well, dis z again another ppt on molecular biology..
I know dis kinda luks boring bt pretty informative
thanks
let me know wat you think abt dis
don't forget to comment
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
This power point presentation explains double helical structure of DNA as proposed by Watson and Crick (1953).Attempts have also been made to high light the valuable contributions made by Rosalind Franklin and Wilkins. Brief details of different types of DNA have also been included.
Molecular biology is the study of biology at a molecular level.
In broad sense, the study of gene structure and functions at the molecular level to understand the molecular basis of hereditary, genetic variation, and the expression patterns of genes.The field overlaps with other areas of biology and chemistry, particularly genetics and biochemistry.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA carries the genetic information in the cell – i.e. it carries the instructions for making all the structures and materials the body needs to function.
DNA is capable of self-replication.
Most of the cell’s DNA is carried in the nucleus – a small amount is contained in the mitochondria.
Molecular biology is a branch of science concerning biological activity at the molecular level.
The field of molecular biology overlaps with biology and chemistry and in particular, genetics and biochemistry.
A key area of molecular biology concerns understanding how various cellular systems interact in terms of the way DNA, RNA and protein synthesis function.
Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body. This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body. It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule.
It is the DNA located in the mitochondria.Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA or mDNA) is the DNA located in the mitochondria.
They are double stranded circular DNA molecule.
It is only 16 kb in length – contains 16,600 bp.
It is haploid in nature.
It codes for 37 genes.
13 genes provide instructions for making enzymes involved in oxidative phosphorylation.
It is a process that uses oxygen and simple sugars to create ATP, the cells main energy source.
DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid.
DNA carries the genetic information in the cell – i.e. it carries the instructions for making all the structures and materials the body needs to function.
DNA is capable of self-replication.
Most of the cell’s DNA is carried in the nucleus – a small amount is contained in the mitochondria.
Molecular biology is a branch of science concerning biological activity at the molecular level.
The field of molecular biology overlaps with biology and chemistry and in particular, genetics and biochemistry.
A key area of molecular biology concerns understanding how various cellular systems interact in terms of the way DNA, RNA and protein synthesis function.
Molecular biology is the study of molecular underpinnings of the process of replication, transcription and translation of the genetic material.
RNA is a ribonucleic acid that helps in the synthesis of proteins in our body. This nucleic acid is responsible for the production of new cells in the human body. It is usually obtained from the DNA molecule.
Case Study for iGEM 2013 German team (TU-Munich)
2015 Fall Semester/ Energy & Environmental Biotechnology Final Presentation.
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MOLECULAR BIOLOGY TOOLS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT and the principle behind the methodology, the methodology of the technique is described well in here...............
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English ppt rime of mariner [autosaved]Ian Mohammed
this is English ppt for the rime of the ancient mariner part 4.
I hope you will find this useful.
let me know if you have any comments or suggestions in the comments below
this ppt is about project tiger
I hope dis helps..
if you like dis den probably you might some off my others as well..
if you have any comments or suggestions, please do mention it in the comments below
i hope dis helps you guys to make ur ppt's
basically I am just giving you all ideas, you can be as creative as you want when you make them.
if any comments or suggestions please let me know
thank you
Social climate change & water crisisIan Mohammed
this z a ppt on climate change and water crisis
well, I would actually say that a few slides in da climate change r frm other ppt's bt most dem were searched by myself.
in da water crisis also I hv done da same....
for more info;s I hv also made a page of IMPORTANT references..
thank u
hope u'd lyk it
comment below
English ppt on herbal plants.
this one z made by
students of Sunshine International School
class 10 - A
group Members
1. Myself (Hima)
2.Merin
3.Jasmine
4.abra
5.arooj
6.christina
thanks...
hope u ll enjoy
let me know wat d u think abt dis ppt....
this is another ppt on herbal plants by
Sunshine International School
Students of clas 10 - a
thank you
hope you'd lyk it
comment below for me to know wat do you think abt dis ppt
this ppt is on an absured animal aye ayes
this ppt is also made with questions for betterment
hope you'd lyk it.
enjiy
let me know ur comment
like and download
this is a ppt made bby Hima Mohammed
well, made this when I was in 7th grade.
subject : chemistry
hope you ll like it
enjoy..
good luck
let me know wat d u think about this powerpoint presntation
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
2. Contents
The Genome
The Cell
Eukaryotic Cell
Prokaryotic Cell
Three Domain of Life
The General Structure of Nucleic Acid
DNA
RNA
The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology
DNA Replication
From DNA to Protein
Genetic Mutation
Human genome project
Functional Genomics/Transcriptomics /Proteomics
3. Target Audience
Physician assistant;
Postgraduate in clinical specialties;
Medical students;
Medical technologist;
Beginners and
For every laboratory worker and everyone passion for
learning.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
4. Molecular Biology
Molecular biology; the branch of biology that study
gene structure and function at the molecular level.
The Molecular biology field overlaps with other areas,
particularly genetics and biochemistry.
