White blood cells
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This document provides information about a module on white blood cells (WBCs). The module is part of a course on general physiology for medical laboratory technology students. It will teach students to distinguish between granulocytes and agranulocytes, WBC types and functions. The module contents include introduction, classification, morphology, normal counts, variations, lifespan, properties, functions and references. Students will learn about phagocytosis by WBCs and pathological variations in WBC counts.
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Wbc ppt
White blood cells, or leukocytes, are nucleated blood cells that play an important role in the immune system. Compared to red blood cells, white blood cells are larger in size and fewer in number. The main types of white blood cells are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Each type has a distinct shape and granule composition and serves different immune functions, such as phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils and antibody production by B lymphocytes. White blood cell counts can vary in different physiological and pathological conditions to help fight infection and disease.
01. Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It begins with pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow that can differentiate into various blood cell types. The differentiation is regulated by hematopoietic growth factors and occurs through defined cellular pathways involving progenitor cells, precursors, and mature effector cells. Key growth factors include erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which promotes granulocyte development.
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Macrophages
Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells that differentiate from circulating monocytes. They perform important functions in innate and adaptive immunity such as phagocytosis of pathogens and cellular debris, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory signals. Macrophages exist in different types defined by their activation mechanisms and secretory profiles, including classically activated M1 macrophages which promote inflammation and alternatively activated M2 macrophages which suppress inflammation. They play roles in tissue homeostasis, repair, and immune regulation through their phagocytic, secretory, and adaptive functions.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
Erythrocytes are the functional component of blood involved in the transportation of gases and nutrients throughout the human body.
Hematopoiesis (Power Point Presentation)
Quick notes on Hematopoiesis and brief into about the types of cells are forming during the process.
For UG and PG students.
Different colors, themes and video is used to make it more interesting and easy to go through the contents.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins called antibodies that are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which have different structures and roles in the immune system. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body fluids. IgA is present in secretions like breast milk, saliva, and mucus to provide immunity at body surfaces. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and activates the complement system. IgE mediates allergic reactions by binding to mast cells.
Immunologic tolerance
Central tolerance refers to deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. T cells that recognize self antigens undergo apoptosis in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance uses backup mechanisms like clonal deletion through activation-induced cell death, clonal anergy from lack of co-stimulation, and suppression by regulatory T cells. These mechanisms help prevent autoimmune disease by silencing self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
Recommended
Wbc ppt
White blood cells, or leukocytes, are nucleated blood cells that play an important role in the immune system. Compared to red blood cells, white blood cells are larger in size and fewer in number. The main types of white blood cells are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Each type has a distinct shape and granule composition and serves different immune functions, such as phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils and antibody production by B lymphocytes. White blood cell counts can vary in different physiological and pathological conditions to help fight infection and disease.
01. Hematopoiesis
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells, including red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. It begins with pluripotent stem cells in the bone marrow that can differentiate into various blood cell types. The differentiation is regulated by hematopoietic growth factors and occurs through defined cellular pathways involving progenitor cells, precursors, and mature effector cells. Key growth factors include erythropoietin, which stimulates red blood cell production, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, which promotes granulocyte development.
Humoral immunity
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
Macrophages
Macrophages are tissue-resident immune cells that differentiate from circulating monocytes. They perform important functions in innate and adaptive immunity such as phagocytosis of pathogens and cellular debris, antigen presentation, and secretion of inflammatory signals. Macrophages exist in different types defined by their activation mechanisms and secretory profiles, including classically activated M1 macrophages which promote inflammation and alternatively activated M2 macrophages which suppress inflammation. They play roles in tissue homeostasis, repair, and immune regulation through their phagocytic, secretory, and adaptive functions.
Red blood cells or erythrocytes
Erythrocytes are the functional component of blood involved in the transportation of gases and nutrients throughout the human body.
