Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
Skin factor is a dimensionless parameter that quantifies the formation damage around the wellbore. it also can be negative (which indicates improvement in flow) OR positive (which means formation damage exists). Positive skin can lead to severe well production issues and thus reducing the well revenue
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
I hope this presentation helps you to understand why we use acidizing process and calculations needed to perform the optimum acidizing .
Any questions contact me at karim.elfarash@std.suezuniv.edu.eg
The presentation highlights the root causes of major drilling issues such as formation pressure uncertainty, subsurface feature like mud volcanoes, major fault, poor well planning & etc. Then it elaborates on consequences of all above on examples of wellbore instability, sticking, gumbo & so on.
Selection of the best artificial lift systems for the well depend on location, depth, estimated production, reservoir properties, and many other factors. Here is an overview on selection criteria for the best results
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Primary Cementing as a one important operation during drilling. This slide is included fundamental of cementing which helps to petroleum and civil engineering
it is a benficial slide who wants to know about the drilling fluids and the rhelogical aspects of the drilling fluids. the things are clear and very clear in this slide and this slide is very beneficial for the one who know basics of drilling fluids in a knowledgeable way
I hope this presentation helps you to understand why we use acidizing process and calculations needed to perform the optimum acidizing .
Any questions contact me at karim.elfarash@std.suezuniv.edu.eg
The presentation highlights the root causes of major drilling issues such as formation pressure uncertainty, subsurface feature like mud volcanoes, major fault, poor well planning & etc. Then it elaborates on consequences of all above on examples of wellbore instability, sticking, gumbo & so on.
Selection of the best artificial lift systems for the well depend on location, depth, estimated production, reservoir properties, and many other factors. Here is an overview on selection criteria for the best results
The problem of water and gas coning has plagued the petroleum industry for decades. Water or gas encroachment in oil zone and thus simultaneous production of oil & water or oil & gas is a major technical, environmental and economic problems associated with oil and gas production. This can limit the productive life of the oil and gas wells and can cause severe problems including corrosion of tubulars, fine migration, hydrostatic loading etc. The environmental impact of handling, treating and disposing of the produced water can seriously affect the economics of the production. Commonly, the reservoirs have an aquifer beneath the zone of hydrocarbon. While producing from oil zone, there develops a low pressure zone as a result of which the water zone starts coning upwards and gas zone cones down towards the production perforation in oil zone and thus reducing the oil production. Pressure enhanced capillary transition zone enlargement around the wellbore is responsible for the concurrent production. This also results in the loss of water drive and gas drive to a certain extent.
Numerous technologies have been developed to control unwanted water and gas coning. In order to design an effective strategy to control the coning of oil or gas, it is important to understand the mechanism of coning of oil and gas in reservoirs by developing a model of it. Non-Darcy flow effect (NDFE), vertical permeability, aquifer size, density of well perforation, and flow behind casing increase water coning/inflow to wells in homogeneous gas reservoirs with bottom water are important factors to consider. There are several methods to slow down coning of water and/or gas such as producing at a certain critical rate, polymer injection, Downhole Water Sink (DWS) technology etc.
Shubham Saxena
B.Tech. petroleum Engineering
IIT (ISM) Dhanbad
Primary Cementing as a one important operation during drilling. This slide is included fundamental of cementing which helps to petroleum and civil engineering
nFluids Nanoparticle Technology Additives for Drilling Fluids & Oil & Gas Ap...Dr. Jeff Forsyth
nFluids Inc. is an innovative Nanotechnology company that designs and manufactures nanoparticle additives for a variety of industrial challenges. The company was founded on cutting edge research and its technology is currently in the process of being fully commercialized.
nFluids design and manufacture nanoparticles using a bottom up approach which gives us fine control over the size, shape and functionality of the end product, offering a bespoke service to give our clients the products they need. nFluids technology is a true platform technology in that there are multiple applications, including Medical, Pharmaceutical, Construction and Oil & Gas eg.,
- Drilling
- Fracturing
- Lubrication
- Cementing
- Corrosion control
- Enhanced Oil Recovery
- Conformance control
- Oil & Water separation
- Marine & Land spillage
nFluids first commercial product (nForcer) is a nanoparticle drilling fluid additive which is compatible with all drilling fluid types, bringing the end user multiple benefits in one product with the potential to replace other products or form the backbone of the next generation in drilling fluids. In this respect nForcer is truly a disruptive technology. Key benefits are as follows
(1) Up to 70% reduction in drilling fluid loss during drilling: reducing the cost to the O&G operator
(2) Up to 60% increase in Well bore strengthening: weak wellbores lengthen the drilling process and add additional rig time cost, but the implications for re-fracturing, well integrity and well design are enormous.
(3) Up to 50% increase in Lubricity: allowing the operator to drill faster, reduce rig time cost whilst opening up other lubricity applications
(4) 15-20 % Less Oil on cuttings: reducing the environmental impact, oil can be recycled lowering the disposal costs
nFluids has successfully conducted 9 field pilots in Alberta and has signed a JDA with a global drilling fluid company.
