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Tissues notes
1. School of Medical and Allied Sciences
Course Code: BMLS2004 Course Name: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Faculty Name: A. Vamsi Kumar Program Name: B.Sc. MLT / Sem -II
UNIT -1
Topic
Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology, Cell and cell
organelles, Tissues, Blood
2.
3. Sem – 2 Programme Structure
S.NO CODE TYPE COURSE NAME FACULTY INCHARGE
1 BMLS2001 Theory General Medical Microbiology Avinash
2 BMLS2002 Theory Basic Haematology Shubham
3 BMLS2003 Theory Basic Clinical Biochemistry Kajal
4 BMLS2004 Theory Human Anatomy and Physiology A. Vamsi Kumar
5 BLLUCT1002 Theory Professional Communication - 2 Fazil
6 BLLUCT1002 Practical Professional Communication - 2 Fazil
7 BMLS2051 Practical General Medical Microbiology – (Practical) P2 - Avinash / P1 - Shubham
8 BMLS2052 Practical Basic Haematology – (Practical) Srinivas P1 & P2
9 BMLS2053 Practical Basic Clinical Biochemistry – (Practical) P1 - Shubham/ P2 Kajal
10 BMLS2054 Practical
Human Anatomy and Physiology –
(Practical) Sankar P1 & P2
11 BCEUCT1001 Practical Environmental Studies Subhalaxmi Pradhan
4. Course Objectives
1. To gain knowledge about cell and cell organelles & Tissues.
2. To learn about muscular skeletal , Respiratory & Cardiovascular
system,lymphatic system & sense of organ.
3. To develop knowledge Body fluids and their significance &
Digestive system, Liver, Urinary system &Genital system, Nervous
system & Endocrine system.
Objectives:
5. CO1 Demonstrate Cell and cell organelles & Tissues.
CO2 Demonstrate the muscular skeletal , Respiratory & Cardiovascular
system.
CO3 Apply knowledge in lymphatic system & sense of organ.
CO4 Classify the Body fluids and their significance & Digestive
system,Liver.
CO5 Explain Urinary system &Genital system, Nervous system &
Endocrine system.
On completion of course student will be able to:
Course Outcomes
CO6 Discuss the anomalies of human body
6. Syllabus Overview
Unit-1: Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology,Cell and cell organelles,Tissues,Blood.
hours: 12
Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology:Cell and cell organelles,Structure and
classification,Function,Cell division (Mitosis and Meiosis).Tissues: Definition,Classification with
structure and Functions,Epithelial tissues,Connective tissues,Muscular tissues,Nervous
tissue.:Blood:Composition,Function of blood.
Unit-2: Muscular skeletal & system,Respiratory system,Cardiovascular system. hours: 12
Muscular skeletal system: Introduction,Classification,Structure and function of skeletal system,
muscles and joints,Various movements of body.Respiratory system: Introduction, Structure,
Function,Mechanism of breathing and respiration,Various terms involved in respiratory
System,Vital capacity,Total Volume,Reserve volume,Total lung capacity. Cardiovascular system:
Anatomy and physiology of heart,Blood circulation,Arteries and veins,Conductive system of
heart,Cardiac cycle,Introduction to ECG.
7. Syllabus Overview
Unit – 3 Lymphatic system & Structure and function of sense organ. hours:12
Lymphatic system:Introduction, Structure and function, Lymph nodes,Spleen,Thymus gland,
Tonsils.Structure and function of sense organ: Eye, Ear,Nose,Tongue.
Unit-4: Body fluids and their significance & Digestive system,Liver. hours: 12
Body fluids and their significance: Important terms, types of body fluid, total body water, avenues by
which water leaves and enters body, general principles for fluid balance, cardinal principle, How body
fluids maintain Homeostasis, Electrolytes & ions Function of electrolytes, How electrolyte imbalance
leads to fluid imbalance. Digestive system: Organization; accessory organs; structure & function (Mouth,
Tongue, Teeth, Esophagus, Pharynx, Stomach, Intestine, Rectum, Anus); Digestive glands; physiology of
digestion of carbohydrates, lipids & proteins.Liver: structure and function.