Hematopoiesis (Power Point Presentation)
Quick notes on Hematopoiesis and brief into about the types of cells are forming during the process.
For UG and PG students.
Different colors, themes and video is used to make it more interesting and easy to go through the contents.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins are glycoproteins called antibodies that are produced by plasma cells in response to antigens. There are five classes of immunoglobulins - IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE - which have different structures and roles in the immune system. IgG is the most abundant antibody found in serum and body fluids. IgA is present in secretions like breast milk, saliva, and mucus to provide immunity at body surfaces. IgM is the first antibody produced during infection and activates the complement system. IgE mediates allergic reactions by binding to mast cells.
Immunologic tolerance
Central tolerance refers to deletion of self-reactive T and B cells in the thymus and bone marrow during maturation. T cells that recognize self antigens undergo apoptosis in the thymus. Peripheral tolerance uses backup mechanisms like clonal deletion through activation-induced cell death, clonal anergy from lack of co-stimulation, and suppression by regulatory T cells. These mechanisms help prevent autoimmune disease by silencing self-reactive cells that escape central tolerance.
Lymph node
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes, including their anatomy, components, and function. Lymph nodes are oval shaped structures distributed along lymphatic vessels that filter lymph and help trap foreign substances. They have an outer cortex containing lymphoid follicles and T cells, and an inner medulla containing sinuses that drain lymph. Lymph nodes play an important role in the immune system by filtering lymph and providing an environment for immune cells like lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells to interact with antigens.
Cell mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. It provides defense against viruses, fungi, and some bacteria through these cells, without involving antibodies. When antigens from invading microbes are presented on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, helper T cells are activated and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Cytotoxic T cells then directly attack and destroy infected cells. Memory T cells also enhance future immune responses. Overall, cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular pathogens through cellular immune responses.
Structure of Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B lymphocytes that bind to pathogens like bacteria and viruses. They have a variable region that changes to bind different antigens and a constant region. The five major classes of immunoglobulins are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Immunoglobulins recognize and bind to specific antigens, which can trigger immune responses like phagocytosis. While antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin, not all immunoglobulins function as antibodies.
HEMATOPOIESIS
Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells originate in the yolk sac and migrate to the liver, spleen and bone marrow where they differentiate into various blood cell types. The major sites of hematopoiesis change throughout development - the liver is dominant during the fetal stage while the bone marrow becomes the permanent site of hematopoiesis after birth. In the bone marrow, stem cells differentiate through several stages into mature red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets through the action of growth factors and cytokines.
Functions of nucleus
The nucleus has several key functions and structures that allow it to control the cell. The nuclear membrane separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm and regulates what passes in and out through nuclear pores. Within the nucleus are nucleoli, which produce ribosomes, and chromosomes, which contain DNA and genes that control cell activities and inheritance.
LEUKOPOIESIS (WBC FORMATION) & Its REGULATION with CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF WBC...
LEUKOPOIESIS (WBC FORMATION) & Its REGULATION with CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF WBC...MD ASHIK BILLA BAIDYA
This document discusses leukopoiesis and its regulation with clinical importance. It begins by defining white blood cells and providing their general features. It then describes the classification, lifespan, and functions of different types of WBCs. It explains the process of leukopoiesis and the stages involved. Growth factors like cytokines and colony stimulating factors that regulate leukopoiesis are identified. Finally, the clinical importance is discussed through conditions like infectious mononucleosis, myeloid leukemoid reaction, myeloid neoplasms including myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Their WHO classifications and clinical manifestations are outlined.Hematopoiesis
This document discusses hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells. It presents two main theories: the monoplastic theory which states all blood cells originate from one stem cell, and the polyplastic theory which suggests different blood cell types originate from different stem cells. The stages of blood cell development are described starting from the embryonic stage through the hepatic and medullary stages where development occurs in the bone marrow. The processes of erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis, leading to the production and maturation of red blood cells and white blood cells, are outlined in detail through their characteristic cell types.
