Inflammation notes

1. Module- 1
Topic name
Introduction to pathology
Sub code: BMLT3002
Sub Name: Pathology
Department: Department of MLT, SMAS
Faculty: A. Vamsi Kumar
Designation : Assistant professor
Sem- III

2. SYLLABUS OVERVIEW
Unit 1
Introduction of Pathology Number of Lecture Hours 5
Introduction to Pathology, Normal Cell injury and cell death, Basic mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and
repair, Alternations in Vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s mediators of Inflammation
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 2
Clinical Pathology Number of Lecture Hours 10
Clinical Pathology: Introduction, Urine Physical, Chemical & Microscopic examination, Semen total count, Morphology &
clinical abnormalities, Examination of feces for occult blood. physical examination of sputum
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 3
Body fluids abnormalities Number of Lecture Hours 9
Examination of body fluids: Transudate, Exudate & Cell counts methods
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 4
Histopathology Number of Lecture Hours 12
Histopathology: Introduction, Reception of specimens, & Various fixatives-Mode of action, indications, Preparation. Grossing
techniques
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 5
Tissue processing and embedding Number of Lecture Hours 9
Steps of tissue processing and embedding, Section cutting, Decalcification. Mounting & Staining of Slides. Microtome Knives,
Sharpening of Microtome Knives, Honing, Stropping, various types of microtome and their applications.

3. Unit 1
Introduction of Pathology Number of Lecture
Hours
5
Introduction to Pathology, Normal Cell injury and cell death,
Basic mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and
repair, Alternations in Vascular permeability and blood flow,
migration of WBC’s mediators of Inflammation

4. Course outcomes
On completion of this course, the student can be able to:
• Apply basic knowledge on introduction to pathology, inflammation
and normal cell death and cell repair.

5. Learning outcomes
1. understand the organization of the cytopathology laboratory
2. understand the importance of good quality collection and preparation
of cytology specimens
3. understand the basic principles of clinical cytopathology reporting
4. understand the principles of quality control in cytology
5. understand the application of recent advances in cytology techniques

7. Contents

8. Ease - ?Dis’easeDis

11. Sputum
Urine
CSF
A piece of Organ?
Gastric juice
Other fluids

14. Pathology definition
It is the science of the causes and effects of
diseases, especially the branch of medicine that
deals with the laboratory examination of samples of
body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.

15. Pathology definition
It is the science of studying the causes and effects of
diseases, especially the branch of medicine that
deals with the laboratory examination of samples of
body tissue for diagnostic or forensic purposes.

19. We are Pathotechnologist's

20. MBBS + MD Pathology = Pathologist
•Pathotechnologist – Generate report
•Pathologist – Will Validate the report

21. Subdivision of Pathologists
•Experimental pathologists – scientists with (MBBS + MD in
pathology) spending most of their time in research
• Investigate cause and mechanisms of disease

22. Anatomic Pathologists
• Perform autopsies, examine all tissues removed from live patients,
and examine cell preparations to look for cancer cells
• Includes:
• Autopsy pathology
• Surgical pathology
• Cytopathology
• Molecular (DNA, RNA) diagnosis

23. Clinical Pathologists
• Analyze various specimens removed from patients, such as blood,
urine, feces, spinal fluid, or sputum for chemical substances,
microorganism, antigens and antibodies, nucleic acids, atypical blood
cells, and coagulation factors
• Includes:
• Chemistry
• Microbiology
• Hematology
• Blood Banking
• Immunopathy
• Molecular Diagnosis

40. Unit 1
Introduction of Pathology Number of Lecture
Hours
5
Introduction to Pathology, Normal Cell injury and cell death,
Basic mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and
repair, Alternations in Vascular permeability and blood flow,
migration of WBC’s mediators of Inflammation

41. Normal Cell injury and cell death

44. Types of cellular adaptations
• Cells are the structural and functional units of tissues and organs.
They are capable of adjusting their structure and functions in
response to various physiological and pathological conditions. This
capability is called cellular adaptation.
• Cellular adaptations include:
1. Atrophy--shrinkage of cells
2. Hypertrophy--increase in the size of cells which results in enlargement of
the organs
3. Hyperplasia--increased number of cells in an organ or tissue
4. Metaplasia--transformation or replacement of one adult cell type with
another

45. 1. Atrophy-
• -shrinkage of cells; classified as:
• Physiologic--due to decreased work load (e.g., decreased size of uterus
following child birth, or disease)
• Pathologic--primarily due to denervation of muscle, diminished blood supply,
nutritional deficiency

46. 2. Hypertrophy-
• Increase in the size of cells which results in enlargement of the organs.
• It is mostly seen in cells that cannot divide, such as:
• skeletal muscle (pumping iron),
• cardiac muscle (hypertension).
• These changes usually revert to normal if the cause is removed.
• Hypertrophy is mediated by different mechanisms.

