The document discusses several key facts about DNA:
- DNA can store vast amounts of information in a very small space within cells. The DNA in a single human could stretch to the sun and back over 600,000 times.
- While DNA is 99.9% identical between all humans, the 0.1% difference results in our unique characteristics. This difference amounts to around 3 million nucleotides.
- DNA is a highly efficient storage system, able to hold 25 gigabytes of data per inch. This shows DNA is more advanced than computer storage technologies.
- DNA replication allows DNA to make copies of itself in a semi-conservative process where the original strands remain intact and act as templates for new strands.
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 2.
INCLUDING RNA AND DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING
HUMAN KARYOTYPING
DOWNS SYNDROME
CRI DU CHAT
EDWARDS SYNDROME
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
TRAITS INHERITED
module 1 electronic structure of matter.pptxMaryroseBudhi1
Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter
Objectives: Know atom and its sub - particles
determine the characteristics colors that metal salts emit
what is atom?
atom is the basic unit of chemical element
it composes three subatomic particle
proton with a positively electric charge
electron with a negatively electric charge
neutron no electric charge
What minerals produce the color in fireworks?
Mineral elements provide color in fireworks. Barium produces bright greens; strontium yields deep reds;' copper produces blues/ and sodium yields yellow. other colors can be made by mixing elements; strontium and sodium produce brilliant orange; titanium, zirconium, and magnesium alloys make silvery white; copper and strontium make lavender. gold sparks are produced by iron fillings and small pieces of charcoal. bright flashes and loud bangs come from aluminum powder.
FEATURING THE SUMMARY OF SCIENCE 10 UNIT 3 MODULE 2.
INCLUDING RNA AND DNA
GENETIC ENGINEERING
HUMAN KARYOTYPING
DOWNS SYNDROME
CRI DU CHAT
EDWARDS SYNDROME
CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITIES
TRAITS INHERITED
module 1 electronic structure of matter.pptxMaryroseBudhi1
Module 1: Electronic Structure of Matter
Objectives: Know atom and its sub - particles
determine the characteristics colors that metal salts emit
what is atom?
atom is the basic unit of chemical element
it composes three subatomic particle
proton with a positively electric charge
electron with a negatively electric charge
neutron no electric charge
What minerals produce the color in fireworks?
Mineral elements provide color in fireworks. Barium produces bright greens; strontium yields deep reds;' copper produces blues/ and sodium yields yellow. other colors can be made by mixing elements; strontium and sodium produce brilliant orange; titanium, zirconium, and magnesium alloys make silvery white; copper and strontium make lavender. gold sparks are produced by iron fillings and small pieces of charcoal. bright flashes and loud bangs come from aluminum powder.
lesson for grade 9 science
the topics includes: (a)respiratory system, (b) circulatory system, (c) other organs working together with the respiratory and circulatory system
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
lesson for grade 9 science
the topics includes: (a)respiratory system, (b) circulatory system, (c) other organs working together with the respiratory and circulatory system
This ppt was made for our stupid projects..... The main purpose behind uploading this ppt is that no one should suffer like us and waste their time behind these stupid things... concentrate on your studies..
The presentation includes about the basic knowledge of Deoxyribonucleic Acid or DNA. It involves the definition, structure, occurence, quantity, chemical composition, stability, variety, types, molecular weight, complementary of base pairs, absorbance, viscosity, ionic interactions, alternative forms and functions of DNA.
Personal notes:
- Section 1 : Cell
-- What is a Cell?
-- What is DNA?
-- What is mitochondrial DNA?
-- What is a gene?
-- What is a chromosome?
-- How many chromosomes do people have?
- Section 2 : Proteins
-- What are proteins and what do they do?
-- How do genes direct the production of proteins?
-- Can genes be turned on and off in cells?
-- What is epigenome?
-- How do cells divide?
-- How do genes control the growth and division of cells?
-- How do genetics indicate the location of a gene?
- Section 3: Genetic Mapping
-- What is genetic mapping?
-- How do researchers create a genetic map?
-- What are genetic markers?