Platelets by Dr Prafull Turerao
Platelets are small cell fragments that help the blood clot. They adhere to damaged blood vessel walls, aggregate together, and release chemicals that promote clotting. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes in a process called thrombopoiesis. They have a lifespan of about 10 days before being destroyed by the spleen. The normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000 per microliter of blood. Platelet counts vary physiologically with age, being lower in infants, but not with sex.
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IMMUNITY
Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
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- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Histo – bone
This document provides an overview of bone histology. It defines bone as a mineralized connective tissue composed of bone matrix and three cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It describes the microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone, including osteons, central canals, lamellae, and trabeculae. It explains the functions of osteoblasts in bone formation, osteoclasts in bone resorption, and osteocytes in bone maintenance. Finally, it discusses the periosteum and endosteum, which cover the external and internal bone surfaces and provide nutrition and new osteoblasts.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that function as antibodies. They bind specifically to antigens and mediate effector functions like complement fixation and binding to immune cells. The basic antibody structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains connected by disulfide bonds, with variable and constant regions that determine the antibody class. The five major classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which can be further divided into subclasses based on heavy chain constant region differences.
White blood cells [wbc]
This document provides an overview of white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes. It discusses the discovery of WBCs, the types of WBCs including granulocytes and agranulocytes, the formation and development of WBCs through hematopoiesis and leukopoiesis, the morphology and functions of different WBC types such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. It also addresses the regulation of leukopoiesis, metabolism of WBCs, normal WBC counts and percentages, and the kinetics and lifespan of neutrophils.
Apoptosis
Apoptosis also known as cell suicide. Difference between necrosis and apoptosis. Changes in apoptosis. Mechanism of apoptosis. Functional significance of apoptosis. Applied aspects of apoptosis
Lymphoid organs
This document discusses the lymphatic system and its primary and secondary lymphoid organs. It describes that the lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs and lymph fluid, and lymphoid organs are classified as primary or secondary. Primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites of lymphocyte development. Secondary lymphoid organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT tissues, are where adaptive immune responses are initiated through interactions between immune cells and antigens. The document then provides more detailed descriptions of the structure and functions of the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen as examples of primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
This document discusses cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which is mediated by T lymphocytes and is responsible for detecting and destroying intracellular pathogens like viruses or infected cells, graft rejection, and destroying tumor cells. CMI results in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Upon first exposure to an antigen, naive T-cells are sensitized and proliferate. Secondary exposures result in a faster and more effective response from memory T-cells. Lymphokines released by activated T-cells mediate immune responses. A positive tuberculin skin test indicates past tuberculosis infection. CMI differs from humoral immunity in its mechanisms, antigens recognized, and hypersensitivity responses.
Wbc ppt
White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are classified into two main groups: granular and agranular. Granular leukocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils which contain cytoplasmic granules. Their functions include fighting infection and mediating allergic reactions. Agranular leukocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes which do not contain granules. Lymphocytes mediate immune responses and develop antibodies, while monocytes phagocytose pathogens and become macrophages. Leukocytes are formed in bone marrow and lymph nodes to protect the body from microorganisms and disease.
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells to coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. Cytokines help regulate immune cell development and function, inducing inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and wound healing. They signal through high affinity receptors via autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines are classified into families including hematopoietins, chemokines, interferons, TNF, and CSFs. TH1 and TH2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine immune response type. Cytokine antagonists and inhibitors regulate cytokine activity.
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Properties of White Blood Cells
I am Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Academician in Medical Laboratory Sciences of highly successful job experience and a strong desire to improve OBE structured MLT education. I am constantly focusing on building an academic atmosphere that is set high standards with strong multi blended teaching pedagogy models. Contact me at 7416660584.
