Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and lymph
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
1) Eliminate intracellular pathogens.
2)Eliminate tumor cells.
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system : B cells, macrophages, neutrophil, etc.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
Cell mediated immunity also known as T cell immunity. it is developed by cell mediated responses and it does not involve any antibodies. Cell mediated immunity is offered by T lymphocytes and it starts developing when T cells come in contact with the antigens. In the Cell mediated immunity T cell plays one of the important role for the process of crosstalk with other immune system as well as to signal B cells to produce the antibody mediated immune response. Primary function of cell mediated response-
1) Eliminate intracellular pathogens.
2)Eliminate tumor cells.
T cells regulate proliferation and activity of other cells of the immune system : B cells, macrophages, neutrophil, etc.
BP-605T, Pharmaceutical biotechnology, Structure of immunoglobulins, classification of immunoglobulins, explanation of structure of immunoglobulin, digestion with proteolytic enzymes, Fab region, Fc region, role of different immunoglobulin classes, structure of IGM, IGA, IGG, IGE, IGD, Light chain, heavy chain, kappa, lambda, papain enzyme, pepsin enzyme
Antibodies are immune system-related proteins called immunoglobulins. Each antibody consists of four polypeptides– two heavy chains and two light chains joined to form a "Y" shaped molecule. ... This variable region, composed of 110-130 amino acids, give the antibody its specificity for binding antigen.
antibodies are a large proteins. based on electrophorosis and centrifugation anti bodies are mainly five types .these are protects on human body from various microorganisms.
This presentation provides an overview of cell and humoral immunity, two important components of the immune system. Cell-mediated immunity is mediated by T cells, while humoral immunity is mediated by B cells and antibodies. The presentation discusses the different types of cells and molecules involved in each type of immunity, as well as the roles they play in protecting the body from infection.
Nervous control of blood vessels regulation of arterial pressureAmen Ullah
The main function of the circulatory system is to give local blood flow to the tissue. There arespecial need of the tissue which is:
delivery of oxygen to the tissue
delivery of nutrients to the tissue
removal of carbon dioxide from tissue
maintaining of normal concentration of ions
transform of hormones and other substance to tissue
The study of movement of blood through circulatory system.
cardiovascular system is Responsible for to pump the blood and to circulate it through different parts of the body.
It is essential for the maintenance of pressure and other physical factors within the blood vessels
Lymphatic system, Human Lymphatic systemAmen Ullah
Tissue fluid (interstitial fluid) that enters the lymphatic vessels.
larger particles that escape into tissue fluid can only be removed via lymphatic system.
Immunity is defined as the capacity of the body to resist pathogenic agents.
It is the ability of body to resist the entry of different types of foreign bodies like bacteria, virus, toxic substances, etc.
Hemo: Referring to blood cells
Poiesis: “The development or production of”
The word Hemopoiesis refers to the production & development of all the blood cells
Coagulation or clotting is defined as the process in which blood loses its fluidity and becomes a jelly-like mass few minutes after it is shed out or collected in a container
Factors responsible for erythropoiesis. Development and maturation of erythrocytes require mostly three types of factors
1. General factors 2. Maturation factors 3. Factors necessary for hemoglobin formation.
Cardiac murmur is an abnormal heart sounds. can be heard with stethoscope or auscultation. the etiology of the cardiac murmur may be septal defect, valvular defects or vascular defects. the two main causes that lead to cardiac murmur, like stenosis and incompetence.
Arrhythmia is also known as irregular heart beats. If SA node is not the pacemaker, any other part of the heart such as atrial muscle, AV node and ventricular muscle becomes the pacemaker. the beats may be fast, slow or miss beats.
Term and Definitions regarding microbiology, Pathogenicity and virulency, acute and chronic infection, primary and secondary infection, opportunistic infection.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
2. DEVELOPMENT OF HUMORAL
IMMUNITY
Humoral immunity is defined as the immunity mediated
by antibodies, which are secreted by B lymphocytes.
B lymphocytes secrete the antibodies into the blood and
lymph.
The blood and lymph are the body fluids (humours or
humors in Latin). Since the B lymphocytes provide
immunity through humors, this type of immunity is
called humoral immunity or B cell immunity.
Antibodies are the gamma globulins produced by B
lymphocytes.
These antibodies fight against the invading organisms.
The humoral immunity is the major defense mechanism
against the bacterial infection. 12/25/18studyforum911@hotmail.com 2
3. As in the case of cell-mediated immunity, the
macrophages and other antigen-presenting cells play an
important role in the development of humoral immunity
also.
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4. ROLE OF ANTIGEN-
PRESENTING CELLS
The ingestion of foreign organisms and digestion of their
antigen by the antigen-presenting cells are already
explained.
Presentation of Antigen
Antigen-presenting cells present the antigenic products
bound with HLA (which is present in class II MHC
molecule) to B cells.
This activates the B cells through series of events.
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5. Sequence of Events during
Activation of B Cells
1. B cell recognizes the antigen displayed on the surface of
the antigen-presenting cell, with the help of its own
surface receptor protein called B cell receptor.
2. Recognition of the antigen by the B cell initiates a complex
interaction between the B cell receptor and the antigen.
This reaction activates B cells.
3. At the same time, macrophages (the antigen-presenting
cells) release interleukin-1, which facilitates the activation
and proliferation of B cells.
4. Activated B cells proliferate and the proliferated cells
carry out the further actions.
5. Simultaneously, the antigen bound to class II MHC
molecules activates the helper T cells, also resulting in
development of cell-mediated immunity (already
explained).
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6. Transformation B Cells
Proliferated B cells are transformed into two types of
cells:
1. Plasma cells
2. Memory cells.
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7. ROLE OF PLASMA CELLS
Plasma cells destroy the foreign organisms by producing
the antibodies.
Antibodies are globulin in nature. The rate of the
antibody production is very high, i.e. each plasma cell
produces about 2000 molecules of antibodies per
second.
The antibodies are also called immunoglobulins.
Antibodies are released into lymph and then
transported into the circulation.
The antibodies are produced until the end of lifespan of
each plasma cell, which may be from several days to
several weeks.
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8. ROLE OF MEMORY B CELLS
Memory B cells occupy the lymphoid tissues throughout
the body.
The memory cells are in inactive condition until the
body is exposed to the same organism for the second
time.
During the second exposure, the memory cells are
stimulated by the antigen and produce more quantity of
antibodies at a faster rate, than in the first exposure.
The antibodies produced during the second exposure to
the foreign antigen are also more potent than those
produced during first exposure.
This phenomenon forms the basic principle of
vaccination against the infections 12/25/18studyforum911@hotmail.com 8
9. ROLE OF HELPER T CELLS
Helper T cells are simultaneously activated by antigen.
Activated helper T cells secrete two substances called
interleukin-2 and B cell growth factor, which promote:
1. Activation of more number of B lymphocytes.
2. Proliferation of plasma cells.
3. Production of antibodies
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