Notes of Shape and Size of RBCs, Structure of RBCs, Life Cycle of RBCs, Funct...Vamsi kumar
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) possess unique attributes essential for their function in the circulatory system. Their distinctive biconcave shape maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange. Structurally, mature RBCs lack a nucleus, making room for hemoglobin, a molecule vital for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. These cells undergo a lifecycle that lasts about 120 days, originating from the bone marrow and eventually being removed by the spleen. Their primary role involves ferrying oxygen to body tissues and removing carbon dioxide. Additionally, changes in RBC size, shape, or hemoglobin content can signify various medical conditions, and there are specific disorders, like anemia or sickle cell disease, that directly impact RBCs.
Notes of Shape and Size of RBCs, Structure of RBCs, Life Cycle of RBCs, Funct...Vamsi kumar
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) possess unique attributes essential for their function in the circulatory system. Their distinctive biconcave shape maximizes surface area for efficient gas exchange. Structurally, mature RBCs lack a nucleus, making room for hemoglobin, a molecule vital for oxygen and carbon dioxide transport. These cells undergo a lifecycle that lasts about 120 days, originating from the bone marrow and eventually being removed by the spleen. Their primary role involves ferrying oxygen to body tissues and removing carbon dioxide. Additionally, changes in RBC size, shape, or hemoglobin content can signify various medical conditions, and there are specific disorders, like anemia or sickle cell disease, that directly impact RBCs.
Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidenceijtsrd
Blood is one of the chief form of biological fluid which is recovered at the location of crime. This review article focus on blood as a prime forensic evidence which is most commonly encountered on crime scenes. The font of insipiration for the same is the variable facts and the frequent occurrence of blood as an evidence on the crime scene. The article pronounces the complete details of blood, including its composition, cell types, relation of blood to scientific science, handling liquid blood stains , wet blood stains, dried blood stains, and the post mortum blood and preservation methods followed by a detailed analysis preliminary and confirmatory test . The analysis of blood can be categorised on the basis of its physical and chemical properties. The major aim of this study is to provide all the relevant facts related to blood collection, packaging and the entire examination. Sanya Sharma | Shipra Rohatgi "Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidence" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21396.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/21396/forensic-existence-of-blood-as-a-dynamic-evidence/sanya-sharma
Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidenceijtsrd
Blood is one of the chief form of biological fluid which is recovered at the location of crime. This review article focus on blood as a prime forensic evidence which is most commonly encountered on crime scenes. The font of insipiration for the same is the variable facts and the frequent occurrence of blood as an evidence on the crime scene. The article pronounces the complete details of blood, including its composition, cell types, relation of blood to scientific science, handling liquid blood stains , wet blood stains, dried blood stains, and the post mortum blood and preservation methods followed by a detailed analysis preliminary and confirmatory test . The analysis of blood can be categorised on the basis of its physical and chemical properties. The major aim of this study is to provide all the relevant facts related to blood collection, packaging and the entire examination. Sanya Sharma | Shipra Rohatgi "Forensic Existence of Blood as a Dynamic Evidence" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-2 , February 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd21396.pdf
Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/cell-biology/21396/forensic-existence-of-blood-as-a-dynamic-evidence/sanya-sharma
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
1. Body fluid analysis
Course Code: MeLS 343
Credit Hour: 2
Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and
Change management)
2. Introduction to Body Fluid Analysis
• Learning Objectives
1. Identify which laboratory section performs
various body fluid analyses.
2. Describe the composition of body fluids.
3. Describe the main function of body fluids.
4. Explain the process of fluid accumulation in body
cavities.
5. List the causes for abnormal appearance of body
fluids.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
2
3. Introduction to Body Fluid Analysis
• The study of body fluids presents challenges
to the laboratory.
• Analysis involves multiple departments of the
laboratory and specialized knowledge of each
type of body fluid.
• Hematology is important in examining the
cells and crystals found,
• chemical analyses are required to assess
significant physiologic changes in the patient,
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
3
4. Cont’d…
• Microbiology can help detect infectious
agents in a nearby body cavity or
membrane
• immunological tests and other
miscellaneous tests can also provide the
physician with critical information.
• Further consultation with pathology may
be required for the identification of tumor
cells and other abnormal cells.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
4
5. BODY FLUID COMPOSITION
• While body fluids vary in composition, they share some
elements in common.
• The critical roles of water and electrolytes are important
determinants of any fluid composition and movement in
the body.
• Water and electrolytes play crucial roles in many
metabolic processes.