47. 3. Hyperplasia-
• Increased number of cells in an organ or tissue. Hyperplasia may
sometimes co-exist with hypertrophy. Hyperplasia can be classified
as:
• physiologic--hormonal (e.g., breast and uterus during pregnancy)
• compensatory--regeneration of liver following partial hepatectomy. Various
growth factors and interluekins are important in such hyperplasia.
• pathologic--excessive hormonal stimulation, viral infection (papilloma
viruses); neoplasms

48. 4. Metaplasia-
• Transformation or replacement of one adult cell type to another adult cell type
• (e.g., the change from columnar to squamous cells in respiratory tract, from squamous to columnar
in Barrett esophagitis).
• Metaplasia also occurs in mesenchymal tissue (e.g., formation of bone in skeletal muscle).
• Metaplastic changes usually result from chronic irritation.
• Metaplastic changes seem to precede the development of cancer, in some instances.
• Metaplasia is thought to arise from reprogramming of stem or undifferentiated cells that are
present in adult tissue.

49. Summary of cell adaptions
Kill it
CELL INJURY

52. Other

53. Other

54. Other

55. Other

56. Other

57. Other

58. Other

67. Mechanism of cell death
p53
Caspases

68. Mechanism of cell death
p53
Caspases

69. Mechanism of cell death
p53
Caspases

70. Mechanism of cell death
p53
Caspases

71. In the next Lecture
Unit 1
Introduction of Pathology Number of Lecture
Hours
5
Introduction to Pathology, Normal Cell injury and cell death, Basic
mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and repair,
Alternations in Vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of
WBC’s mediators of Inflammation

72. Basic mechanisms involved in the process of
inflammation and repair

76. 1. Damaged skin cells
release chemicals
called
“Chemokines”
2. Bacteria release
“opsonin’s”
PAMPS
Mast cells kill bacteria and release
HISTAMINES’
HISTAMINES will
cause
Vasodilation
Vasodilation & emigration of
WBC’s

80. Transudates

81. TRANSUDATES (SWELLING)

82. (Transudates) (Exudates)

83. (Transudates) (Exudates)

85. SYLLABUS OVERVIEW
Unit 1
Introduction of Pathology Number of Lecture Hours 5
Introduction to Pathology, Normal Cell injury and cell death, Basic mechanisms involved in the process of inflammation and
repair, Alternations in Vascular permeability and blood flow, migration of WBC’s mediators of Inflammation
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 2
Clinical Pathology Number of Lecture Hours 10
Clinical Pathology: Introduction, Urine Physical, Chemical & Microscopic examination, Semen total count, Morphology &
clinical abnormalities, Examination of feces for occult blood. physical examination of sputum
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 3
Body fluids abnormalities Number of Lecture Hours 9
Examination of body fluids: Transudate, Exudate & Cell counts methods
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 4
Histopathology Number of Lecture Hours 12
Histopathology: Introduction, Reception of specimens, & Various fixatives-Mode of action, indications, Preparation. Grossing
techniques
Pedagogy tools Scaleup Lecture
Unit 5
Tissue processing and embedding Number of Lecture Hours 9
Steps of tissue processing and embedding, Section cutting, Decalcification. Mounting & Staining of Slides. Microtome Knives,
Sharpening of Microtome Knives, Honing, Stropping, various types of microtome and their applications.

86. Inflammation Notes

89. Benefits of inflammation

90. Internal causes
External causes
(Cause of disease)

94. (Edema)

95. Transient
vasoconstriction is a
temporary constriction of
blood vessels to reduce
instantaneous blood flow
typically caused by an
injury.
1. Haemodynamic changes

96. 2. Altered vascular permeability
(Oedema) Startling’s hypothesis

97. 2. Altered vascular permeability
(Oedema) Startling’s hypothesis

98. 2. Altered vascular permeability
(Oedema) Startling’s hypothesis

99. 2. Altered vascular permeability
(Oedema) Startling’s hypothesis

101. (Transudates) (Exudates)

107. Extravasation

113. Definition: leukocyte chemotaxis the response of leukocytes to products
formed in immunologic reactions, wherein leukocytes are attracted to and
accumulate at the site of the reaction; a part of the inflammatory response.

125. Unit 2
Clinical Pathology Number of Lecture
Hours
10
Clinical Pathology: Introduction, Urine Physical, Chemical &
Microscopic examination, Semen total count, Morphology &
clinical abnormalities, Examination of feces for occult blood.
physical examination of sputum

205. Urine sediment ( Microscopy)

229. Course outcomes
On completion of this course, the student can be able to:
• Apply basic knowledge on introduction to pathology, inflammation
and normal cell death and cell repair.

230. Reference
• https://www.slideshare.net/VamsiIntellectual/introduction-to-
hematology-173160503
• Dr. NTR university of health sciences B.Sc. MLT syllabus

231. Youtube videos
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-hm3pdr8UA
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp9Sls
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVWOlKdpF_I