Laboratory-scale geochemical and geomechanical testing of near wellbore CO2 i...Global CCS Institute
To highlight the research and achievements of Australian researchers, the Global CCS Institute together with ANLEC R&D will hold a series of webinars throughout 2016 and 2017. Each webinar will highlight a specific ANLEC R&D research project and the relevant report found on the Institute’s website. This is the sixth webinar of the series and presented the results of chemical and mechanical changes that carbon dioxide (CO2) may have at a prospective storage complex in the Surat Basin, Queensland, Australia.
Earth Sciences and Chemical Engineering researchers at the University of Queensland have been investigating the effects of supercritical CO2 injection on reservoir properties in the near wellbore region as a result of geochemical reactions since 2011. The near wellbore area is critical for CO2 injection into deep geological formations as most of the resistance to flow occurs in this region. Any changes to the permeability can have significant economic impact in terms of well utilisation efficiency and compression costs. In the far field, away from the well, the affected reservoir is much larger and changes to permeability through blocking or enhancement have relatively low impact.
This webinar was presented by Prof Sue Golding and Dr Grant Dawson and will provide an overview of the findings of the research to assist understanding of the beneficial effects and commercial consequences of near wellbore injectivity enhancement as a result of geochemical reactions.
Desalter Desalting & Function : Exploring the Transformative Power of Desalti...Oil Refinery
A desalter is a key component in the distillation process that removes salts and impurities from crude oil. It mixes the oil with a wash water solution, separates water-soluble impurities, and uses an electrostatic field to separate water and impurities from the oil. It improves distillation efficiency and prevents corrosion and fouling.
A brief explanation of parameters affecting asphaltene and Wax (Paraffins) Deposition, The document also covers techniques available to alleviate the problem
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
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Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Planning Of Procurement o different goods and services
Oil Base Muds
1.
2. History
1920’s -Origin of non-aqueous drilling fluids - crude
1940’s -DIESEL BASED muds developed -
emulsifiers
1980’s -Environmental concerns lead to the
use of MINERAL OILS – ‘Lo Tox’
1990’s -Environmentally acceptable replacement for
mineral oils. SYNTHETICS
Zero Discharge operations becoming the norm. This
is leading to a re-appraisal of cheaper systems.
3. Oil & Synthetic Mud Applications
Shale inhibition
High temperature wells
Lubricity
High angle extended reach wells
Contaminates, evaporites and acid gases
Spotting fluids
Workover, completion & packer fluids
5. Oil & Synthetic Mud
Limitations
Environmental
Cost
Hydraulics, hydrostatic pressure, and ECD
calculations are complicated
Increased consequences of lost circulation
Gas solubility makes kick detection difficult
Wireline Logs are more complicated
6. Invert Emulsion Muds
THREE PHASE SYSTEM - Two immiscible fluids,
and the solids phase
OIL / SYNTHETIC FLUID - continuous - external
phase, lipophilic liquid product additives.
WATER - emulsified droplets (CaCl2 brine), as
internal phase, soluble lime.
SOLIDS - barite, organophilic clays, drill solids,
insoluble additives - fluid loss control products,
LCM, etc. (soluble additives)
7. Continous Phase
OILS
DIESEL
MINERAL OILS
SYNTHETIC FLUIDS
ESTER
LP’s - Linear Paraffin's
9. Sarapar 147
Typical Properties:
Chemical Composition (% m):
N- Paraffins 95 min
Iso - parafffins <5
Napthanics <0.1
Aromatics <0.01
Density 773 kg/m3 at 15 degrees C
Sulphur <3 ppm
Saybolt Colour 30
Boiling Range 258 - 293 degrees C
Flash Point 120 degrees C
Pour Point 12 degrees C
Vk40 2.5 mm2/s
10. Water Phase
CALCIUM CHLORIDE BRINE:
Ca(Cl)2 Reduces the activity(Aw) of the water phase.
Fresh Water (Aw) = 1.0
NaCl (Aw) =1.0 - 0.75 (26% = saturation)
Ca(Cl)2 (Aw) =1.0 - 0.39 (40% = saturation)
25%-30% By wt. Ca(Cl)2 (Common range for oil muds)
(Aw) = 0.74 - 0.637
11. Water phase salinity
The water phase salinity is
controlled to provide an osmotic
force that will tend to draw water
from the formation to the water
phase of the mud.
12. Water phase salinity (WPS)
The osmotic potential of the mud is
the salinity of the water phase. This
has to be greater than the osmotic
potential from the formation
The water phase salinity must be
greater than the shale salinity and
the shale suction potential
13. Osmotic pressure of a shale
The osmotic pressure of a shale is
generated in two ways. Firstly, during
diagenesis, water is forced out of the shale
because of compaction (or generation of
matrix stress).
Diagenetic water leaving the shale has a
lower salinity than water remaining in the
pore spaces. The resultant shale salinity
will be higher.
14. Osmotic pressure of a shale
During compaction, pore spaces are
reduced.
In drilling a shale, there will be a
tendency for the rock to be released from
stress at and near the bore hole wall.
This release of stress will tend to cause
expansion and resulting increase in pore
volume.
15. Osmotic pressure of a shale
If there were to be an increase in
pore volume, there would be a
suction potential for water into the
shale.