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DNA is a highly complex, intricate and extraordinary macromolecule found within all living cells. DNA is a "biochemical noun" and can be defined as "...a self- .... In other words, DNA refers to the molecules inside cells that carry genetic information and pass it from one generation to the next. The scientific name for DNA .... Free Essays from 123 Help Me | acid (DNA) is a molecule, a material rather, that is present in almost all living organisms. It is self-replicating and is .... 17. 2. 2022 ... Dna is the genetic fabric which is present in all the cells of the body. This molecule present a few characteristics, as VNTR, special present .... 24. 4. 2020 ... Genetic ancestry testing holds the potential to identify the geographic origins of an individual's ancestors, ancestral lineages, and relatives, .... 25. 4. 2022 ... 2022 DNA Day Essay Contest: Full Essays · 1st Place: Man Tak Mindy Shie, Grade 12. Teacher: Dr. Siew Hwey Alice Tan School: Singapore .... DNA, or Deoxyribonucleic acid, is two self replicating biopolymer strands that contain biological information that is necessary for human life. DNA is what .... DNA, also known as deoxyribonucleic acid, is a genetic information-carrying molecule that is essential for the development, growth, and reproduction of all .... DNA stand for deoxyribonucleic acid. RNA stands for ribonucleic acid. They share some similarities, such as both being nucleic acids.. Free Essay: The Structure and Replication of DNA Introduction The ... The enzyme polymerase is used to add new nucleotides to the growing DNA strands.
Chapter 16 Genetics
What Is a Gene?
Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information
The Structure of DNA
DNA Replication
How Proteins Are Built
Genetic Mutations
How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations
Meiosis and Genetic Diversity
Mendelian Genetics
More Wrinkles: Beyond Mendelian Genetics
The Human Genome
Cancer: Genes Gone Awry
Environmental Causes of Cancer
Transgenic Organisms and Cloning
DNA Technology—What Could Possibly Go Wrong?
History of Science: Discovery of the Double Helix
Technology: Gene Therapy
Science and Society: Genetic Counseling
Science and Society: DNA Forensics
In this paper, we briefly reviewed the numbers in life from a statistical genetic approach. The human genome comprises of 6 billion chemical bases of DNA. The DNA encodes 30,000 genes. It consists of two parts; the nuclear genome; which consists of 3,200,000,000 nucleotides of DNA, divided into 24 linear molecules, the shortest 50,000,000 nucleotides in length and the longest 260,000,000 nucleotides, each contained in a different chromosome and the mitochondrial genome; which contains approximately 16,600 base pairs encoding 37 genes. Most human cells have 46 chromosomes. However, the number of chromosomes in the nuclei of a person with Down syndrome is 47. The DNA of any two people on Earth is 99.6 percent identical, the 0.4 percent variation represents about 20 million base pairs. Almost all 98 percent of the human DNA is noncoding, while in bacteria, only 2% of the genetic material does not code for anything.
Gene- basics (Gene, nature of Gene, regulatory elements of Gene, Non coding D...Dr. Naeem Ullah
In this ppt you will find what is Gene, nature of Gene, regulatory elements of Gene, Non coding DNA, Alleles, Molecular nature of alleles. #GENE #ALLELE #DNA
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2. • Cells can contain 6-96-9 feet of DNA. If all the DNA in your body
was put end to end, it would reach to the sun and back over
600600 times.
• DNA in all humans is 99.999.9 percent identical. It is about one
tenth of one percent that makes us all unique, or about 3
million nucleotides difference.
• DNA can store 2525 gigabytes of information per inch and is the
most efficient storage system known to human. So, humans
are better than computers!!
• In an average meal, you eat approximately 55,000,00055,000,000 cells or
between 63,000 to 93,00063,000 to 93,000 miles of DNA.
• It would take a person typing 60 words per minute, eight hours
a day, around 5050 years to type the human genome.
3. ANSWER THE FOLLOWING (HW)
1.What is DNA?
2. What are nucleotides?
3. What are the 4 bases of
nucleotides?
4. How do bases pair in DNA
strands?
5. What are the consequences of erros
when bases do not pair correctly?
6. What is the function of DNA?
7. Illustrate the DNA double helix
5. DNA is composed of units called NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDES, which are
composed of three sub-molecules:
1. Pentose SugarPentose Sugar (deoxyribose)
2. PhosphatePhosphate
3. Nitrogen BaseNitrogen Base (purine or pyrimidine)
6. DNA is composed of two
complimentarycomplimentary strands of nucleotides
joined by hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds::
AdenineAdenine with ThymineThymine (A-T or T-A)
They join with 22 hydrogen bonds
CytosineCytosine with GuanineGuanine (C-G or G-C)
They join with 33 hydrogen bonds
DNA twists into a double helixdouble helix
7.
8. 1. DNA directs thedirects the machinery of a cell to make specificcell to make specific
proteinsproteins, and, therefore, DNA indirectly controls all of the
functioning of all living things.
9. 2. DNA stores the hereditary informationstores the hereditary information of an individual
10. 3. DNA has the ability to mutatehas the ability to mutate (change). This allows for
new characteristics and abilities to appear which may help
an individual to survive and reproduce (EVOLUTIONEVOLUTION).
11. 4. Self replication: DNA has the ability to
make copies of itselfmake copies of itself
12. 1. DNA replication is called ‘semi-conservativesemi-conservative’.