• Water enters the system through consumption of either
water or food and also through cellular metabolic
processes.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
5
6. Cont’d…
• Fluids of the body can be intracellular or extracellular
• with about 55% of the water being intracellular and about
45% being extracellular.
• Extracellular fluid can be further divided into interstitial
fluid, transcellular fluids in various body cavities, and
plasma.
• Fluids typically move around in body because of various
forces and body conditions.
• The electrolyte and enzyme composition of intracellular
fluid differs from extracellular fluids and knowledge of
these differences can aid in understanding disease
processes.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
6
7. Cont’d…
• For example, potassium levels are higher inside the cell
than outside and sodium concentrations also vary
between the intracellular fluid and the extracellular fluid.
• Depending upon the local conditions of various adjacent
membranes and tissues, other fluid constituent
concentrations can be altered as well.
• Examining these biochemical differences, along with
examination of cellular elements, can assist in
diagnosing and monitoring the patient’s condition.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
7
9. TYPES OF BODY FLUIDS
• Body fluids are diverse, with variation in physical
appearance, properties, cell types, and cell counts.
• In general, studies of body fluids are most helpful to assess
inflammation, infection, malignancy, and hemorrhage.
• Body fluids can be divided into categories such as
– cerebrospinal fluid, various serous fluids from cavities
lined with serous membranes,
– synovial fluid,
– semen,
– vaginal secretions,
– respiratory secretions such as from Broncho alveolar
lavage,
– amniotic fluid, and even feces,
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
9
10. ACCUMULATION OF EXCESS
BODY FLUIDS
• Normally, only a small amount of fluid is present:
• 30 mL pleural fluid
• 50 mL pericardial fluid
• 100 mL ascites.
• A delicate equilibrium is maintained by the capillaries
and the lymphatic vessels.
• Any obstruction or altered pressure in these vessels can
affect the amount of fluid and its constituents
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
10
11. Cont’d…
• Several forces, within and outside of the capillaries, work
together to maintain fluid equilibrium.
• The tissue’s colloidal osmotic pressure (interstitial fluid
pressure),
• Along with the capillary’s hydrostatic pressure (filtration
pressure),
– regulates the outward flow of fluid from the capillary.
• The colloidal osmotic pressure of the capillary and the
tissue’s hydrostatic pressure
– regulate the inward flow of fluid into the capillary from
the tissue
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
11
12. cont’d…
• However, an imbalance in pressures causes excess
egress of fluid into tissue spaces and
• can lead to accumulation of fluid in the body cavity.
• This accumulation of fluid is called an effusion.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
12
13. Functions of body fluids
• They are generally involved with the process of
– Transport oxygen and nutrients
– Excretion of waste products from the tissues
– Temperature regulation
– Lubrication
• Urine, Fluids in the body cavity, Joint fluid, Sweat, Semen etc…
13
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
14. BODY FLUID COLLECTION
• The procedure for collecting body fluid specimens involves a
minor surgical procedure that is usually named for the site of
collection.
• A pleural fluid collection is termed thoracentesis, while
cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) is obtained by a spinal tap.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
14
15. BODY FLUID APPEARANCE
• The normal color and turbidity of body fluids is dependent on
the body cavity from which they are obtained.
• Cerebrospinal fluid and synovial fluid are normally colorless
and clear, whereas serous fluids are usually slightly yellow and
clear.
• Abnormal color or turbidity may indicate a disease process’s
physiological changes in the body cavity from which the fluid is
obtained.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
15
16. 5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
16
17. Body Fluid Analysis
1- Cerebrospinal fluid analysis
• Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF) is a clear color less liquid formed
within the cavities or ventricles of the brain.
• About 500ml are formed per day.
Function of CSF
• Physical support and protection.
• Regulate intracranial pressure.
• Transport nutrients and waste products.
• Provision of a controlled chemical states.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
17
18. Clinical interpretation
1) Abnormal color
a) Blood CSF: -
if the blood evenly mixed in all three tubes can be subarachnoid
or cerebral bleeding.
If the blood is present only in the first test tube and decrease in
the 2nd and 3rd test tube may be artificial during LP trauma.
b) Turbid CSF:
usually indicate
– Increased WBCs, RBCS, microorganism such as bacteria or yeast, Ab-Ag
complex increase turbidity of CSF.
– If it is purulent- make immediately smear for gram’s staining.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
18
19. C) Xanthochromia:- pale to dark yellow color
– Mostly occur in chronic bleeding.