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Cell mediated immunity
Cell-mediated immunity involves T lymphocytes, macrophages, and natural killer cells. It provides defense against viruses, fungi, and some bacteria through these cells, without involving antibodies. When antigens from invading microbes are presented on antigen-presenting cells like macrophages and dendritic cells, helper T cells are activated and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and B cells. Cytotoxic T cells then directly attack and destroy infected cells. Memory T cells also enhance future immune responses. Overall, cell-mediated immunity protects against intracellular pathogens through cellular immune responses.
Structure of Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins, also known as antibodies, are Y-shaped proteins produced by B lymphocytes that bind to pathogens like bacteria and viruses. They have a variable region that changes to bind different antigens and a constant region. The five major classes of immunoglobulins are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, and IgD. Immunoglobulins recognize and bind to specific antigens, which can trigger immune responses like phagocytosis. While antibodies are a type of immunoglobulin, not all immunoglobulins function as antibodies.
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Hematopoiesis is the formation of blood cells in the bone marrow. Hematopoietic stem cells originate in the yolk sac and migrate to the liver, spleen and bone marrow where they differentiate into various blood cell types. The major sites of hematopoiesis change throughout development - the liver is dominant during the fetal stage while the bone marrow becomes the permanent site of hematopoiesis after birth. In the bone marrow, stem cells differentiate through several stages into mature red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets through the action of growth factors and cytokines.
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The nucleus has several key functions and structures that allow it to control the cell. The nuclear membrane separates the nuclear material from the cytoplasm and regulates what passes in and out through nuclear pores. Within the nucleus are nucleoli, which produce ribosomes, and chromosomes, which contain DNA and genes that control cell activities and inheritance.
LEUKOPOIESIS (WBC FORMATION) & Its REGULATION with CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF WBC...
LEUKOPOIESIS (WBC FORMATION) & Its REGULATION with CLINICAL IMPORTANCE OF WBC...MD ASHIK BILLA BAIDYA
This document discusses leukopoiesis and its regulation with clinical importance. It begins by defining white blood cells and providing their general features. It then describes the classification, lifespan, and functions of different types of WBCs. It explains the process of leukopoiesis and the stages involved. Growth factors like cytokines and colony stimulating factors that regulate leukopoiesis are identified. Finally, the clinical importance is discussed through conditions like infectious mononucleosis, myeloid leukemoid reaction, myeloid neoplasms including myeloproliferative neoplasms, acute myeloid leukemia, and myelodysplastic syndromes. Their WHO classifications and clinical manifestations are outlined.Hematopoiesis
This document discusses hematopoiesis, the formation of blood cells. It presents two main theories: the monoplastic theory which states all blood cells originate from one stem cell, and the polyplastic theory which suggests different blood cell types originate from different stem cells. The stages of blood cell development are described starting from the embryonic stage through the hepatic and medullary stages where development occurs in the bone marrow. The processes of erythropoiesis and granulopoiesis, leading to the production and maturation of red blood cells and white blood cells, are outlined in detail through their characteristic cell types.
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Platelets are small cell fragments that help the blood clot. They adhere to damaged blood vessel walls, aggregate together, and release chemicals that promote clotting. Platelets are produced in the bone marrow from megakaryocytes in a process called thrombopoiesis. They have a lifespan of about 10 days before being destroyed by the spleen. The normal platelet count is 150,000-400,000 per microliter of blood. Platelet counts vary physiologically with age, being lower in infants, but not with sex.
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Free radicals are highly reactive chemical entities with unpaired electrons that can be toxic under some conditions. There are several types of free radicals including oxygen, sulfur, carbon, and nitrogen centered radicals. Free radicals are formed by either losing or gaining a single electron from a non-radical species and play a role in oxidative stress through reactions like the Fenton reaction.