2. Semi-conservative replication is the process in which the
original strandsoriginal strands of DNA remain intactremain intact and act as
templatestemplates for the synthesis of duplicate strands of DNA.
13. 3. One copy of a DNA molecule will split apart to make twotwo
complete copies of itself. Each new DNA molecule is
made up of half of the oldhalf of the old molecule and half of a newhalf of a new
molecule.
14. 1.1. UNZIPPINGUNZIPPING: The DNA molecule ‘Unzips’
as the hydrogen bondshydrogen bonds between the base
pairs are brokenbroken. The enzyme
HELICASEHELICASE causes this unzipping to occur.
15. 2. COMPLEMENTARYCOMPLEMENTARY
BASE PAIRINGBASE PAIRING:
Complementary
nucleotides move intonucleotides move into
positionposition to bond with the
complementary bases on
the DNA chain.
16. 3. FORM NEW SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONENEW SUGAR PHOSPHATE BACKBONE: The
nucleotides join as the sugars and phosphates bond to
form a new backbone. This process occurs due to the
enzyme DNA POLYMERASEDNA POLYMERASE which also checks for
mistakesmistakes as it goes.
17. 4. This process continues along the primary chain until we
have 2 IDENTICAL STRANDS2 IDENTICAL STRANDS of DNA molecules
(assuming there have been no errors made).
18. 1) Mutations can occur
naturallynaturally or through
environmentalenvironmental factors.
Environmental mutagensmutagens
include some chemicalschemicals
(food additives, pesticides,
plastics) and radiationsradiations
(X-rays to UV light).
19.
20.
21.
22. 2) A gene mutationgene mutation is a change of one or more
nucleotidesnucleotides in a single gene. There are 3 types.
23. GENE MUTATIONS
DeletionDeletion: one nucleotide base is left out. All of the amino acids after
a deletion will be wrong, so SHAPE and FUNCTION of protein are
altered. Serious.
AdditionAddition: one extra nucleotide base is added. This will also change
the entire amino acid sequence of the protein, so SHAPE and FUNCTION
of protein are altered. Serious.
24.
25.
26.
27. SubstitutionSubstitution: when single bases or short pieces are replaced with
one another.
Example: Sickle-Cell Anemia, only one nucleotide base is switched.
This causes only 1 amino acid to change, but it is an important one.
This type of mutation is usually not as seriousnot as serious as the 1st
two. It just
depends on which amino acid is affected (does it have an ‘R’ group with
a +,-, or S group?)
28.
29.
30. 3. Chromosomal mutationsChromosomal mutations: a mutation of all or partall or part
of a chromosome. These affect many genesaffect many genes.
Example #1: crossingcrossing
overover where one part of a
chromosome changes
places with another.
This can cause extra
pieces, missing pieces, or
the exchange of pieces of
chromosomes.
31. Charlotte has Cri du
Chat syndrome.
Cri du Chat Syndrome
("Cry of the cat" in French) is a genetic
disorder caused by the loss or
misplacement of genetic material
from the 5th
chromosome.
Cri du Chat causes a varied level of
mental handicap. The majority of the
children need more specialized education.
It was first identified in 1963 by Professor
Lejeune. He described the syndrome after
the sound that many of the babies and young
children make when crying.
34. Down Syndrome occurs in approx. 1 in 700 births in Canada. A person
with Down Syndrome has 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of 46. The
chance of having a baby with Down Syndrome increases significantly with
age; for example, between 20 and 24 years of age, the chance of conceiving
a child with Down syndrome is 1 in 1,450, while at age 45 this probability
increases to 1 in 32.
35. WHAT IS KLINEFELTER SYNDROME? Discovered
in 1942 by Dr. Harry Klinefelter. He studied 9 men who
had enlarged breasts, sparse facial and body hair, small
testes, and an inability to produce sperm.
By the late 1950s, it was discovered that men with
Klinefelter syndrome, had an extra sex chromosome,
XXY instead of the usual male arrangement, XY.
36.
37. WHAT IS TURNER’S SYNDROME? A disorder that
results from a non-disjunction of the X
chromosomes during meiosis = X0 instead of XX.
Individuals are short and stocky; also sterile.
38.
39. Definition: combining the DNA of two species.combining the DNA of two species.
1. Gene displacing: add an extra copy of a gene (cows
with huge teats to make double the milk) or deleting
genes (removing the rotting hormone from tomatoes).
2. Gene modification: repairing a gene (as in gene
therapy).
3. Gene transformation: inserting genes from a different
species to give a new function (as in making goats with
spider proteins in their milk or making bacteria that create
human insulin).
40. Recombinant DNA
refers to DNA which
has been altered
by joining genetic
material from two
different sources!