This document discusses cells and their structure and function. It defines cells as the basic unit of life and outlines several key aspects of cells including their origins, requirements for life, types (prokaryotic and eukaryotic), organelles, sizes, and whether they are single-celled or multicellular. Important milestones in cell discovery are highlighted, such as Anton van Leeuwenhoek first observing cells in the 1600s and the development of the cell theory in the 1800s. The roles and structures of key cell organelles like the cell membrane, nucleus, mitochondria and chloroplasts are summarized.
The presentation includes the basics of cell: Definition, criteria for defining a cell, differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, plat and animal cells, structure and function of organelles, symbiont theory and MCQs.
What are cells?What are cells? What is a cell?What is a cell? Where do we find cells?Where do we find cells? CellCell: a cell is a basic unit of structure and: a cell is a basic unit of structure and function of life. In other words, cellsfunction of life. In other words, cells make up living things and carry outmake up living things and carry out activities that keep a living thing alive.activities that keep a living thing alive.
The presentation includes the basics of cell: Definition, criteria for defining a cell, differences between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells, plat and animal cells, structure and function of organelles, symbiont theory and MCQs.
What are cells?What are cells? What is a cell?What is a cell? Where do we find cells?Where do we find cells? CellCell: a cell is a basic unit of structure and: a cell is a basic unit of structure and function of life. In other words, cellsfunction of life. In other words, cells make up living things and carry outmake up living things and carry out activities that keep a living thing alive.activities that keep a living thing alive.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Title: "Understanding Cells: The Building Blocks of Life"
Subtitle: An Introduction to Cellular Biology
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Slide 2: Introduction to Cells
Define a cell as the basic structural and functional unit of all living organisms.
Emphasize the role of cells as the smallest entities that can perform all necessary life functions.
Slide 3: Types of Cells
Introduce the concept of different cell types (e.g., prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells).
Explain the distinction between plant, animal, and bacterial cells.
Slide 4: Common Cell Structures
Present a simplified diagram of a generic eukaryotic cell.
Highlight key components: cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, and organelles.
Slide 5: Cell Membrane
Describe the cell membrane's structure as a phospholipid bilayer.
Explain its role as a semi-permeable barrier that controls the passage of substances in and out of the cell.
Slide 6: The Nucleus
Discuss the nucleus as the control center of the cell.
Mention the role of DNA in the nucleus as the genetic blueprint for the cell.
Slide 7: Cytoplasm and Cytoskeleton
Define cytoplasm as the gel-like substance filling the cell.
Introduce the cytoskeleton and its function in maintaining cell shape and facilitating movement.
Slide 8: Organelles: The Cell's Organs
Briefly introduce key organelles found in eukaryotic cells:
Mitochondria (energy production)
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Golgi apparatus (protein processing)
Lysosomes (waste disposal)
Ribosomes (protein synthesis)
Slide 9: Mitochondria and Energy Production
Focus on mitochondria as the cell's powerhouses.
Explain how they generate energy (ATP) through cellular respiration.
Slide 10: Endoplasmic Reticulum and Protein Synthesis
Describe the ER's role in protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Distinguish between rough ER and smooth ER.
Slide 11: Golgi Apparatus and Protein Processing
Explain the Golgi apparatus's function in modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.
Slide 12: Lysosomes and Cellular Cleanup
Discuss lysosomes as cellular cleanup crews, breaking down waste materials and cellular debris.
Slide 13: Ribosomes and Protein Production
Describe ribosomes as the sites of protein synthesis.
Mention their presence in the cytoplasm and on the rough ER.
Slide 14: Cellular Functions
Summarize how these organelles collaborate to maintain cell functions and homeostasis.
Mention cell division as a fundamental process.
Slide 15: Conclusion
Recap the significance of cells as the building blocks of life.
Encourage further exploration of cell biology and its importance in understanding living organisms.
This presentation provides a broad overview of cells, their structure, and the functions of key organelles within them. Depending on your audience and the level of detail required, you can expand on specific topics or explore specialized cell types (e.g., plant cells, nerve cells) in more depth.
All living organisms are made up of a variety of body parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, wood etc. in plants and bones, flesh, nerves etc in animals. These parts look different from each other, yet they are all composed of tiny units called cells. Moreover, many living organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas etc. consist of only one cell.
All living organisms are made up of a variety of body parts like roots, leaves, flowers, fruits, wood etc. in plants and bones, flesh, nerves etc in animals. These parts look different from each other, yet they are all composed of tiny units called cells. Moreover, many living organisms like Amoeba, Paramecium, Chlamydomonas etc. consist of only one cell.
Students, digital devices and success - Andreas Schleicher - 27 May 2024..pptxEduSkills OECD
Andreas Schleicher presents at the OECD webinar ‘Digital devices in schools: detrimental distraction or secret to success?’ on 27 May 2024. The presentation was based on findings from PISA 2022 results and the webinar helped launch the PISA in Focus ‘Managing screen time: How to protect and equip students against distraction’ https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/education/managing-screen-time_7c225af4-en and the OECD Education Policy Perspective ‘Students, digital devices and success’ can be found here - https://oe.cd/il/5yV
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
2. Life Possible origins: Extraterrestrial Supernatural (religious) Chemical Evolution (inorganic -> organic -> cells) Requirements for life: C, H, O, N, P, S Sunlight/chemical energy UV radiation protection Water “Found: first amino acid on a comet” 17 August 2009 by Maggie McKee http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17628-first-amino-acid-on-a-comet-found.html
3. Cell Discovery Linked to microscope development 1595 – Hans Janssen + son Zacharias (Dutch): credited with microscope invention Two main types: light and electron
4. Light Microscope Light passes through an object and 2 or more lenses Possible to see living cells – not a lot of detail Advantages: Object: can be living Staining not required Real colors visible Easy to work with But low resolution: up to 200 nm + low magnification: up to 2000X
5. Electron Microscope Two types Scanning Electron (SEM) uses electron beams that bounce off the specimen Transmission Electron (TEM) Used electron beams that pass through specimen Advantages: more detail / higher resolution (0.2nm) / magnification: close to 1 million X But specimen must be dead + colors aren’t real.
