This document discusses correlation analysis and its use in SPSS. It defines correlation as a measurement of the relationship between two variables. Pearson's r and Spearman's rho correlations are described, along with their assumptions and interpretations. The document provides examples of positive, negative, and no correlation. It also demonstrates how to conduct and interpret correlation analysis in SPSS, including checking assumptions and presenting results. The goal is for students to understand different types of correlation and how to perform correlations in SPSS.
The number that divides the normal distribution into region where we will reject the null hypothesis and the region where we fail to reject the null hypothesis. For normal distribution Z at 5% level of significance (z= plus-minus 1.96) is often referred to as the critical value (or critical region).
The number that divides the normal distribution into region where we will reject the null hypothesis and the region where we fail to reject the null hypothesis. For normal distribution Z at 5% level of significance (z= plus-minus 1.96) is often referred to as the critical value (or critical region).
A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables and errors reveal about the rejection and acceptance of the statement.
Please like, comment and share
HOW IS IT USEFUL IN FIELD OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND IN THIS I HAVE SHOWN THE TYPES OF CORRELATION, SIGNIFICANCE , METHODS AND KARL PEARSON'S METHOD OF CORRELATION
Mpc 006 - 02-03 partial and multiple correlationVasant Kothari
3.2 Partial Correlation (rp)
3.2.1 Formula and Example
3.2.2 Alternative Use of Partial Correlation
3.3 Linear Regression
3.4 Part Correlation (Semipartial correlation) rsp
3.4.1 Semipartial Correlation: Alternative Understanding
3.5 Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R)
Statistical tests of significance and Student`s T-TestVasundhraKakkar
Statistical tests of significance is explained along with steps involve in Statistical tests of significance and types of significance test are also mentioned. Student`s T-Test is explained
The ppt cover General Introduction to the topic,
Description of CHI-SQUARE TEST, Contingency table, Degree of Freedom, Determination of Chi – square test, Assumption for validity of chi - square test, Characteristics , Applications, Limitations
Brief description of the concepts related to correlation analysis. Problem Sums related to Karl Pearson's Correlation, Spearman's Rank Correlation, Coefficient of Concurrent Deviation, Correlation of a grouped data.
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to
1.Understand structure of research study appropriate for ANOVA test
2.Understand how to evaluate the assumptions underlying this test
3. interpret SPSS outputs and report the results
A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables and errors reveal about the rejection and acceptance of the statement.
Please like, comment and share
HOW IS IT USEFUL IN FIELD OF FORENSIC SCIENCE AND IN THIS I HAVE SHOWN THE TYPES OF CORRELATION, SIGNIFICANCE , METHODS AND KARL PEARSON'S METHOD OF CORRELATION
Mpc 006 - 02-03 partial and multiple correlationVasant Kothari
3.2 Partial Correlation (rp)
3.2.1 Formula and Example
3.2.2 Alternative Use of Partial Correlation
3.3 Linear Regression
3.4 Part Correlation (Semipartial correlation) rsp
3.4.1 Semipartial Correlation: Alternative Understanding
3.5 Multiple Correlation Coefficient (R)
Statistical tests of significance and Student`s T-TestVasundhraKakkar
Statistical tests of significance is explained along with steps involve in Statistical tests of significance and types of significance test are also mentioned. Student`s T-Test is explained
The ppt cover General Introduction to the topic,
Description of CHI-SQUARE TEST, Contingency table, Degree of Freedom, Determination of Chi – square test, Assumption for validity of chi - square test, Characteristics , Applications, Limitations
Brief description of the concepts related to correlation analysis. Problem Sums related to Karl Pearson's Correlation, Spearman's Rank Correlation, Coefficient of Concurrent Deviation, Correlation of a grouped data.