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Immunity
Definitions
Components of Immune system
Types
Innate immunity and Mechanism
Adaptive immunity and Mechanism
2. Antigen
Origin of Antigen
Immunogen
3. Antibody- Immunoglobulin
- Structure
- Classification
- Function of each antibody
Histo – bone
This document provides an overview of bone histology. It defines bone as a mineralized connective tissue composed of bone matrix and three cell types: osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts. It describes the microscopic structure of compact and spongy bone, including osteons, central canals, lamellae, and trabeculae. It explains the functions of osteoblasts in bone formation, osteoclasts in bone resorption, and osteocytes in bone maintenance. Finally, it discusses the periosteum and endosteum, which cover the external and internal bone surfaces and provide nutrition and new osteoblasts.
Immunoglobulins
Immunoglobulins are glycoprotein molecules produced by plasma cells that function as antibodies. They bind specifically to antigens and mediate effector functions like complement fixation and binding to immune cells. The basic antibody structure consists of two heavy chains and two light chains connected by disulfide bonds, with variable and constant regions that determine the antibody class. The five major classes are IgG, IgM, IgA, IgD, and IgE, which can be further divided into subclasses based on heavy chain constant region differences.
White blood cells [wbc]
This document provides an overview of white blood cells (WBCs), also known as leukocytes. It discusses the discovery of WBCs, the types of WBCs including granulocytes and agranulocytes, the formation and development of WBCs through hematopoiesis and leukopoiesis, the morphology and functions of different WBC types such as neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. It also addresses the regulation of leukopoiesis, metabolism of WBCs, normal WBC counts and percentages, and the kinetics and lifespan of neutrophils.
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Lymphoid organs
This document discusses the lymphatic system and its primary and secondary lymphoid organs. It describes that the lymphatic system consists of lymphatic organs and lymph fluid, and lymphoid organs are classified as primary or secondary. Primary lymphoid organs, such as the bone marrow and thymus, are the sites of lymphocyte development. Secondary lymphoid organs, including the spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT tissues, are where adaptive immune responses are initiated through interactions between immune cells and antigens. The document then provides more detailed descriptions of the structure and functions of the thymus, bone marrow, lymph nodes, and spleen as examples of primary and secondary lymphoid organs
Cell-mediated immunity (CMI)
This document discusses cell-mediated immunity (CMI), which is mediated by T lymphocytes and is responsible for detecting and destroying intracellular pathogens like viruses or infected cells, graft rejection, and destroying tumor cells. CMI results in a delayed-type hypersensitivity reaction. Upon first exposure to an antigen, naive T-cells are sensitized and proliferate. Secondary exposures result in a faster and more effective response from memory T-cells. Lymphokines released by activated T-cells mediate immune responses. A positive tuberculin skin test indicates past tuberculosis infection. CMI differs from humoral immunity in its mechanisms, antigens recognized, and hypersensitivity responses.
Wbc ppt
White blood cells, also called leukocytes, are classified into two main groups: granular and agranular. Granular leukocytes include basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils which contain cytoplasmic granules. Their functions include fighting infection and mediating allergic reactions. Agranular leukocytes are lymphocytes and monocytes which do not contain granules. Lymphocytes mediate immune responses and develop antibodies, while monocytes phagocytose pathogens and become macrophages. Leukocytes are formed in bone marrow and lymph nodes to protect the body from microorganisms and disease.
Cytokines
Cytokines are proteins that mediate communication between cells to coordinate the immune response. They are secreted by white blood cells and other cells in response to stimuli. Cytokines help regulate immune cell development and function, inducing inflammatory responses, hematopoiesis, cell proliferation and differentiation, and wound healing. They signal through high affinity receptors via autocrine, paracrine, or endocrine actions and exhibit pleiotropy, redundancy, synergy, and antagonism. Cytokines are classified into families including hematopoietins, chemokines, interferons, TNF, and CSFs. TH1 and TH2 cells secrete different cytokine profiles that determine immune response type. Cytokine antagonists and inhibitors regulate cytokine activity.