The Molecular biology allows the laboratory to be
predictive in nature; events that occur in the future.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
5. The Genome Database
The genome database is organized in six major organism
groups:
Eukaryotes,
Bacteria,
Archaea,
Viruses,
Viroids and
Plasmids.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
6. Three Domain of Life
Eukaryotic
Prokaryotic
Archaea
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
8. Eukaryotic Cell
Eukaryotic cells are found in animals, plants, fungi and
protists cell;
Cell with a true nucleus, where the genetic material is
surrounded by a membrane;
Eukaryotic genome is more complex than that of prokaryotes
and distributed among multiple chromosomes;
Eukaryotic DNA is linear;
Eukaryotic DNA is complexed with proteins called histones;
Numerous membrane-bound organelles;
Complex internal structure;
Cell division by mitosis.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
10. Prokaryotic Cell
Unicellular organisms, found in all environments. These
include bacteria and archaea;
Without a nucleus; no nuclear membrane (genetic material
dispersed throughout cytoplasm;
No membrane-bound organelles;
Cell contains only one circular DNA molecule contained in
the cytoplasm;
DNA is naked (no histone);
Simple internal structure; and
Cell division by simple binary fission.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
11. Archaea
Archaea is prokaryotes;
organisms without nucleus
but some aspects of their
molecular biology are
more similar to those of
eukaryotes.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
Saperaud. Source: Wikipedia
12. The Genome
Totality of genetic information of an organism.
Encoded in the DNA (for some viruses, RNA).
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
14. Species/ Number of Chromosomes
Species Number of chromosomes
Human 46
Mouse 40
Rat 42
Fruit flies 8
Bacteria 1
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
15. Human Genome
Human Genome; Arranged on multiple chromosomes;
twenty three pairs of chromosomes;
Twenty two pairs (autosomes).
One pair (sex chromosome) (xx) (female) or (xy)
(male).
Humans have 23 pairs of chromosome in every cell
(except mature red blood cells..); Gametes or sex cells
(sperm and eggs) have half the normal complement of
chromosomes.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
18. General Structure of Nucleic Acid
DNA and RNA are long
chain polymers of small
chemical compound called
nucleotides.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
19. Nucleotides
Nucleotides; ring shaped structures composed of:
Nitrogenous base; these bases are classified based on
their chemical structures into two groups:
Purine; double ringed structure (Adenine and Guanine).
Pyrimidine; single ring structures (cytosine and thymine).
Sugar
Phosphate group
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
20. Nucleotides
DNA: Four different types of nucleotides differ in
nitrogenous base:
A is for adenine;
G is for guanine;
C is for cytosine and
T is for thymine.
RNA: thymine base replaced by uracil base.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
22. The DNA
Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA); the genetic material
of all cellular organisms and most viruses.
DNA; the gigantic molecule which is used to encode
genetic information for all life on Earth.
A human cell contains about 2 meters of DNA. DNA
in the body could stretch to the sun and back almost
100 times. So it is tightly packed.
DNA responsible for preserving, copying and
transmitting information within cells and from
generation to generation.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
23. DNA Double Helix
Linked as a twisted ladder.
The curving sides of the ladder represent the
sugar-phosphate backbone of the two DNA
strands; the rungs are the base pairs.
Possess antiparallel polarity.
Stabilized by hydrogen bonds between the
bases.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
25. The Gene
The gene; it is a segment within a very long strand of
DNA.
Genes are the basic units of hereditary.
Genes located on chromosome on its place or locus.
Allele; a variant of the DNA sequence at a given
locus. Each allele inherited from a different parent.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
27. Dominant and Recessive
Dominant
The one pair of allele that masks the effect of the
other when present in the same cell.
Recessive
The one pair of allele that is masked by the other
when present in the same cell and capable of
producing its characteristics phenotype in the
organism only when two alleles is present and
identical.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
29. Gene Structure
Most of the genes consist of; short coding
sequences or exons are interrupted by a longer
intervening noncoding sequence or introns;
although a few genes in the human genome
have no introns.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
30. DNA Organization
DNA molecules
complexed with other
proteins, especially basic
proteins called histones to
form a substance known as
chromatin.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
32. The RNA
Three major classes of RNA: messenger (mRNA),
transfer (tRNA) and ribosomal (rRNA). Minor
classes of RNA include small nuclear RNA; small
nucleolar RNA;……….
RNA is a single stranded; the pyrimidine base uracil
(U) replaces thymine and ribose sugar replaces
deoxyribose.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
33. Messenger RNA/ mRNA
Transcripts of structural genes.
Encode all the information necessary for the synthesis
of a polypeptide of protein.
The 5' terminus is capped by 7 methyguanosine
triphosphate.
Synthesis of the poly (A) tail involves cleavage of its
3' end and then the addition of about 200 adenine
residues.
Intermediate carrier of genetic information; deliver
genetic information to the cytoplasm.
35. Transfer RNA/ tRNA
All the tRNAs share a common secondary structure
resembles a cloverleaf: They have four base- paired
stems defining three stem-loops (the D loop,
anticodon loop, and T loop) and the acceptor stem.
tRNA carry correct amino acids to their position
along the mRNA template to be added to the growing
polypeptide chain.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
37. Ribosomal RNA/ rRNA
The central component of the ribosome.