If water can be prevented from
entering the shale, the suction
potential will provide stabilisation
by minimising pore volume
expansion.
19. Oil Water Ratio
OIL WATER RATIO
The relative proportions of oil and water in the fluid.
Both the water and the solids phases are inside the
oil, therefore the more of each will require more oil
to maintain the same rheology.
If density is increased then usually more oil is
needed. The oil water ratio is increased.
20. Emulsifiers
SURFACTANTS - Surface Active Agents.
Act by Reducing the Interfacial
Tension Between Two Liquids or
Between a Liquid and a Solid.
Emulsifiers
Soaps
Wetting Agents
21. SURFACTANTS - Surface Active Agents
Have a hydrophilic polar head and an organophilic non-polar
tail.
HYDROPHILIC
HEAD
(WATER LOVING)
CC CC CC CC CC
CC CC CC CC
(OIL LOVING)
ORGANOPHILIC TAIL
OO
CC
OOHH
Emulsifiers
25. Viscosifiers
VISCOSIFIERS:
Are usually bentonite based with an oil wetting agent
added.
They need a small quantity of water to allow hydration.
They take time to fully yield.
26. Fluid Loss Reducers
FLUID LOSS REDUCERS:
Asphalt
Gilsonite
Amine treated lignite
Calcium carbonate/marble – bridging
agents
28. Standard API Tests for Inverts
Mud weight
Rheology @ 120o, 150o or 180oF
HTHP Filter Press @ 300°F or bottom hole temperature
Electrical Stability (ES) @ 120° or 150oF
Retort (% oil/synthetic, %water, %solids)
Pom, Psm
Cl- (whole mud)
29. Retort Analysis of Inverts
Accuracy!
Retort allows us to determine:
% Solids
% Oil or Synthetic fluid
% Water
Salt content
Watch for trends and major changes
30. Problems: Oil / Synthetics
Insufficient Viscosity
Excessive Viscosity
Solids Contamination
Salt Water Flows
Water Wet Solids
Carbon Dioxide - CO2
Hydrogen Sulfide - H2S
Massive Salts and Salt Stringers
Barite Sag / Settling
Lost Circulation
32. Excessive Viscosity
Solids - High, Fines, Water Wet.
High Water Content.
High Temperature Instability.
Acid Gasses.
Water wet Solids.
Over-treatment with Viscosifiers.
Treatment:
Remove / Dilute - Solids,Water Content.
Add - Emulsifier,Wetting Agent,Versathin, Lime, Increase
mud weight.
33. Solids Contamination
High viscosity
Thick filter cake
Treatment:
Finer mesh shaker screen
Tandem centrifuges
Dilute with base fluids and add emulsifier
Wetting agent
34. Salt Water Flows
Increased % water and decreased oil:water
ratio
High viscosity
Water wet solids
Lower Electrical Stability
Water in HTHP filtrate
Treatment:
Emulsifier and lime
Wetting agent for weight up or water wet solids
Barite to adjust weight and stop influx
35. Water Wet Solids
Increased viscosity
Decreased Electrical Stability
Grainy appearance
Settling
Shale shaker screen blinding
Test
Treatment:
If brine phase salt saturated, add fresh water
Wetting agent
36. Carbon Dioxide CO2
Decrease in POM
Decrease in lime content
Decrease in Electrical Stability
Treatment:
Add lime to maintain an excess, use caution to control
excess lime in ester based fluids
Increase mud weight to control influx
37. Hydrogen Sulfide, H2S
Sulfides detected with Garrett Gas Train
Decrease in POM
Decrease in lime content
Decrease in Electrical Stability
Mud may turn black
Treatment:
Inorganic zinc scavenger
Maintain excess lime content
Increase mud weight to control influx
38. Massive Salts & Salt Stringers
Salts are insoluble, may become a low gravity solids
problem
Formation CaCl2 and MgCl2 may cause water wetting
of solids
Sticking from plastic flow (not differential)
Displace annulus from bit to free point with fresh water
spot
39. Barite Sag / Settling
Sag, uneven mud weights on bottoms up after
trips
Treatment:
Increase Low Shear Rate Viscosity
Settling, static conditions and pits
Normal, increase Low Shear Rate Viscosity
Excess wetting agent (hard pack), add
organophilic clay and polymer. Do not add wetting
agent.
Water wet barite indicated by tests - add wetting
agent
40. Lost Circulation
Compressibility increases density at depth and the
likelihood of fracturing formation
Some LCM such as cellophane and cane fiber can
break the emulsion
Treatment:
Mica, nut hulls
Reverse gunk squeeze (organophilic clay in water - No
Cement)
41. Displacement
Meet, communicate, organize.
Condition displaced mud to lowest rheology
and displacing fluid with higher rheology.
Do not begin until all displacing fluid is on
location.
Spacer to cover 500’ to 1,000’ of annulus.
Pump at a rate approaching turbulence.
Do Not Stop circulating once displacement
has started.
Rotate / Reciprocate Pipe
42. Displacement
Place bit near bottom as oil mud clears.
Change screens.
Add Wetting agent.
Monitor with Stability meter.