8. Unit-5: Urinarysystem &Genital system,Nervous system & Endocrine system. hours: 12
Urinarysystem:Mainparts,Structure&functionofkidney,structureof nephron, physiology of excretion &
urine formation,urine,additional excretory organs.
Genital system: Structure of male and female reproductive system, Gametogenesis in male & female,
menstrual cycle. Placenta and extra embryonic membranes.Nervous system: Parts, function & structure;
brain, spinal cord, spinal & cranial nerves; all & none principle, role of neurotransmitters in transmission of
nerve impulse,Endocrine system: Endocrine & exocrine glands, their location, structure & functions.
Syllabus Overview
Unit-6 Anomalies of human body 8 Hours
Human body anomalies-General ,Developmental ,Congenital
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11. Unit – 1
Unit-1: Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology,Cell and cell
organelles,Tissues,Blood.
hours: 12
Introduction to human Anatomy and Physiology:Cell and cell
organelles,Structure and classification,Function,Cell division (Mitosis
and Meiosis).Tissues: Definition,Classification with structure and
Functions,Epithelial tissues,Connective tissues,Muscular
tissues,Nervous tissue.:Blood:Composition,Function of blood.
13. Physiology Definition
• Definition of Physiology Physiology: The study of how living organisms
function, including such processes as nutrition, movement, and
reproduction.
66. Course outcomes
On completion of this lecture the student will be able to:
• Demonstrate cell & Cell organelles , Tissues, & Organ systems of
Human body
67. Learning Objectives
After this lesson, students will be able to:
1. Describe the role of chromosomes in cell division.
2. Name the main events of the cell cycle.
3. Describe what happens during the four stages of
mitosis.
4. Describe the process of cytokinesis.
68. Learning Objectives
After this lesson, students will be able to:
1. Understand the functions of cell death in
development.
2. Provide specific examples of the roles of cell death
in development.
3. Understand some of the tissue interactions that
regulate developmental cell death.
4. Describe the basic molecular mechanisms that
underlie the cell death process.
69. A. Contents – Cell Cycle
1. Introduction to cell cycle
2. Stages of cell cycle
3. Phases of M phase
4. Prophase
5. Prometaphase
6. Metaphase
7. Anaphase
8. Telophase
9. Cytokinisis
70. B. Contents – Cell death
• Introduction
• Types of cell death
• Mechanism of Apoptosis
• Mechanism of Necrosis
• Difference between Apoptosis And Necrosis
• Factors causing Apoptosis
• Factors causing Necrosis
71. What is cell cycle?
1. The cell cycle is a process in which a cell grows and divides to
create a copy of itself.
2. Some organisms reproduce through the cell cycle, and in
complex multicellular organisms, the cell cycle is used to
allow the organism to grow, and to replace cells as they grow
worn out.
3. In animals, the whole cell cycle takes around 24 hours from
start to finish.
4. Some cells, such as skin cells, are constantly going through
the cell cycle, while other cells may divide rarely, if at all;
5. neurons, for example, dont grow and divide once they are
mature.
73. Chromosomes
In eukaryotic cells, DNA is packaged into multiple chromosomes.
centromere
sister
chromatids
supercoils
coils
histone
proteins
nucleosome
DNA
double
helix
85. Mitosis Overview
List and describe the stages of mitosis.
Interphase
1
2
3
4
Cytokinesis Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
86.
87.
88.
89.
90.
91.
92.
93. • Cell cycle
• In both unicellular and multicellular eukaryotes, the cell reproduction is a
cyclic process of growth, nuclear division and usually cytoplasmic division
called cell cycle.
• Cell cycle is a series of macromolecular events that lead to cell division
and the production of two daughter cells, each
containing chromosomes identical with those of the parental cell.
• Two main molecular processes take place during the cell cycle are
duplication of parental chromosome during S phase and separation of
chromosome equally to daughter cell during M phase.