Ribosome; factory for protein synthesis; composed of
ribosomal RNA and ribosomal proteins (known as a
Ribonucleoproteinor RNP).
rRNA provides a mechanism for decoding mRNA
into amino acids.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
38. The Central Dogma of Molecular
Biology
DNA molecules serve as templates for either
complementary DNA strands during the
process of replication or complementary RNA
during the process of transcription.
RNA molecules serve as a template for
ordering amino acids by ribosomes during
protein synthesis.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
40. DNA Replication
The DNA duplication.
The transfer the genetic information from a
parent to a daughter cell.
The DNA base sequences are precisely copied.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
42. George Rice. Montana State University.
Source: http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/genomics/replication.html
43. Post-Replicative Modification of
DNA
Methylation; one of the major post- replicative
reactions.
Site of methylation of eukaryotic DNA is always on
cytosine residues in CG dinucleotide.
DNA methylation plays an important role for
epigenetic gene regulation in development and
disease.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
44. Gene Expression
Transcription
RNA polymerase makes a copy of information in
the gene (complementary RNA) complementary
to one strands of DNA.
Translation
Occurs on ribosomes, messenger RNA decoded or
translated to determine the sequence of amino acid in
the protein being synthesized.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
45. From DNA to Protein
Ashcraft. Source: http://creationwiki.org/File:Gene_expression.PNG
46. Ribosomes
Factory for protein synthesis.
Composed of ribosomal RNA and ribosomal
proteins (known as a Ribonucleoprotein or RNP).
Translate (mRNA) to build polypeptide chains using
amino acids delivered by (tRNA).
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
47. The Protein
Proteins are chain like polymers of a few or
many thousands of amino acids.
Amino acids: (3-nucleotide RNA sequences)
(codon).
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
48. Four levels of Protein Structure
Primary protein structure: Sequence of a chain of
amino acid.
Secondary protein structure: A chain of amino
acids linked by hydrogen bonds.
Tertiary protein structure: It occurs when certain
attraction occurs between alpha helices and pleated
sheets.
Quaternary protein structure: Protein containing
more than one amino acid chains.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
49. Four levels of Protein Structure
LadyofHats. Source:Wikipedia
50. Genetic Mutation
A mutation is a change in
the DNA sequence or
arrangement of DNA.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
Yassine Mrabet . Source:Wikipedia
51. Common Tools of Molecular Biology
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
52. Human Genome Project
HGP is an international project aiming for:
Sequencing and localization of the base sequence
that makes up human DNA.
Store this information in databases.
Mapping of human genome requires a set of
landmarks; some of this landmarkers are genes but
many more are nameless stretches of DNA such as
RFLPs, VNTRs, STSs.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
53. Human Genome Project
1990, American geneticists started an ambitious quest
to map and sequence the entire human genome.
1999, the final draft of human chromosome 22.
2000, the final draft of human chromosome 21.
2001, working draft of the whole human genome.
2004, the finished sequence of the euchromatic part
of human genome.
Dr./Salwa Hassan Teama 2012
55. Functional Genomics / Transcriptomics/ Proteomics
Functional Genomics
The study of expression of large number of genes.
Transcriptomics
The study of transcriptomes (all the transcripts an
organism makes at any given time).
Proteomics
The study of proteomes (the set of expressed
proteins in a given type of cells or an organism at a
given time under defined conditions).
58. References and Further Reading
Ali Khalifa. Applied molecular biology; eds: ( Fathi Tash and Sanna Eissa). 109 pages. Egypt.
University Book Center. 2002. Available in paper copy from the publisher.
Bruce Alberts, Alexander Johnson, Julian Lewis, Martin Raff, Keith Roberts, and Peter Walter.
Molecular Biology of the cell. 1392 pages. Garland Science; 5 edition (November 16,
2007).ISBN. 9780815341055. Available in paper copy from the publisher.
Daniel H. Farkas. DNA Simplified: The Hitchhiker's Guide to DNA. 110 pages. Washington, DC:
AACC Press, 1996, ISBN 0-915274-84-1. Available in paper copy from the publisher.
Daniel P. Stites, Abba T. Terr. Basic Human Immunology: 336 Pages. Appleton & Lange
(November 1990). ISBN. 0838505430. Available in paper copy from the publisher.
Innis, David H. Gelfand, John J. Sninsky. PCR Applications: Protocols for Functional Genomics:
566 pages. Academic Press; 1 edition (May 17, 1999). ISBN:0123721865. Available in paper
copy from the publisher.
Robert F. Mueller, Ian D. Young. Emery's Elements of Medical Genetics: Publisher: Churchill
Livingstone. 1995. ISBN. 044307125X. Available in paper copy from the publisher.
Robert F. Weaver. Molecular Biology. 600 Pages. Fourth Edition. McGraw-Hill International
Edition. ISBN 978-0-07-110216-2. Available in paper copy from the publisher.
William B. Coleman, Gregory J. Tsongalis. Molecular Diagnostics. For the Clinical Laboratorian:
592 pages. Humana Press; 4th Printing. edition (August 15, 2005). ISBN 1588293564. Available
in paper copy from the publisher.