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By Atuluri Vamsi Kumar
Future of Embryology by Attuluri Vamsi Kumar
This comprehensive PowerPoint presentation offers a detailed exploration of the dynamic field of embryology and its significant role in medical science. Titled "Navigating the Future of Embryology: Innovations and Ethical Considerations," it delves into the history, current practices, and future prospects of embryology. It covers the evolution of embryological studies, the vital role of the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) in shaping guidelines, and the impact of technological advancements on the discipline. With a focus on predictions and trends, the presentation also contemplates potential future amendments to guidelines in response to evolving technologies and ethical considerations. This resource is invaluable for medical professionals, researchers, and students keen on understanding the trajectory of embryology and its implications for future medical practices.
Notes of Shape and Size of RBCs, Structure of RBCs, Life Cycle of RBCs, Funct...
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) possess unique attributes essential for their function in the circulatory system. Their distinctive biconcave shape maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange. Structurally, mature RBCs lack a nucleus, making room for hemoglobin, a molecule vital for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. These cells undergo a lifecycle that lasts about 120 days, originating from the bone marrow and eventually being removed by the spleen. Their primary role involves ferrying oxygen to body tissues and removing carbon dioxide. Additionally, changes in RBC size, shape, or hemoglobin content can signify various medical conditions, and there are specific disorders, like anemia or sickle cell disease, that directly impact RBCs.
Hematology notes
What is Medical Lab Technology, Difference between Treatment, Prognosis and Diagnosis, Role of Doctor or Physician and Medical Lab Technologist, Vital Signs, Significance of Vital Signs Assessment, Difference Between Signs and Symptoms in Patient Assessment, Example Case Study on Signs and Symptoms, Definition of Disease, Definition of Illness, Definition of Infection, Factors Contributing to Disease, Introduction to Factors Contributing to Disease, Types of Samples that Can be Collected from Patients for Clinical Diagnosis, Additional Types of Samples for Clinical Diagnosis.
Complete Hematology Lab Manual_22MLH-201.pdf
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
Welcome to the Hematology Laboratory Practical Manual, an essential tool in your journey as a Medical Laboratory Technology student. This manual has been meticulously curated to provide an effective foundation for your practical skills in hematology and enhance your understanding of the human blood system's dynamics.
Hematology, a branch of medicine, focuses on the study of blood, blood-forming organs, and blood diseases. It includes the study of etiology, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and prevention of blood diseases. The manual bridges the gap between theoretical knowledge and practical application, intending to prepare you to perform and interpret various laboratory tests related to blood.
The manual introduces you to laboratory practices, standard operating procedures, and safety protocols. It explores a wide range of topics from the basic blood collection techniques, preparation of blood smears, and staining techniques to complex tests like complete blood count (CBC), coagulation tests, bone marrow examination, hemoglobinopathies, and blood group typing, to name a few.
Understanding the principles and methods used in hematology laboratory tests is crucial for any Medical Laboratory Technologist (MLT). You will find this manual to be instrumental in developing the necessary skillset and cultivating the meticulous approach required in laboratory practice. Each practical in this manual is supplemented with objectives, materials required, procedures, observations, precautions, and viva questions to enrich your learning experience.
The laboratory is a place where the theories you learn in the classroom come alive. Here, you will understand the importance of accuracy, precision, and repeatability. You will learn to calibrate equipment, handle samples, observe reactions, record data, analyze results, and generate reports. You will become acquainted with the microscope, centrifuge, pipettes, hemocytometers, reagents, and other laboratory tools.
To further enhance your learning experience, case studies and clinical correlation sections are incorporated, connecting the dots between laboratory findings and clinical symptoms. You will be challenged to interpret results and provide a plausible explanation for various hematological conditions.
This manual is designed to stimulate your curiosity, encourage critical thinking, and prepare you for your future role as a Medical Laboratory Technologist. It is not merely a collection of laboratory procedures but a practical guide to understanding the human blood system and its associated disorders.
