSIFICATION OF RESINS
According to the chemical nature they classified as-
1. Strong cation exchange resin
2. Weak cation exchange resin
3. Strong anion exchange resin
4. Weak anion exchange resin
According to the Source they can -
Natural resins : Cation - Zeolytes, Clay
Anion - Dolomite
Synthetic resins: Inorganic & Organic resins
◘Organic resins are polymeric resin matrix.
The resin composed of –
Polystyrene (sites for exchangeable functional groups)
Divinyl benzene(Cross linking agent)-offers stability.
Ion exchange resin should have following requirements
»It must be chemically stable.
»It should be insoluble in common solvents.
» It should have a sufficient degree of cross linking.
»The swollen resin must be denser than water.
»It must contain sufficient no. of ion exchange groups.
Physical properties of ion exchange resins
Cross linking:
It affects swelling & strength & solubility
Swelling:
When resin swells, polymer chain spreads apart
Polar solvents → swelling
Non-polar solvents → contraction
Swelling also affected electrolyte concentration.
Particle size and porosity
Increase in surface area & decrease in particle size will increase the rate of ion exchange.
Regeneration
Cation exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with acid, then washing with water.
Anion exchange resin are regenerated by treatment with NaOH, then washing with water until neutral.
EXPERIMENTAL SETUP OF ION EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Metrohm 850 Ion chromatography system
Instrumentation of ion exchange chromatography
PRACTICAL REQUIREMENTS
1.Column
» glass, stainless steel or polymers
2.Packing the column
» Wet packing method:
A slurry is prepared of the eluent with the stationary phase powder and then carefully poured into the column. Care must be taken to avoid air bubbles.
3.Application of the sample
After packing, sample is added to the top of the stationary phase, use syringe or pipette.
This layer is usually topped with a small layer of sand or with cotton or glass wool to protect the shape of the organic layer from the velocity of newly added eluent.
4.Mobile phase
Acids, alkalis, buffers…
6.Stationary phase
The ionic
principle, application and instrumentation of UV- visible Spectrophotometer Ayetenew Abita Desa
This Presentation powerpoint includes the principle, application, and instrumentation of UV- Visible Spectrophotometer. It covers beer-lambert low and its quantitative applications. It also includes the qualitative applications in different fields of study. Presented at Addis Ababa University, School of medicine, department of medical biochemistry.
Anistropy is an important feature of the materials that needs to be kept in view for processing. The strength of materials may depend on the Anisotropic behavior of the material.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, most commonly known as NMR spectroscopy or magnetic resonance spectroscopy, is a spectroscopic technique to observe local magnetic fields around atomic nuclei.
Theory of NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance, instrumentation, solvents, chemical shift, photon NMR, spin coupling, coupling constant and applications.
https://www.linkedin.com/in/preeti-choudhary-266414182/
https://www.instagram.com/chaudharypreeti1997/
https://www.facebook.com/profile.php?id=100013419194533
https://twitter.com/preetic27018281
Please like, share, comment and follow.
stay connected
If any query then contact:
chaudharypreeti1997@gmail.com
Thanking-You
Preeti Choudhary
NMR, principle, chemical shift , valu,13 C, applicationTripura University
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is a physical phenomenon in which nuclei in a strong, constant magnetic field are perturbed by a weak oscillating magnetic field (in the near field [1]) and respond by producing an electromagnetic signal with a frequency characteristic of the magnetic field at the nucleus. This process occurs near resonance, when the oscillation frequency matches the intrinsic frequency of the nuclei, which depends on the strength of the static magnetic field, the chemical environment, and the magnetic properties of the isotope involved; in practical applications with static magnetic fields up to ca. 20 tesla, the frequency is similar to VHF and UHF television broadcasts (60–1000 MHz). NMR results from the specific magnetic properties of certain atomic nuclei. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy is widely used to determine the structure of organic molecules in solution and study molecular physics and crystals as well as non-crystalline materials. NMR is also routinely used in advanced medical imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The original application of NMR to condensed matter physics is nowadays mostly devoted to strongly correlated electron systems. It reveals large many-body couplings by fast broadband detection, and it should not be confused with solid-state NMR, which aims at removing the effect of the same couplings by magic angle spinning techniques.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
2. Introduction to NMR
Types of NMR
Source of NMR
Theory of NMR
Effect of magnetic field
Principle of NMR
Chemical shift
Acquisition of spectra
13
C NMR
1
H NMR
NMR set-up at IICPT
Summary
References
2
3. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMR) is
a powerful analytical technique used to
characterize organic molecules by identifying
carbon-hydrogen frameworks within molecules.
