Hydraulic fracturing involves pumping water mixed with proppant and additives into wells at high pressure to create fractures in rock formations and stimulate oil and gas production. The first successful hydraulic fracturing jobs occurred in the 1940s and 1950s. The process involves pad, slurry, and flowback stages. Parameters like in-situ stress, elastic properties, and fluid properties are considered for fracturing design. Fluid additives are used to carry proppant into the fracture and improve fluid properties. Pre-fracturing tests like step-rate and pump-in/flowback tests help determine fracture and closure pressures. Hydraulic fracturing has enabled production from tight shale and coalbed methane reservoirs.

1. HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
Presented By :
A Shubham
(E10-0001)

2. INTRODUCTION
• First hydraulic fracturing job was performed by Stanolind Oil in 1947 in
Hugoton field, Kansas.
• First commercially successful hydraulic fracking job was performed by
Halliburton in 1949 in Oklahoma.
• Hydraulic fracturing is a stimulation technique performed in Oil & Gas wells to
increase the productivity of the reservoir.
• Hydraulic fracturing is performed by water mixed with some fluid additives &
sand, sand & water comprise of about 99.5% of the composition of fracking
fluid.

4. Natural Flow
(radial flow)
Stimulated Flow
(Bilinear flow)

5. STAGES OF HYDRAULIC FRACTURING
• Pad Stage:
Fluid is pumped at a higher rate than it’s leak off rate at pressure
higher than the fracturing pressure of rock.
• Slurry Stage:
Proppant is added to the fluid along with fluid additives & it is
allowed to flow into the fracture to hold it from closing it.

6. INFLOW PERFORMANCE OF WELL

7. ROCK MECHANICS
Behavior of rocks when subjected to various force fields.
Parameters considered for fracturing of rocks:
• In-situ Stress
• Elasticity
• Poroelastic Properties
σ1 is the vertical stress
σ2 is the minimum horizontal stress
σ3 is the maximum horizontal stress

8. PROPERTIES OF FLUIDS
• Compatibility with the formation
• Low leak off rate
• Ability to carry proppant
• Low friction loss
• Easy removal from the formation
• Stability at reservoir condition
• Availability
• Safety
• Cost

9. FLUID ADDITIVES
• Gelling agent : Guar Gum
• Cross Linking agent : metal ions, borax
• Viscosity Breakers : ammonium per sulfate
• Clay Stabilizers : KCL water
• Surfactants : Isopropanol
• Fluid Loss Additives : Silica floor
• Bactericide : Formaldehyde
• PH stabilizers : Sodium carbonate
• Friction reducer : Polyacrylamide

10. TESTS PERFORMED BEFORE FRACKING
• Step Rate Test:

11. • Pump in/ Flowback Test :
This test determines closure
pressure which helps to
determine proppant of
suitable strength.
Closure pressure is represented
by the inflection point which
is due to change in flow
regime from linear to radial.

12. CONCLUSION
• Hydraulic fracturing technique is used to stimulate the wells for enhanced
productivity.
• Technological advancements in hydraulic fracturing have made it possible
to exploit shale gas, CBM reservoirs & low permeable reservoirs for
production at economical rate.
• The parameters kept under consideration for performing a fracturing job are
Insitu stress, elastic properties, poro elastic properties, fluid additives, fracture
pressure etc.

13. REFERENCES
• Rock Mechanics, Tillerson& Wawersik(eds) ¸ 1992 Balkema, Rotterdam. I SBN 90 5410 0451
• Mechanics of Hydraulic Fracturing, M. KING HUBBERT, MEMBER AIME, DAVID G. WILLIS, JUNIOR MEMBER
AIME
• Theory of Flow and Fracture of Solids. A. NADAI. New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Vol. 1, 2nd edn., 1950.
• Thomas O. Allen & Alan P.Roberts, “Production Operations Vol 2 (Well Completions,Workover,and
Stimulation)”.
• K. Ben-Naceur, Michael J. Economides,” Dowel Schhm?berger, “The Effectiveness of Acid Fractures and
their Production Behaviour (SPE-18536)
• Mukherjee R. K. “Technical Manual for Production Operation”.