• In somatic cell, the cell cycle consists of following four phase;
• G1 (gap 1) phase
• S (synthesis) phase
• G2 (gap2) phase
• M (mitosis) phase
Lecture Material
94. 1. G1 (gap1) phase:
• 1. G1 (gap1) phase:
• The first stage of interphase is called the G1 phase (first gap) because, from a microscopic aspect, little
change is visible. However, during the G1 stage, the cell is quite active at the biochemical level.
• It is characterized by a change in chromosome from condensed state to more extended state and series
of metabolic events that leads to initiation of DNA replication. During G1 phase, chromatin fibres
become slender, less coiled and fully extended and more active for transcription. The transcription
results in synthesis of RNAs (tRNA, mRNA and rRNA) ad series of proteins molecules required for
initiation of DNA replication.
• The length of G1 phase varies from cell to cell and also the length of G1 phase is more than other three
phase in cell cycle.
• G1 phase represents 25-40% of generation time of a cell.
• G1 phase is very significant phase of cell cycle as the cell grows and accumulates the building blocks of
chromosomal DNA and the associated proteins as well as sufficient energy reserves to complete the
task of replicating each chromosome.
• Within G1 phase there is a definite check point at which DNA synthesis is initiated and once the
biochemical events associated with that point have occurred cell proceeds towards division.
95. 2. S (synthesis) phase:
• 2. S (synthesis) phase:
• The synthesis phase of interphase is biochemically a phase of active DNA synthesis and histone
synthesis.
• In the S phase, chromosome numbers doubles which is accomplished by DNA replication and
associated proteins. Although some of the histone protein synthesis occurs in G1 phase, most of it
is synthesized during S phase.
• DNA replication is semi conservative and discontinuous type which results in the formation of
identical pairs of DNA molecules.
• After doubling of chromosome, sister chromatids are still firmly attached to the centromeric
region.
• At the center of each animal cell, the centrosomes of animal cells are associated with a pair of
rod-like objects, the centrioles, which are at right angles to each other. Centrioles help organize
cell division. Centrioles are absent in plants and most fungi.
• The centrosome (centriole) is also duplicated during the S phase. The two centrosomes will give
rise to the mitotic spindle, the apparatus that mediate the movement of chromosomes during
mitosis.
96. 3. Gap2 (gap2) phase:
• 3. Gap2 (gap2) phase:
• G2 phase follows S phase. This phase represents 10-25% of generation time
of cell.
• In G2 phase chromosome consists of two chromatids ie the cell has twice
the amount of DNA content.
• In the G2 phase, the cell restore its energy stores and synthesizes proteins
necessary for chromosome manipulation.
• Some cell organelles are duplicated, and the cytoskeleton is dismantled to
provide resources for the mitotic phase.
• There may be additional cell growth during G2. The final preparations for
the mitotic phase must be completed before the cell is able to enter the
first stage of mitosis
97. 4. M (mitotic) phase:
• 4. M (mitotic) phase:
• M phase follows G2 phase. During this phase cell divides into two daughter cell with
equal distribution of chromosome among daughter cells. After M phase cell enter
into G1 phase and next cell cycle is repeated. However, some cell after completion
of mitosis do not enter into G1 phase, those cell are referred as G0 cells.
• M phase consists of following sub –phases;
• During prophase, the nucleus disappears, spindle fibers form, and DNA condenses
into chromosomes (sister chromatids ).
• During metaphase, the sister chromatids align along the equator of the cell by
attaching their centromeres to the spindle fibers.
• During anaphase, sister chromatids are separated at the centromere and are pulled
towards opposite poles of the cell by the mitotic spindle.
• During telophase, chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and unwind into thin
strands of DNA, the spindle fibers disappear, and the nuclear membrane reappears.
• Cytokinesis is the actual splitting of the cell membrane; animal cells pinch apart,
while plant cells form a cell plate that becomes the new cell wall.
• Cells enter the G0 (inactive) phase after they exit the cell cycle when they are not
actively preparing to divide; some cells remain in G0 phase permanently.