It is a research technique that exploits the magnetic
properties of certain atomic nuclei.
It determines the physical and chemical properties
of atoms or the molecules in which they are
contained.
3
4. Two common types of NMR spectroscopy are
used to characterize organic structure:
1
H NMR:- Used to determine the type and number of H
atoms in a molecule
13
C NMR:- Used to determine the type of carbon atoms
in the molecule
4
5. • The source of energy in NMR is radio waves which
have long wavelengths having more than 107
nm,
and thus low energy and frequency.
• When low-energy radio waves interact with a
molecule, they can change the nuclear spins of
some elements, including 1
H and 13
C.
5
6. In a magnetic field, there are now two energy states for a proton:
a lower energy state with the nucleus aligned in the same
direction as Bo, and a higher energy state in which the nucleus
aligned against Bo.
When an external energy source that matches the energy
difference between these two states is applied, energy is
absorbed, causing the nucleus to “spin flip” from one orientation
to another.
The energy difference between these two nuclear spin states
corresponds to the low frequency RF region of the
electromagnetic spectrum.
6
7. When a charged particle such as a proton spins on its axis, it creates a
magnetic field. Thus, the nucleus can be considered to be a tiny bar magnet.
Normally, these tiny bar magnets are randomly oriented in space. However,
in the presence of a magnetic field B0, they are oriented with or against this
applied field.
More nuclei are oriented with the applied field because this arrangement is
lower in energy.
The energy difference between these two states is very small (<0.1 cal).
7
9. Thus, two variables characterize NMR: an applied magnetic
field B0, the strength of which is measured in tesla (T), and
the frequency n of radiation used for resonance, measured in
hertz (Hz), or megahertz (MHz).
9
A nucleus is in resonance when it absorbs RF radiation and
“spin flips” to a higher energy state.
A nucleus is in resonance when it absorbs RF radiation and
“spin flips” to a higher energy state.
10. The frequency needed for resonance and the
applied magnetic field strength are proportionally
related:
The stronger the magnetic field, the larger energy
difference between two nuclear spin states and
higher the ν needed for the resonance.
10
ν α BO
ν α BO
11. Both liquid and solid type of samples can be used in NMR
spectroscopy.
For liquid sample, conventional solution-state NMR spectroscopy
is used for analysing where as for solid type sample, solid-state
spectroscopy NMR is used.
In solid-phase media, samples like crystals, microcrystalline
powders, gels, anisotropic solutions, proteins, protein fibrils or all
kinds of polymers etc. can be used.
In liquid phase, different types of liquid solutions, nucleic acid,
protein, carbohydrates etc. can be used.
11
12. 12
The sample is dissolved in a solvent, usually
CDCl3(deutero-chloroform), and placed in a
magnetic field.
A radiofrequency generator then irradiates the
sample with a short pulse of radiation, causing
resonance.
When the nuclei fall back to their lower energy
state, the detector measures the energy released
and a spectrum is recorded.
14. Protons in different environments absorb at slightly
different frequencies, so they are distinguishable by
NMR.
The frequency at which a particular proton absorbs
is determined by its electronic environment.
The size of the magnetic field generated by the
electrons around a proton determines where it
absorbs.
14
15. 15
The spin state of a nucleus is affected by an applied magnetic
field….
Modern NMR spectrometers use a constant magnetic field
strength B0, and then a narrow range of frequencies is applied to
achieve the resonance of all protons.
Only nuclei that contain odd mass numbers (such as 1
H, 13
C, 19
F
and 31
P) or odd atomic numbers (such as 2
H and 14
N) give rise to
NMR signals.
17. The relative energy of resonance of a particular nucleus resulting
from its local environment is called chemical shift.
NMR spectra show applied field strength increasing from left to
right.
Left part is downfield, the right is upfield.