The path to becoming a competent MLT involves understanding and respecting the significance of laboratory practices. It's about knowing that each sample represents a person awaiting diagnosis, treatment, or confirmation of health stat
52_Clinical Laboratory Visit - VI.pdf
This course provides an in-depth exploration of blood bank laboratory practices and procedures, introducing students to the core concepts and technical skills involved in blood banking. The program uses a case-based approach to facilitate the application of theoretical knowledge to practical scenarios, encouraging problem-solving skills and clinical reasoning. The curriculum spans from basic principles and safety considerations to advanced testing techniques and current trends in blood banking, providing comprehensive coverage of this essential area of medical lab technology.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
54_Research Project.pdf
This course provides an extensive study of research methodologies in the field of Medical Lab Technology. Students will learn the fundamentals of research, how to design their research, and methods of data collection. Further, they will gain insights into data analysis, interpretation of results, and the essentials of writing a research report. The course integrates theoretical learning with practical case studies to facilitate a comprehensive understanding of the subject.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
51_Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and its applications.pdf
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the fundamentals, applications, and future trends of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical lab technology. It covers the role of AI in clinical lab diagnostics, predictive analysis, big data interpretation, precision medicine, and ethical considerations in AI deployment. Through case studies, students will gain practical insights into the use of AI in healthcare.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
53_MLT Internship.pdf
This Medical Lab Technology Internship syllabus is intended to provide students with the opportunity to apply and enhance their knowledge and skills in the context of real-world laboratory settings. Over the course of six months, interns will gain hands-on experience in essential and advanced laboratory techniques, laboratory safety practices, quality assurance processes, and professional and ethical considerations in the field. Through practical learning and critical examination of case studies, students will emerge better prepared for their careers as Medical Lab Technologists.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
48_Blood Bank and Genetics.pdf
This course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of blood banking, including the concepts of blood grouping, compatibility testing for transfusion, and the management of blood resources. It also delves into the fundamental principles of genetics, focusing on inheritance patterns, chromosomal basis of inheritance, and the role of DNA and RNA in protein synthesis. Through practical exercises, students will gain hands-on experience on various techniques used in blood banking and genetics.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
47_Medical Mycology and Virology.pdf
This course in "Virology and Mycology" (701) is designed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the medically important fungi and viruses. The content includes an introduction, general characteristics, life cycle, laboratory diagnosis, and the various techniques used in the identification and study of these microbes. This course will also equip students with practical skills, from preparing culture media to processing clinical samples for diagnosis.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
50_Research methodology and Biostatistics.pdf
This syllabus covers the foundational aspects of Research Methodology and Biostatistics. The course is designed to equip students with the necessary understanding and skills to formulate research problems, address ethical considerations, design research studies, comprehend the basic concepts of Biostatistics, and understand the relationship between data and variables. The aim is to enhance the students' ability to construct, summarize, and analyze data in biostatistics effectively.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
46_Clinical Laboratory Visit - V.pdf
This course is designed to provide Medical Lab Technology students with a comprehensive understanding of the medical microbiology laboratory's operation. It starts with foundational knowledge in laboratory safety, equipment, and microbial classification and then advances to diagnostic microbiology techniques, immunology, and serology. Lastly, it explores more sophisticated lab procedures such as molecular diagnostics, virology, and recent trends in the field. Each unit comes with real-life case studies to further reinforce the application of theoretical knowledge.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
44_Program Elective course - III (Introduction to NABL).pdf
This course provides an in-depth understanding of the National Accreditation Board for Testing and Calibration Laboratories (NABL) accreditation process, its quality management system (QMS), and the practical aspects of implementing the NABL standards. The course includes an analysis of case studies to enhance the understanding of real-world applications of the NABL accreditation process.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
49_Immunopathology and Molecular Biology.pdf
This course aims to provide students with an in-depth understanding of Immunopathology and Molecular Biology, with a focus on the immune system's role in health and disease, transplantation immunology, hypersensitivity, autoimmunity, and immune tolerance. Additionally, it introduces molecular biology, DNA structure, and replication, with practical applications of molecular techniques such as PCR, gel electrophoresis, and western blotting.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
41_Applied Clinical Biochemistry – II.pdf
This course, Applied Clinical Biochemistry- II, is designed to impart in-depth knowledge about the techniques and methods used in clinical biochemistry. The curriculum focuses on automation in clinical biochemistry, methods of estimation and assessment, enzyme principles and estimation, gastric analysis, renal function tests, qualitative tests, and chemical examination. The students will engage in practical applications of these concepts through hands-on experimentation.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
45_Program Elective course - III (Laboratory and Hospital information syste...