7. Timeline Anton van Leeuwenhoek (Dutch – 1632-1723) Improved simple microscope (single lens – magnification up to 270 X) First to see living cell (red blood cells, sperm cells, single celled organisms)
8. Timeline Robert Hooke (English – 1635-1703) Looked at a piece of cork – first to use the term "cell“ Improved microscope: compound (2 lenses) 1800 – scientists knew cells had a cell membrane, a nucleus, cytoplasm and cell wall
9. Timeline Mathias Schleiden – (German botanist – 1804-1881) all plants are made of cells Theodor Schwann (German zoologist – 1810-1882) all animals are made of cells Rudolf Virchow (German physician – 1821-1902) concluded that all cells come from other cells
10. Cell Theory All organisms are made up of one or more cells. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in all organisms. All cells come from cells that already exist. Exception: Viruses are non-cellular structures of DNA or RNA that are surrounded by a protein coat
11. Single-cell x Multicellular Organisms can be made up of one cell (single-celled) or many cells (multicellular). Single-celled organisms are the bottom of the food chain There are more single-celled organisms than multicellular organisms in the world.
12. Single Cell Organisms One cell carries out all functions: Metabolism: all chemical reactions happening at the same time Response: sense environment Homeostasis: regulate/balance reactions in the body according to the environment conditions Growth: production of new organelles Reproduction: division Nutrition: release energy from food Amoeba Paramecium
13. Multicellular Organisms Interaction Communication Cells specialize: they differentiate because some genes are expressed and some are not (on/off) depending on the type of cell. Neuron Muscle cell Skin cell Stem cells = not specialized = ability to differentiate into specialized cells
15. Why are cells small? Surface area to volume ratio limits cell size Rate of heat production/waste/resource consumption – volume Rate or exchange material/energy – surface area As cell size increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases Metabolic rates increase faster than the surface area’s ability to exchange nutrients, hence a maximum size is reached. Cell size, therefore, remains small
16. Size of various cells and structures Molecules: 1 nm Membranes (on organelles): 10 nm Viruses: 100 nm Bacteria: 1 um Organelles: up to 10 um Most cells: up to 100 um Measurements above in 2d, remember all structures have 3d shape.
18. Types of Cells Types: Prokaryotic (no nucleus + naked DNA in cytoplasm + only ribosomes) Example: Bacteria Eukaryotic (with nucleus + organelles) Example: Animals, Plants, Fungi, Protists
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21. Cell Membrane Outer boundary: phospholipid bilayer Communication between cells Selects what goes in and out (using energy – active transport or without using energy – passive transport) Animal cells have cholesterol in the membrane
22. Cell Organelles Organelle - structure within a cell that has a specific function. Endoplasmic Reticulum – membranes that move materials around in the cell (“transport system”) Ribosomes – make proteins (“factories”) Centrioles (animals only) – coordinate cell division
23. Cell Organelles Mitochondria – produce ATP (“power plant”) Golgi apparatus – makes, packages and releases products inside/outside cell (“factories”)
24. Cell Organelles Lysosome (animal only) – contain digestive enzymes. Breaks down and recycles substance (“garbage company”) Vacuoles – (mainly plants) store waste, food, pigments (“storage”)
25. More parts... Cytoplasm – gel-like mixture inside cell. Many chemicals are dissolved in it. Nucleus - largest structure in the cytoplasm (“command center”) Has a nuclear membrane (with pores – materials enter and leave the nucleus) Contains chromosomes (made of DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid)
26. Plant Cells Cell wall – rigid structure that provides support/protection for the cell Chloroplasts – contain chlorophyll – green pigment responsible for photosynthesis
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28. Stem Cells Unspecialized: pluripotent or multipotent Self-renewing Give rise to mature, specialized cells Sources: Embryonic – cells from human blastocysts Fetal – cells from aborted fetuses Umbilical cord stem cells – cells from the umbilical cord of newborns Placenta derived stem cells – cells from the placenta and amniotic fluid of newborns Adult – cells from adult tissue (bone marrow, fat...)
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30. Example Adult stem cell found in bone marrow red blood cells, white cells, platelets
31. Types of Stem Cells: Totipotent – each cell can develop into a new individual (cells from early embryos – 1-3 days) Pluripotent – cells can form any cell type (over 200) – some cells of blastocyst (5 to 14 days) Multipotent – cells differentiated, but can form other tissues – fetal tissue, cord blood, adult stem cells http://www.csa.com/discoveryguides/stemcell/overview.php
32. Importance Use: Cancer therapy: + 400,000 – leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, multiple myeloma Bone marrow/immune regeneration: 2 million – autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, solid organ transplants Tissue repair/regeneration: 18 million – heart and vascular problems, diabetes, liver disease, arthritis, neurodegenerative Potential Therapeutic Applications: Cardiac – following heart damage Nervous system – stroke/spinal cord, Parkinson’s, Alzheimer’s Burns Diabetes Solid organ regeneration
