The document discusses work study and time study methods. It defines work study as the systematic examination of work methods to improve efficiency. The main objectives of work study are productivity enhancement and human comfort/safety. Method study involves critically examining work processes to develop more effective methods. Time study is a work measurement technique that involves observing and timing workers to set performance standards. The document provides examples of conducting a time study, including defining the task, timing elements, calculating average and normal times, and setting the standard time.

1. WORK STUDY-WORK STUDY-
METHOD,TIME STUDYMETHOD,TIME STUDY
Hareesh.MHareesh.M
I.D.NO:2014600120I.D.NO:2014600120

2. INTRODUCTION
 With increasing complexities of the technological world,
need to simplify the work system has been increasing
day by day.
 Work study is an area of knowledge that addresses the
problem of work simplification with the basic objectives
of
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,
HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETYHUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY
o

3. Work Study-Definition
“Work study is defined as that body of knowledge
concerned with the analysis of the work methods
and the equipment used in performing a job, the
design of an optimum work method and the
standardization of proposed work methods.”

4. Work Study
The systematic examination of the method of
carrying on activities so as to improve the effective
use of resources and to set up standards of
performance for the activities being carried out.

5. Method Study
Systematic recording and critical examination of
existing and proposed ways of doing work, as a
means of developing and applying easier and more
effective methods and reducing cost
The main purpose of method study is to eliminate
the unnecessary operations and to achieve the best
method of performing the operation

7. Method Study ( Steps)
 Select job/process to be examined & observe current
performance
• high process cost, bottlenecks, tortuous route, low
productivity, erratic quality
 Record & document facts
• activities performed
• operators involved - how etc
• equipment and tools used
• materials processed or moved
 Apply critical examination - challenge job components &
necessity (purpose, place, sequence, method).
 Develop alternative methods & present proposals
 Document as base for new work system
 Install, monitor (slippage) & maintain

8. Method Study (Objectives)
Improvement in use of all inputs
Economy in human effort
Layout improvement
Improvement in design of plant and
machinery
Improvement in safety standards and
procedures
Better working environment

9. Method Study ( Facilitating Factors)
High operating cost
High wastage & scrap
Excessive movement of materials and workmen
Excessive production bottlenecks
Excessive rejections and rework
Complaints about quality
Complaints about poor working condition
Increasing number of accidents
Excessive use of overtime

10. Work Study (Benefits)
Increased productivity and increased efficiency
Reduced manufacturing costs
Improved work place layout
Better manpower planning and capacity planning
Fair wages to employees
Better working conditions for employees
Improved workflow
Reduced material handling costs
Better industrial relations and employee morale
Provides better job satisfaction to employees

11. Work Measurement
The application of technique designed to establish
time for a qualified worker to carry out a task at a
defined rate of working at a defined level of
performance
Fair Day’s work

12. Work Measurement
Why define/measure work?
standard, reliable methods
control performance & quality
obtain predictability
defined labour costs & performance
set pay rates & provide data for effort-reward
relationship
Why set standard times
assumptions about competent, motivated
workers
be clear about "allowances" & fatigue

13. Work Measurement (Objectives)
Finding ineffective time in an activity
Setting standards (norms) for output level
Performance evaluation – capability management
Capacity management
Comparing work methods
Scheduling – facility operations
Establishing wage incentives schemes

14. Work Measurement (Techniques)
Stop – watch time study
Work sampling
Predetermined times standards
Standard data

15. Work Study (Opponents)
All work is different - idiographic vs/ nomothetic
Work study is obsolete
It is exploitative of workers
It has never been and never will be accepted here

16. Time Study
One of the most common types of work
measurement is time study
For example - Purpose
An international coffee shop chain may want to
find out how long a barista should take to make a
specific coffee drink. Some of the stated
condition may include using cold milk that needs
to be steamed, rather than already steamed milk.

17. Time Study
Observations
A qualified practitioner should observe the
employee using a time measurement device. The
observer should also assess the quality of work
Observed Person
The observed person in the time study must be
fully trained in the measured task

18. Time StudiesTime Studies
1.1. Define the task to be studiedDefine the task to be studied
2.2. Divide the task into precise elementsDivide the task into precise elements
3.3. Decide how many times to measure the taskDecide how many times to measure the task
4.4. Time and record element times and rating ofTime and record element times and rating of
performanceperformance

19. Time StudiesTime Studies
5.5. Compute average observed timeCompute average observed time
AverageAverage
observed timeobserved time
Sum of the times recorded to performSum of the times recorded to perform
each elementeach element
Number of observationsNumber of observations==
6.6. Determine performance rating andDetermine performance rating and
normal timenormal time
Normal time =Normal time =
Average observedAverage observed
time Xtime X Performance ratingPerformance rating
factorfactor

20. 7.7. Add the normal times for each element to develop theAdd the normal times for each element to develop the
total normal time for the tasktotal normal time for the task
8.8. Compute the standard timeCompute the standard time
 Standard time= total normal time/1-allowance factor

21. Time Study ExampleTime Study Example
Average observed time = 4.0 minutesAverage observed time = 4.0 minutes
Worker rating = 85%Worker rating = 85%
Allowance factor = 13%Allowance factor = 13%
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating factor)
= (4.0)(.85)= (4.0)(.85)
= 3.4 minutes= 3.4 minutes
Standard time = = =Standard time = = =
Normal timeNormal time
1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor
3.43.4
1 - .131 - .13
3.43.4
.87.87
= 3.9 minutes= 3.9 minutes

22. Time Study Example -1Time Study Example -1
Allowance factor = 15%Allowance factor = 15%
PerformancePerformance
Job ElementJob Element 11 22 33 44 55 RatingRating
(A)(A) Compose and type letterCompose and type letter 88 1010 99 21*21* 1111 120%120%
(B)(B) Type envelope addressType envelope address 22 33 22 11 33 105%105%
(C)(C) Stuff, stamp, seal, andStuff, stamp, seal, and 22 11 5*5* 22 11 110%110%
sort envelopessort envelopes
Cycle Observed (in minutes)Cycle Observed (in minutes)
1.1. Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)Delete unusual or nonrecurring observations (marked with *)
2.2. Compute average times for each elementCompute average times for each element
Average time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutesAverage time for A = (8 + 10 + 9 + 11)/4 = 9.5 minutes
Average time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutesAverage time for B = (2 + 3 + 2 + 1 + 3)/5 = 2.2 minutes
Average time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutesAverage time for C = (2 + 1 + 2 + 1)/4 = 1.5 minutes

23. Time Study Example S2Time Study Example S2
3.3. Compute the normal time for each elementCompute the normal time for each element
Normal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutesNormal time for A = (9.5)(1.2) = 11.4 minutes
Normal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutesNormal time for B = (2.2)(1.05) = 2.31 minutes
Normal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutesNormal time for C = (1.5)(1.10) = 1.65 minutes
Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)Normal time = (Average observed time) x (Rating)
4.4. Add the normal times to find the total normal timeAdd the normal times to find the total normal time
Total normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutesTotal normal time = 11.40 + 2.31 + 1.65 = 15.36 minutes

24. Time Study Example S2Time Study Example S2
5.5. Compute the standard time for the jobCompute the standard time for the job
Standard time =Standard time =
Total normal timeTotal normal time
1 - Allowance factor1 - Allowance factor
= = 18.07 minutes= = 18.07 minutes
15.3615.36
1 - .151 - .15

25. Thank youThank you