– In jaundice ( bilirubin)
• Conjugated in adults and un conjugated in infants.
d) protein level (> 150mg/dl):
clot formed in CSF with high level of proteins (fibrinogen).
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
19
20. Collection of CSF
• CSF is usually obtained by lumbar puncture ( LP) for analysis , at the
site of L4 - L5 or L3 – L4
• Indications of LP are:-
– To examine the CSF
– To determine the intracranial pressure
– To introduce – Anesthetics
- Drugs
- Radiographic contrast media
• Adult total volume 140-170 ml.
• Neonate total volume 10-60 ml.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
20
21. Laboratory investigation of CSF
a) Macroscopic examination of CSF
b) Microscopic examination of CSF such as cell count and
differential
c) Biochemical analysis
d) Serological and Bacteriological tests
e) Tumor markers studies
• Specimens of CSF collected by LP is usually a liquated in to 3
test tubes
– 1st- for biochemical and serological examination
– 2nd- for bacteriology and fungal study
– 3rd- for microscopic examination (hematology test).
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
21
22. • The color change in macroscopic examination in each test tube
can give either artificial bleeding during LP or pathological
bleeding or chronic bleeding.
i) Macroscopic Examination of CSF
• Visual examination done to observe
– General appearance
– Consistency
– Tendency to clot
• Normal CSF is : clear, free of clot, color less, free of blood
cells.
• There is no turbidity, a newspaper can be read through the tube.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
22
23. ii) Microscopic examination of cells
1) Total cell count and differential cell count of CSF
• Normal CSF is free of cells.
• When the cells are counted they are identified by cell type.
• Increased cell count in CSF may indicate inflammatory
disease, hemorrhage, neoplasm’s and trauma.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
23
24. Clinical Interpretation
• Pleocytosis is an increases in the number of WBC in CSF.
– > 50WBCs mostly occur in purulent infection & dominant cells
are granulocytes.
– Between 300-500 WBC with increased mononuclear cells (
lymphocytes) are indicative of viral infection, syphilis of CNS
and TB.
– WBC’s count with 40% or more of monocytes indicates
subarachnoid hemorrhoid.
– Other cells which can be formed in CSF
– Malignant cells, Leukemic cells, Plasma cells
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
24
25. iii) Biochemical analysis of CSF
• The tests of interests are:
– Chloride - lactate
– Glucose - LDH
– Protein - Glutamine
• Most frequently performed biochemical tests are glucose and
protein analysis.
• Both have great diagnostic values.
a) Measurement of glucose in CSF
• Normally CSF glucose level is about 60% to 70% of blood
glucoses.
Reference value
– Adult= 40- 70mg/dl
– Child= 60-80mg/dl
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
25
26. Decreased CSF- glucose- can a result of
1. Disorder in carrier mediated glucose transport into CSF.
2. Active metabolism of glucose by cells or microorganisms.
• Normal in viral and aseptic meningitis.
• Increased level are associated with DM
b) Examination of CSF total and specific protein
• The total protein concentration in CSF is about 5% or 1/20 that
of plasma.
• Clinical significance of CSF protein analysis is used mainly
– To detect increased permeability of the blood brain barrier to plasma
protein.
– To detect increased production of immunoglobilins or tissue
degeneration in CNS.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
26
27. iv) Bacteriological and serological tests
1) Bacteriological ( fungal ) examination of CSF;
– Gram stain
– AFB stain
– Culture and drug sensitivity
– Indian ink preparation.
2) Serological test of CSF
– VDRL ( RPR) test for syphilis
– Latex cryptococcal Ag test or lateral flow assay.
5/9/2024
: Marga G.( MSc, Medical Microbiologist,
LLB in Law, MA in Leadership and Change
management)
27
Editor's Notes
Osmosis– movement of water or solvent across a membrane from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated solution• Osmotic pressure– Pull that draws solvent through the membrane to the more concentrated side (or side with solute ).– Determined by the number of particles instead of the mass of the solute in the solution.– Can be divided in two types:• Crystal osmotic pressure: formed by a lot of small molecular weight materials, such as electrolyte, Glucose, BUN and so on.• Colloid osmotic pressure: formed by large molecular weight materials such as proteins
• Its volume, distribution , composition and osmolality is essential to normal cell metabolism and normal organ function.
In Transport mechanism: Body water forms the transport medium by which nutrients and other essential substances enter the cells and wastes come out of the cells.In Texture of tissues : water inside the cells is necessary for the characteristic form and texture of various tissues. In Temperature regulation : body water plays a vital role in the maintenance of normal body temperature.