Time study is a direct observation technique used to analyze work methods and set performance standards. It involves observing and timing work elements, determining allowances, and establishing appropriate work standards. Motion study examines work methods to eliminate unnecessary motions. Techniques include flow process charts, therbligs that define basic motions, and micro-motion studies of operations.

3. • Time Study
• Methods, Steps of time study
• Allowances
• Motion Study
• Procedure of Motion Study
• Flow Process Chart
• Therbligs
• Micro-motion Study
Including….

4. Time study is a direct and continuous observation
of a task, using a timekeeping device (e.g., decimal
minute stopwatch, videotape camera etc.) to record the
time taken to accomplish a task and it is often used
when :
1.there are repetitive work cycles of short to long duration
2.wide variety of dissimilar work is performed, or
3.process control elements constitute a part of the cycle.
Time study

5. Techniques of Time Study
 Direct Time Study: is a determination of quantum of total time
required to perform a unit of work. It helps to compare the
alternative methods, and determine the labor and staff required for
the operations.
 Synthesis Method: Adding a few elemental values over the data
already obtained in the form of a catalog reading. This gives
allowable time for operation to complete.
 Analytical Estimating: is used to determine the time values for
jobs having long and repetitive nature or values. Such work can be
recorded using the synthetic and standard data available.
 PMTS: Also called as predetermined motion time study. Computes
the natural or basic time set up against motions at a defined level of
performances.

6. Procedure for Time Study
 Secure and record information about the operation
and operator being studied.
 Select operators
 Divide the operation into elements and record a
complete description of the method. (before you
start study)
 Assign particular work to operators
 Observe operators performing task: record time
taken for each element.
 Rate the operator’s performance.
 Determine appropriate work standards.

7. Advantages of Time Study
Generally they are required:
A.to plan future production and
B.to evaluate performance of workers
or of the production system as a
whole.

8. Limitations of Time Study
The followings are the limitations of time study as a technique of
setting production standards:
1)Standards cannot be established by this
technique on jobs which are not well defined.
2)In situations where it is difficult to define quality
precisely standards and production incentives
may cause deterioration in quality levels.
3)Labour unions may oppose the application of
time study where they are strong.
4)Only specific type of jobs which have identifiable
starting and ending points can be timed
accurately.

9. Allowances
 Relaxation Allowance
– For fatigue and
personal needs
 Contingency Allowance
– For duties of periodic
nature
 Tools and Machinery
Allowance
– For adjusting machines,
sharpening tools, etc.
 Reject Allowance
– Time used up in
producing items which
turn out to be defective
 Interference Allowance
– Stoppage of 2 or
machines
 Excessive Work
Allowance
– Due to unforeseen
temporary changes

10. Time Recording Techniques in
Time Study
Stop Watch Method
Time Recording Machine
Motion Picture Camera

11. Stop Watch Method
Time study equipment includes the
following;
a)Time study watch
 Plain Decimal-Minute Stopwatch
 Decimal Hour Stopwatch
 Split-Hand Stopwatch
 Wink Stopwatch
a)Time study board
b)Time study observation sheet
c)Steel rule

12. Time Study Board
Electronic Time
Study Board
3-Watch BoardSimple Time
Study Board

13. Time Study Sheet

14. Time Recording Machine
 Functions on a paper tape
 Easy time recording
 Its use eliminates errors of stopwatch
method

15. Motion Picture Camera
a) Spring Driven Camera(normal speed
16eps)
b) Electric Motor Driven Camera
i. Slow Speed Camera(operates at
50/100fpm)
ii. Normal Speed Camera(operates at 960fpm)

16. Motion Study
o It is the science of eliminating wastefulness
resulting from using
– unnecessary
– ill-directed &
– inefficient motion.
o The aim of the study is to find and perpetuate
the scheme of least waste methods of labour.
Motion studies were conducted by Frank and
Lillian Gilbreth about a century ago in a search
for the “one best way.”

17. Procedure of Method Study
Job to be studied
Collection and recording of necessary
information
Critical examination of existing method
Develop the new improved method
Install the improved method
Maintain the improved method

18. Flow Process Chart
 The flow process chart in industrial engineering is a
graphical and symbolic representation of
the processing activities performed on the work piece.
Flow process chart are of
three types;
 Man
 Machine &
 Material

19. Therblig
Therbligs are 18 kinds of elemental motions used in the
study of motion economy in the workplace. A workplace
task is analyzed by recording each of the therblig units for
a process, with the results used for optimization of manual
labor by eliminating unneeded movements.
The word therblig was the creation of
Frank Bunker Gilbreth and Lillian
Moller Gilbreth, American industrial
psychologists who invented the field
of time and motion study. It is a
reversal of the name Gilbreth, with
'th' transposed.

20. Micro-motion & Macro-motion
Study
Studies of overall factory flow or process,
called macromotion studies, and then
additional studies of detail or operations,
called micromotion studies, should be
completed for a project.

21. Importance of T&M Study
 T&M Studies can be effective for
performance evaluations
 T&M Studies can be used for planning
purposes in order to predict the level of
output that may be achieved
 T&M Studies can be used to uncover
problems and create solutions
 T&M Studies can be used for time cost
analysis