At the end of this lecture, the students should be able to
1.Understand structure of research study appropriate for ANOVA test
2.Understand how to evaluate the assumptions underlying this test
3. interpret SPSS outputs and report the results
At the end of this lecture, the student should be able to:
1. understand structure of research study appropriate for independent-measures t hypothesis test
2. test between two populations or two treatments using independent measures t statistics
3. understand how to evaluate the assumptions underlying this test
Hypothesis is usually considered as the principal instrument in research and quality control. Its main function is to suggest new experiments and observations. In fact, many experiments are carried out with the deliberate object of testing hypothesis. Decision makers often face situations wherein they are interested in testing hypothesis on the basis of available information and then take decisions on the basis of such testing. In Six –Sigma methodology, hypothesis testing is a tool of substance and used in analysis phase of the six sigma project so that improvement can be done in right direction
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group ABORTION WOMEN’S CLINIC +27730423979 IN women clinic we believe that every woman should be able to make choices in her pregnancy. Our job is to provide compassionate care, safety,affordable and confidential services. That’s why we have won the trust from all generations of women all over the world. we use non surgical method(Abortion pills) to terminate…Dr.LISA +27730423979women Clinic is committed to providing the highest quality of obstetrical and gynecological care to women of all ages. Our dedicated staff aim to treat each patient and her health concerns with compassion and respect.Our dedicated group of receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a teamof receptionists, nurses, and physicians have worked together as a team wwww.lisywomensclinic.co.za/
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
New Drug Discovery and Development .....NEHA GUPTA
The "New Drug Discovery and Development" process involves the identification, design, testing, and manufacturing of novel pharmaceutical compounds with the aim of introducing new and improved treatments for various medical conditions. This comprehensive endeavor encompasses various stages, including target identification, preclinical studies, clinical trials, regulatory approval, and post-market surveillance. It involves multidisciplinary collaboration among scientists, researchers, clinicians, regulatory experts, and pharmaceutical companies to bring innovative therapies to market and address unmet medical needs.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
HOT NEW PRODUCT! BIG SALES FAST SHIPPING NOW FROM CHINA!! EU KU DB BK substit...GL Anaacs
Contact us if you are interested:
Email / Skype : kefaya1771@gmail.com
Threema: PXHY5PDH
New BATCH Ku !!! MUCH IN DEMAND FAST SALE EVERY BATCH HAPPY GOOD EFFECT BIG BATCH !
Contact me on Threema or skype to start big business!!
Hot-sale products:
NEW HOT EUTYLONE WHITE CRYSTAL!!
5cl-adba precursor (semi finished )
5cl-adba raw materials
ADBB precursor (semi finished )
ADBB raw materials
APVP powder
5fadb/4f-adb
Jwh018 / Jwh210
Eutylone crystal
Protonitazene (hydrochloride) CAS: 119276-01-6
Flubrotizolam CAS: 57801-95-3
Metonitazene CAS: 14680-51-4
Payment terms: Western Union,MoneyGram,Bitcoin or USDT.
Deliver Time: Usually 7-15days
Shipping method: FedEx, TNT, DHL,UPS etc.Our deliveries are 100% safe, fast, reliable and discreet.
Samples will be sent for your evaluation!If you are interested in, please contact me, let's talk details.
We specializes in exporting high quality Research chemical, medical intermediate, Pharmaceutical chemicals and so on. Products are exported to USA, Canada, France, Korea, Japan,Russia, Southeast Asia and other countries.
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Evaluation of antidepressant activity of clitoris ternatea in animals
8. Correlation
1. KNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITYKNOWLEDGE FOR THE BENEFIT OF HUMANITY
BIOSTATISTICS (HFS3283)
CORRELATION
Dr.Dr. MohdMohd RazifRazif ShahrilShahril
School of Nutrition & DieteticsSchool of Nutrition & Dietetics
Faculty of Health SciencesFaculty of Health Sciences
UniversitiUniversiti SultanSultan ZainalZainal AbidinAbidin
1
2. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Topic Learning Outcomes
At the end of this lecture, students should be able to;
• identify types of correlation analysis and when they are
used.
• explain assumptions to be met when using Pearson and
Spearman correlation.
• perform Pearson and Spearman correlation analysis
using SPSS.
• explain how to interpret the SPSS outputs from Pearson
and Spearman correlation analysis.
2
3. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Correlation
• A measurement of the magnitude and direction
of two numerical variables
• The estimated correlation value may not be
100% accurate but the stronger is the
relationship, the more accurate the estimate.
• Involves mainly observation of a certain
relationship
– No control of manipulation imparted
– E.g. what is the correlation between sleeping hours
and BMI among UniSZA students
3
4. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Aims for correlation
• To show three (3) important aspects involved in
an association:
– Type of correlation
– Direction of correlation
– Magnitude of correlation
4
5. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Uses of correlation
• Prediction
– E.g. The SPM Trial exam results are used as selection
criteria into universities
• Validity
– To ensure an instrument measures what it should measure
– E.g. new digital thermometer vs. clinic thermometer
• Reliability
– To ensure an instrument always give consistent reading (if
other parameters are stable)
• Theory verification
– E.g. is it true that a relationship exists between an
individual’s IQ level and their brain size.
5
6. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Bivariate distribution
• A distribution showing the association between
two (2) numerical variables
• Usually illustrated via the Scatter diagram/ plot
6
7. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Pearson’s r
• The Pearson’s correlation coefficient, r provides
the magnitude of a correlation.
• According to Pearson’s mathematical procedure,
a correlation is linear.