Nuclei that absorb on upfield side are strongly shielded where
nuclei that absorb on downfield side is weakly shielded.
Chart calibrated versus a reference point, set as 0, tetramethylsilane
[TMS].
17
19. 19
Deshielded nuclei have a much higher energy difference between
the α- and β-spin states and these resonate at a much higher
frequency.
Shielded nuclei do not ‘sense’ as large a magnetic field as
deshielded nuclei do. As a result, the energy difference
between the α- and β-spin states is much lower in energy for
shielded nuclei and resonate at a lower frequency.
20. Numeric value of chemical shift: difference between
strength of magnetic field at which the observed
nucleus resonates and field strength for resonance of a
reference.
Difference is very small but can be accurately
measured
Taken as a ratio to the total field and multiplied by
106
so the shift is in parts per million (ppm)
Absorptions normally occur downfield of TMS, to the
left on the chart.
20
21. The received nuclear magnetic resonance response is very weak in
signal and requires a sensitive radio receiver to pick up.
A Fourier transform is done to extract the frequency-domain
spectrum from the raw time-domain spectrum.
Good 1
H NMR spectra can be acquired with 16 repeats, which
takes only minutes.
However, for heavier elements than hydrogen, acquisition of
quantitative heavy-element spectra can be time-consuming, taking
tens of minutes to hours.
Then a average of all the acquired spectrum will be generated and
displayed through the graph.
21
22. Carbon-13: only carbon isotope with a nuclear spin
Natural abundance 1.1% of C’s in molecules
Sample is thus very dilute in this isotope
Sample is measured using repeated accumulation of data and averaging of
signals, incorporating pulse and the operation of Fourier transform (FT-
NMR).
All signals are obtained simultaneously using a broad pulse of energy and
resonance recorded.
Frequent repeated pulses give many sets of data that are averaged to
eliminate noise .
Fourier-transform of averaged pulsed data gives spectrum shown in next
slide.
22
23. 23
Carbon-13 NMR spectra of 1-pentanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OHCarbon-13 NMR spectra of 1-pentanol, CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2OH
24. Proton NMR is much more sensitive than 13
C and the active
nucleus (1
H) is nearly 100 % of the natural abundance.
Shows how many kinds of nonequivalent hydrogens are in a
compound.
Theoretical equivalence can be predicted by seeing if replacing
each H with “X” gives the same or different outcome.
Equivalent H’s have the same signal while nonequivalent are
“different” and as such may cause additional splitting
(diastereotopic effect).
24
25. Replacement of each H with “X” gives a different
constitutional isomer.
Then the H’s are in constitutionally heterotopic
environments and will have different chemical shifts –
they are nonequivalent under all circumstances.
25
26. Type:- Bench top NMR spectrophotometer
Frequency:- 60 MHz
Magnet:- Permanent electromagnet
Availablenuclei:- 1
H, 19
F
Sample:- Standard 5mm NMR glasstubes
Field strength:- 1.41T
Resolution:- 70 ppb
Operating temperature:- 18-26°C
Power supply:- 100-240 VAC(50-60 Hz)
Dimensions:- 24×28×43 cm
Weight:- 18kg
Software:- Mnovasoftware
Cost:- 34,41,000−/
26
27. Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy basically
provides the detailed information about the structure,
dynamics, reaction state, and chemical environment of
molecules.
It has various applications in food industries, food
science, chemical analysis of different products,
pharmaceutical approach etc.
To analyse the carbon-hydrogen framework in the
molecule is the basic work of NMR technique.
27
28. www.wikipedia.com
"Background and Theory Page of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Facility". Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre - University of
Southern Wales Sydney. 9 December 2011. Retrieved9
February 2014.
Schweiger A, Geschke G. Principles of Pulse Paramagnetic
Resonance. Oxford University Press. Oxford, 2001.
Haner, R.L. and Keifer, P.A. (2009). "Flow Probes for NMR
Spectroscopy". Encyclopedia of Magnetic
Resonance. doi:10.1002/9780470034590.emrstm1085. ISBN 04
70034599.
Chapter 13. Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Jo
Blackburn. Richland College, Dallas, TX. Dallas County
Community College District. ã 2003
http://orgchem.colorado.edu/Spectroscopy/nmrtheory/THSNMR
.ppt
28