Uploaded byAktham Ehab
Eor 1 introduction
This document discusses enhanced oil recovery (EOR) techniques used to extract crude oil beyond primary and secondary recovery methods. It defines EOR as any process that improves oil recovery beyond what conventional methods would produce. EOR techniques are divided into four categories: miscible flooding processes, chemical flooding processes, thermal flooding processes, and microbial flooding processes. Thermal processes are generally used for heavy oils while chemical and miscible processes target lighter oils. The document also outlines key recovery factors and terminology used in EOR like displacement efficiency, sweep efficiency, and mobility ratio.
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Eor 1 introduction
- 1. EOR Enhanced Oil Recovery By AkthamEhab 3rd year Petroleum, Faculty of Engineering, Cairo University
- 2. NATURAL FLOW WATER DRIVE DEPLETION DRIVE GAS CAP DRIVE GRAVITY DRIVE COMBI- NATION DRIVE ARTIFICIALLIFT PUMP GAS LIFT SECONDARY RECOVERY TERTIARY RECOVERY WATER FLOODING IMMISCIBLE GAS FLOOD PRESSURE MAINTENANCE FLOODING MISCIBLE GAS FLOOD CHEMICAL FLOODING THERMAL INJECTION MICROBIAL EOR PRIMARY RECOVERY -CO2 FLOOD - N2 FLOOD - INERT GAS - RICH GAS - ALKALINE - SURFACTANT - POLYMER - MICELLAR POLYMER - ASP - HOT WATER - STEAM FLOOD - INSITU COMBUSTION Hierarchy of Oil production
- 3. Natural or PrimaryRecovery • Solution gas drive • Gas cap drive • Water drive • Gravity drainage • Combination drive Gas Oil Water
- 4. Secondary Recovery • Waterfloodsand Immiscible gas floods • No compositional or temperature changes take place in the reservoir except pressure and displacement • Suitable for light oil, low viscosity oil and low pressure reservoirs Injector Producer
- 5. Enhanced Oil Recovery •Cause physical, chemical, compositional and thermal changes in the reservoir rock and fluids • Improve recovery beyond secondary level • Introduced as any recovery process that enhances the recovery of oil beyond what primary and secondary production would normally be expected to yield. Injector Producer
- 6. DK - 6- Typical Recovery Factors • Natural or Primary Methods Heavy oil 5 - 15 % Light oil: solution gas drive 10 - 25% water drive, gas cap 20 - 40% gravity drainage 30 - 45% • Secondary Methods Waterflood 20 - 45 % Immiscible Gas flood 15 - 40 % • Tertiary or EOR Methods Laboratory tests 70 - 90 % Field applications 45 - 75 %
- 7. Sometimes EOR calledTertiary Recovery Methods. This does not mean that EOR Methods have to be applied after Secondary Recovery. In some cases, EOR Methods could be applied after Primary or even at discovery. Time or Cum. Production Qo, BOPD Extrapolate d primary Primary phase Secondary phase EOR phase Extrapolated secondary Incremental Secondary Recovery Incremental Tertiary / EOR
- 8. Important Terminologies Overall recoveryefficiency a measure of how effective recovery will be or has been at a point in time. It is divided into two sweep efficiency components ER = EV x ED -Displacement or Microscopic Sweep Efficiency (ED) - describes how effectively the recovery mechanism has moved the oil from the reservoir volume which it has processed. -Volumetric or Macroscopic Sweep Efficiency (EV ) - describes how completely the recovery mechanism has passed through or “processed” the reservoir volume, & is defined by a component in the horizontal plane & a component in the vertical plane. Ev = Es x Ei. ReservoirtheinOOIP RecoveredOilofVolume ER PatternVolume"Bulk" WaterInjectedVolume"Bulk" EV
- 9. Microscopic Displacement Efficiencyaffected by interfacial and surface tension forces, wettability, capillary pressure, and relative permeability. Macroscopic Displacement Efficiency affected by heterogeneities and anisotropy, the mobility of the displacing fluids compared with the mobility of the displaced fluids, the physical arrangement of injection and production wells, and the type of rock matrix in which the oil exists. Injector Producer ED EA EI Important Terminologies cont’d
- 10. Important Terminologies cont’d Mobilitythe ratio between the effective permeability of the fluid to it’s viscosity -It is a relative measure of how easily a fluid moves through porous media. Mobility ratio M the ratio between mobility of the displacing fluid to that of the displaced fluid. -It is a function of saturation as it contains Kr -Water relative permeability is based on a point in the reservoir where injection water has contacted the reservoir. -The oil relative permeability point is in the oil bank. -Sweep efficiency is a function of M. wro orw μk μk o ro w rw μ k μ k M Displacing Displaced
- 11. Important Terminologies cont’d -WhenM<1.0 oil flows more easily than water, & injection water does a more effective job of displacing oil. -When M>1.0 water flows better than oil & is less effective in displacing oil. Viscous fingering a phenomenon takes place if the mobility of the displacing phase is much greater than the mobility of the displaced phase.
- 12. EOR Categories Enhanced oilrecovery processes can be classified into four categories: 1. Miscible flooding processes 2. Chemical flooding processes 3. Thermal flooding processes 4. Microbial flooding processes -The category of miscible displacement includes singlecontact and multiple- contact miscible processes. -Chemical processes are polymer, micellar–polymer, and alkaline flooding. -Thermal processes include hot water, steam cycling, steam drive, and in situ combustion. - In general, thermal processes are applicable in reservoirs containing heavy crude oils, whereas chemical and miscible displacement processes are used in reservoirs containing light crude oils.