• r ranges from 0 (no correlation) to +/- 1.0
(strongest correlation)
– The higher the value of r, the stronger is the
magnitude of correlation
– The symbols + or – indicate the direction of the
correlation
7
8. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Characteristics of r
• Describes only linear correlation
• Sensitive towards variability (spread) and range
• Can be influenced by sampling variation
• Can be influenced by extreme/ outlier values
8
9. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Types of correlation
• Three main types;
– Positive correlation (r = + ; variables change in the
same direction)
– Negative correlation (r = - ; variables change in the
opposite direction)
– Zero correlation (r = 0 ; both variable show no
association and direction)
9
10. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Types of correlation (cont.)
10
11. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Types of correlation (cont.)
11
12. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Interpretation
• A relationship exits between two variables; X & Y
• Does not mean any change in X will also alter Y
• Does not involve causal relationship (e.g. X causes Y to
occur)
• If r = 0.50 does not mean 50% relationship
12
13. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Interpretation (cont.)
CorrelationCorrelation InterpretationInterpretation
--1.00 to1.00 to --0.760.76 Strong negative correlationStrong negative correlation
--0.510.51 toto --0.750.75 Good negative correlationGood negative correlation
--0.50 to0.50 to --0.260.26 Fair negative correlationFair negative correlation
--0.25 to 0.010.25 to 0.01 Poor negative correlationPoor negative correlation
00 No correlationNo correlation
0.010.01 to 0.25to 0.25 Poor positive correlationPoor positive correlation
0.26 to 0.500.26 to 0.50 Fair positive correlationFair positive correlation
0.51 to 0.750.51 to 0.75 Good positive correlationGood positive correlation
0.76 to 1.000.76 to 1.00 Strong positive correlationStrong positive correlation
13
14. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Linear vs. Non-linear correlation
• Not all correlations are linear
• Sometimes correlation can be non-linear e.g.
Curvilinear
– Score are concentrated on a curved line
• The Pearson’s coefficient is not suitable to
quantify this relationship
14
15. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Linear vs. Non-linear correlation
15
Positive linear
r = 0.82
Negative linear
r = -0.70
Independent
r = 0.00
Curvilinear
r = 0.00
Curvilinear
r = 0.00
16. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Simple example on correlation
• Research Question: Is sleeping duration (hrs)
correlated with exam score (marks)?
• Null Hypothesis: There is no correlation between
sleeping duration (hrs) and exam score (marks)
• Results: If r = -0.89; p < 0.05; n = 220
• Interpretation: The correlation is negative i.e. as
the sleeping duration increase, the exam score
will decrease and vise versa.
– The large magnitude of correlation (nearing 1.00)
means the association is strong
16
17. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Assumptions
• The data is drawn from a random sample of
population.
• The data is independent observation to each
other.
• The variables of interest are having bivariate
normal distribution.
• The relationship between the two variables
must be linear.
17
11
22
33
44
18. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Assumption 3 – Linearity
18
11
22
33
19. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Assumption 3 – Linearity (cont.)
19
44
55
66
77
20. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Assumption 3 – Linearity (cont.)
20
The relationship between the two variables is linear
based on the elliptical shape.
21. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
If assumptions are not met?
• If both variable does not meet all assumptions,
then use Spearmen’s correlation analysis.
– Values obtained would be Spearmen’s correlation
coefficient (rho).
• If any one of the variable meet all assumption,
proceed with Pearson’s correlation analysis
– Values obtained is Pearson’s correlation coefficient r.
21
22. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Correlation in SPSS
22
11
22 33
44
66
55
For normal distribution, we can use Pearson’s test.
For non-normal distribution, we can proceed to Spearman’s test.
23. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
SPSS Output
23
24. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
SPSS Output Interpretation
24
• In correlation, look at the correlation coefficient
which is the strength of relationship instead of
the p value.
– Even though the coefficient is weak, the p value is
usually significant depending upon the sample size.
• In this analysis the p value is < 0.05, therefore
we reject the null hypothesis.
25. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
SPSS Output Interpretation (cont.)
25
• There is a significant (linear) correlation between
sleeping duration and exam score (p< 0.001).
The observed correlation coefficient (r) is 0.337,
which suggests positive and fair correlation. It
suggests that higher the duration of sleeping,
the higher the exam scores.
26. S C H O O L O F N U T R I T I O N A N D D I E T E T I C S • U N I V E R S I T I S U L T A N Z A I N A L A B I D I N
Results presentation
26
Exam score (marks)
r p value*
Sleeping duration (hrs) 0. 337 < 0.001
* Pearson’s correlation
Table: Correlation between sleeping duration (hrs) and
exam score (marks)