The elective course "Hospital Information System and Laboratory Information System" aims to provide medical lab technology students with a comprehensive understanding of the design, implementation, and usage of health and laboratory information systems in the healthcare sector. It emphasizes the significance of these systems in ensuring effective patient care, data interoperability, and the integration of various systems for optimized healthcare delivery.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
43_Program Elective course - III (Community medicine).pdf
This syllabus covers the principles and applications of Community Medicine and Epidemiology. Students will gain a comprehensive understanding of community health, disease control, health promotion, and the role of medical social work. They will apply knowledge to real-world case studies, fostering skills in critical analysis, problem-solving, and ethical decision-making.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
42_Cytopathology.pdf
This course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the field of Cytopathology. It begins with the basics of cryostat sectioning and enzyme cytochemistry, proceeding towards an in-depth study of cytological investigations, including vital staining and aspiration cytology. The course then focuses on advanced topics like exfoliative cytology, automation in cytology, liquid-based cytology, and immune-cytochemistry. Finally, it allows students to apply their theoretical knowledge to practical applications and master various techniques and staining methods used in a Cytology lab.
38_Clinical Laboratory Visit - IV.pdf
This syllabus provides a comprehensive overview of biochemistry laboratory practices for Medical Lab Technology students. It covers fundamental and advanced lab techniques, interpretation of biochemical analysis, an introduction to emerging technologies, and emphasizes ethical considerations in the lab setting. The curriculum aims to develop both technical proficiency and ethical awareness in future lab professionals.
Created by: Mr. Attuluri Vamsi Kumar, Assistant Professor, Department of MLT, UIAHS, Chandigarh University, Mohali, Punjab. For more details website: https://www.mltmaster.com
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White blood cells
- 1. Module-2 Topic name WHITE BLOOD CELLS Sub code: BMLT1002 Sub Name: General physiology – (T) Department: Department of MLT, SMAS Faculty: A. Vamsi Kumar Designation : Assistant professor
- 2. Course outcomes On completion of this course, the student can be able to: • Perform ESR, PCV, & Teach blood cell functions
- 3. Learning outcomes On completion of this course, the student can be able to: 1. Distinguish between the two major types of leukocytes (white blood cells): granulocytes and agranulocytes and their functions
- 4. Contents 1. Introduction 2. „Classification 3. „Morphology 4. „Normal count 5. „Variations 6. „Lifespan 7. „Properties 8. „Functions
- 10. Erythropoisis
- 12. Introduction
- 13. WBC’s are Body DEFENCE cells
- 14. Phagocytosis by White Blood Cell
- 15. Phagocytosis by White Blood Cell
- 16. Classification
- 19. Normal Values of WBC’s
- 27. References • Sembulingam “Essentials of medical physiology” • https://slideplayer.com/slide/6137008/ • https://www.google.com/search?q=erythropo iesis+stages&sxsrf=ACYBGNTMhteAM8pb8HB 02oPynGHu9nO75g:1569244130332&source= lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiD79D3g efkAhXDXisKHYA6BEcQ_AUIEigB&biw=1422& bih=711#imgrc=2jw9DeTzQ9tBGM: