The document discusses various work study methods including method study, time study, and work measurement. Method study involves systematically analyzing and improving work methods to eliminate inefficiencies. It follows six steps: select, record, examine, develop, install, and maintain. Time study is used to determine the time required to perform a job element by observing workers with a stopwatch. Work measurement establishes standard times for jobs based on time studies and accounting for allowances. It is used for productivity measurement, manpower planning, and incentive scheme design.

1. UNIT4 :I ) WORK STUDY METHOD STUDY & WORK MEASUREMENT

2. METHOD STUDY :EXAMPLE Elmnt No., Element Symbol Time (Minutes) Remarks 1 Put on computer Op 0.2 2 Wait W 0.1 3 Computer is on Op 0.1 4 Msg(Fan Failure) Op 0.05 5 Check Msg Op 0.1 6 Telephone Technician Op 0.2 7 Wait W 15.0 8 Technician Checks Ins 1.2 9 Tells to send to Lab Op 0.2 10 Telephone for attender Op 0.1

3. Elmnt No., Element Symbol Time (Minutes) Remarks 11 Wait W 30.0 12 Attender transports Trans 3.2 13 On Repair Table Storage 1440.0 14 Technician inspects Ins 5.6 15 Tech removes Fan Op 7.2 16 Walks to stores Trans 3.0 17 Waits W 9.0 18 Takes new fan,signs Op 5.0 19 Walks to Lab Trans 3.1 20 Fixes new fan O 8.2

4. Elmnt No., Element Symbol Time (Minutes) Remarks 21 Inspects Ins 2.5 22 Calls for attender O 1.2 23 Waiting W 10.5 24 Attender carries it Trans 2.2 25 Connect to system O 1.2 26 Put on system O 0.3 27 Inspects fan working Ins 2.2 28 Start work O 0.2

5. Operations 13 24.15 Inspections 5 11.6 Transportns 4 11.5 Delays 5 64.6 Storage 1 1440.0 Total 1551.85 25.86 Hrs

6. UNIT4 :I ) WORK STUDY Work study : It is defined as that body of knowledge concerned with the ANALYSIS OF WORK METHODS AND EQUIPMENT used in performing a job, the DESIGN OF AN OPTIMUM WORK METHOD and the STANDARDISATION OF PROPOSED WORK METHODS . The purpose of work study is to determine the best or most effective method of accomplishing a necessary operation Time study and motion study are results of practices developed by F.W. Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth.

7. I.1 ) METHOD STUDY Method study is also known as methods improvement, that eliminates wasteful and inefficient motions. Industrial Engineering—Work Study—Method Study—Process Charts—Process Charts Symbols “ METHOD STUDY is the systematic recording and critical examination of EXISTING and PROPOSED WAYS of DOING WORK as a means of DEVELOPING and APPLYING EASIER AND MORE EFFECTIVE METHODS and REDUCING COSTS” (B.S.I) 6 steps Method study procedure Select/Record/Examine/Develop/Install/Maintain

8. METHOD STUDY 6 steps Method study procedure Select Record Examine Develop Install Maintain

9. METHOD STUDY METHOD STUDY – USE OF PROCESS CHARTS : Process Charts Symbols are utilized for simplifying the Recording of the Method. The symbols represent different types of events. Circle to represent Operation , Square for Inspection, Arrow for Transport, Triangle for Storage and D for Delay ( first two provide value addition Process Charts used in Method Study Outline process chart/Operation process chart/Flow process charts/Two handed process chart/Multiple activity chart/The man machine chart or worker-machine chart /Flow diagram/String diagram/SIMO chart

10. MOTION STUDY& MICRO MOTION STUDY Motion study is the science of eliminating wastefulness resulting from using unnecessary; ill-directed and inefficient motion. The aim of motion study is to find and perpetuate the scheme of least waste methods of labour. Micro motion study provides a valuable technique for making minute analysis of those operations that are short in cycle, contain rapid movements and involve high production over a long period of time. Micro-motions are also known as ‘Therbligs’.

11. THERBLIGS 1.Search (Sr) 2.Select (St) 3.Grasp (G) 4.Transport empty (TE) 5.Transport loaded (TL) 6.Hold (H) 7.Release load (RL) 8.Position (P) 9.Pre-position (PP) 10.Inspect (I) 11.Assemble (A) 12.Disassemble (DA) 13.Use (U) 14.Unavoidable delay (UD) 15.Avoidable delay (AD) 16.Plan (Pn) 17.Rest for overcoming fatigue (R) 18.Find (F)

12. PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY& METHOD STUDY TOOLS Principles of motion economy are divided into three groups. Effective use of the operator Arrangement of the workplace Tools and equipment Method Study Tools: Motion study, Facilities Layout, Work Simplification, Flow process Charts, Ergonomics

13. I.2 ) WORK MEASUREMENT This form an important part of work study, itself a sub part of Industrial Engineering. The dependency may be shown as Industrial Engineering—Work Study—Work Measurement(Time Study) Def: “ TIME STUDY is a work measurement technique for recording the time and rating for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified conditions and for analyzing the data so as to obtain the time necessary for carrying out the job at a defined level of performance by a qualified and trained worker” (B.S.I) Qualified worker

14. WORK MEASUREMENT TECHNIQUES : Direct Time Study/ Synthesis Method/ Analytical Estimating./Pre determined Motion Time System (PMTS)./Work sampling or Activity Sampling or Ratio Delay Method. Work measurement involves 7 STEPS. 1.Break the job into elements/2.Record the observed time for each element by means of either time study, synthesis or analytical estimating./3.Establish elemental time values by extending observed time into normal time for each element BY APPLYING A RATING FACTOR ./4.Assess relaxation allowance for personal needs and physical and mental fatigue involved in carrying out each element./5.Add the relaxation allowance time to the normal time for each element to arrive at the work content. /6.Determine the frequency of occurrences of each element in the job, multiply the work content of each element by its frequency ( i.e., number of time the element occurs in the job) and add up the times to arrive at the work content for the job./7.Add contingency allowance if any to arrive at the standard time to do the job.

15. 5METHODS OF WORK MEASUREMENT 1.TIME STUDY Time study is concerned with the determination of the amount of time required to perform a unit of work. Objective of time study is to establish the standard time. Time study by stop watch: The steps involved are Select the job to be studied Select the worker to be studied Conducting stop watch time study SYNTHESIS METHOD Synthesis Method: Building up the time required to do a job at a defined level of performance. ANALYTICAL ESTIMATING Analytical Estimating: Used to determine the time values for jobs having long and non-repetitive operations. PREDETERMINED MOTION TIME SYSTEM (PMTS) PMTS: Normal times are established for basic human motions.

16. METHODS OF WORK MEASUREMENT WORK SAMPLING OR ACTIVITY SAMPLING OR RATIO-DELAY METHOD Work sampling helps determine allowances for inclusion in standard times. The work sampling study consists of essentially the following steps: 1. Determine the objective of the study, including definitions of the states of activity to be observed. 2. Plan the sampling procedure including: (a) An estimate of the percentage of time being devoted to each phase of the activity. (b) The setting of accuracy limits. (c) An estimation of the number of observations required. (d) The selection of the length of the study period and the programming of the number of readings over this period. (e) The establishment of the mechanics of making the observations, the route to follow and the recording of data. 3. Collect the data as planned. 4. Process the data and present the results.

17. METHOD STUDY- BENEFITS& WORK MEASUREMENT - BENEFITS Method Study- Benefits: Productivity Improvement , Further method Improvements, Optimisation of Resources, Cost Reduction, Profitability improvement, Competitive edge, Industrial growth, Improvement of Country’s Economy Work Measurement - Benefits: Productivity measurement & Improvement , Man power planning, Design of Wage Incentive Schemes, Cost Budgetting , Performance Measurement, PPC, M/C capacity planning, Further method Improvements

18. WORK MSMNT PROBLEMS Q1 ) Observed timing=20 Seconds , compute Normal/Basic time ? If Rating is 80%, Normal/Basic time= 20*0.80=16 Secs If Rating is 125%& 100%,, respective Normal/Basic times: 20*1.25=25 Secs &20*1.00=20 Secs Q1.1) Normal/Basic timing=20 Seconds; If Rating is 80%, Observed time= 20/0.80=25 Secs If Rating is 125%/100%, respective Observed time= 201.25=16 Secs& 20/1.00=20 Secs Q2)OT=1.53 Mins, R=80%, Allowances=16%, compute N.T , S.T, Production standards, productivity productivity?(NT=OT*R,ST=NT*(1+R), productivity =Output/man-hour,output/man-shift etc) N.T=1.53*0.80=1.224 Mins/Item , S.T=1.224*1.16=1.41984, Production standards =60/1.41984=42.26 Items/hour,42.26*8=338 Items/shift, 338*3=1014 Items/ Day & productivity = 42.26 Items/ man-hour,42.26*8=338 Items/man-shift, 338*3=1014 Items/ man-Day

19. WORK MSMNT PROBLEMS Q3) In an 8hours plant study, prodn=320 nos.,, idle time=15%, Performance rating=120%, Allowances=12% of Normal time, Determine standard time / unit produced? prodn=320 nos in 8 hours(480 Mins), Actual Production time=480 – 15% *480=480-72=408,OT=408/320= 1.275 NT= OT* R= 1.275*1.20=1.53 ST=NT* (1+R5)=1.53*1.12=1.7136 Production Standard = 60/1.7136=35/Hour. 35*8=280/Shift, 280*3=840/Day

20. Q4)AN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEER CONDUCTED A TIME STUDY FOR A JOB AND STUDY RESULTS ARE SUMMARISED.(TIME IN MINS, RA=12%,CA=3%). IDENTIFY &REMOVE OUT LIERS.COMPUTE BASIC TIME & S.T FOR THE JOB Elmt C1 C2 C3 C4 R Ttl avg NT= OT*R 12% RA= NT*0.12 3% CA= NT* 0.03 1 1.246 1.328 1.298 1.306 90 % 5.178 1.295 1.166 2 0.972 0.895 0.798 0.919 Mc 100 3.584 0.896 0.896 3 0.914 1.875 1.964 1.972 100 % 5.811 1.937 1.937 4 2.121 2.198 2.146 2.421 110 % 8.886 2.222 2.444 5 1.253 1.175 1.413 2.218 100 % 3.841 1.280 1.28 T 7.72 0.92 0.23 8.88

21. WORK MSMNT PROBLEMS Problems on work sampling: Refer Text book