Connective tissue is the tissue that connects or separates, and supports all the other types of tissues in the body. Like all tissue types, it consists of cells surrounded by a compartment of fluid called the extracellular matrix (ECM). However connective tissue differs from other types in that its cells are loosely, rather than tightly, packed within the ECM.
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
Connective tissue is the tissue that connects or separates, and supports all the other types of tissues in the body. Like all tissue types, it consists of cells surrounded by a compartment of fluid called the extracellular matrix (ECM). However connective tissue differs from other types in that its cells are loosely, rather than tightly, packed within the ECM.
The lymphatic system consists of organs, ducts, and nodes. It transports a watery clear fluid called LYMPH distributes immune cells and other factors throughout the body.
A complete lecture of the Histology of Muscle Tissues, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
11.03.08(c): Histology of the Cardiovascular SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
A complete lecture of the Histology of Muscle Tissues, taught at First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, in the Histology department, for the first year English medium foreign medical students.
11.03.08(c): Histology of the Cardiovascular SystemOpen.Michigan
Slideshow is from the University of Michigan Medical School's M1 Cardiovascular / Respiratory sequence
View additional course materials on Open.Michigan:
openmi.ch/med-M1Cardio
RBC
WBC
1. Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophil’s
Basophils
2. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
PLATELETS
Blood is a bright red, viscous, slightly alkaline fluid that accounts for approximately 7 % of total body weightThe average human has 5 litres of blood (Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
It is a transporting fluid.
Red colour is due to the presence of oxyhaemoglobin.
Ph - 7.4 slightly alkaline.
Specific gravity - 1.060
Viscosity is 5 times greater then the water i.e thicker than water.
Blood is the only fluid tissue.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements, are suspended in fluid componenet called plasma.
Functions of Blood
Transport of:
Gases, nutrients, waste products
Processed molecules
Regulatory molecules.
Regulation of pH and osmosis.
Maintenance of body temperature.
Protection against foreign substances.
Clot formation.
Blood composition
55% Plasma (fluid matrix of water, salts, proteins, etc.)
45% Cellular elements:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs) (Erythrocytes) : 5-6 million RBCs/ml of blood.
Contain hemoglobin which transport oxygen and CO2.
White Blood Cells (WBCs) (Leukocytes) : 5,000-10,000 WBCs/ml of blood.
Play an essential role in immunity and defense.
Include:
Granulocytes
Neutrophils 40-70%
Eosinophil's 0-1%
Basophils 1-5%
Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes 25-40% T cells and B cells
Monocyte 2-8% (phagocytes)
Platelets (Thrombocytes) : Cellular fragments, 250,000- 400,000/ml of blood.
Important in blood clotting.
Introduction
RBC
WBC
1. Granulocytes
Neutrophils
Eosinophil’s
Basophils
2. Agranulocytes
Lymphocytes
Monocyte
PLATELETS
Blood is a bright red, viscous, slightly alkaline fluid that accounts for approximately 7 % of total body weightThe average human has 5 litres of blood (Average Blood Volume is 4 to 6 liters).
It is a transporting fluid.
Red colour is due to the presence of oxyhaemoglobin.
Ph - 7.4 slightly alkaline.
Specific gravity - 1.060
Viscosity is 5 times greater then the water i.e thicker than water.
Blood is the only fluid tissue.
Blood is a complex connective tissue in which living cells, the formed elements, are suspended in fluid componenet called plasma.
Indian Dental Academy: will be one of the most relevant and exciting training center with best faculty and flexible training programs for dental professionals who wish to advance in their dental practice,Offers certified courses in Dental implants,Orthodontics,Endodontics,Cosmetic Dentistry, Prosthetic Dentistry, Periodontics and General Dentistry.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
How to Create Map Views in the Odoo 17 ERPCeline George
The map views are useful for providing a geographical representation of data. They allow users to visualize and analyze the data in a more intuitive manner.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
3. Intended Learning Outcomes:
By the end of the lecture audience should be able to:
1- Define blood as a tissue.
2- List components of blood.
5- Recognize all of the cellular components found in
peripheral blood.
3- Memorize the functions of major plasma proteins and of the
different kinds of cells.
4- Memorize the abundance of various blood cells.
4. Definition of blood:
- It’s a specialized connective tissue
consisting of cells and fluid extracellular
material called plasma.
5. Blood preparation:
- Collected blood in which clotting is prevented by
addition of anticoagulants, can be separated to
three layers by centrifugation according to the
heterogeneity.
- Blood cells histology can be studied in smears
stained by eosin (acidic) and methylene
blue (basic).
10. 2- Red
blood cells
- They are also called erythrocytes, are
terminally differentiated cells, flexible
biconcave in shape, lacking nuclei and
filled with O2 carrying protein called
hemoglobin.
- There life span is about 120 days.
11. Note that:
- RBCs plasmalemma consists of 50% protein,
40% lipid and 10% carbohydrates.
- RBCs depend mainly on anaerobic glycolysis
because they lack mitochondria.
- They loss there nucleus shortly before
release by bone marrow so they can’t
replace defective proteins.
12. - RBCs carry glycosylated domains on the
external surface of there membrane called
antigens that form the basis of ABO blood
typing system.
14. MEDICAL APPLICATION
Anemia is the condition of having a
concentration of erythrocytes below
the normal range.
An increased concentration of
erythrocytes in blood is called
erythrocytosis (polycythemia).
20. 1-Granulocytes
- They contain two major types of cytoplasmic
granules: lysosomes (azurophilic granules) and
specific granules.
- They are:
1 Neutrophils.
2 Eosinophils.
3 Basophils.
21. Neutrophils
- Granulocytes with nuclei having two to
five lobes linked thin nuclear
extensions.
- They constitute 50-70% of circulating
leukocytes.
- There life span is 1-4 days.
22. - Neutrophils play an important role in
inflammatory process (first cells to
arrive) by releasing chemokines,
cytokines and important lipid
mediators.
24. FIGURE 6: TEM of a sectioned human neutrophil.
N: Lobulated
nucleus.
A:
Azurophilic
granules..
S:
Specific
granules.
G:
Golgi
apparatus.
25. MEDICAL APPLICATION
Pus: Viscous, usually yellow
collection of fluid formed
during the inflammatory
process due to neutrophilic
secretions contains:
apoptotic, it neutrophils,
bacteria, semidigested
material and tissue-fluid.
26. Eosinophils
- Eosinophils are far less numerous
than neutrophils, constituting only
1%-4% of leukocytes.
- They have characteristic bilobed
nucleus.
- They act to kill parasitic worms or
helminths.
27. - They contain major basic proteins
(MBP), an arginine-rich factor that
accounts for the granule’s
acidophilia and constitutes up to 50%
of the total granule protein.
- Eosinophils life span is about 1-2
weeks.
29. Basophils
- Basophils make up less than 1% of circulating leukocytes.
- The nucleus is divided into two irregular lobes, but the
large specific granules overlying the nucleus usually
obscure its shape.
- The strong basophilia of the granules is due to the
presence of heparin and it also contain much histamine
and various other mediators of inflammation, including
platelet activating factor, eosinophil chemotactic factor,
and the enzyme phospholipase A.
30. - basophils and mast cells have surface
receptors for immunoglobulin E (IgE) and
responsible for hypersensitivity type 1.
- Basophils life span is about several
months.
32. MEDICAL APPLICATION
In some individuals a second exposure to
allergen, produce systemic response.
Basophils and mast cells degranulate,
producing vasodilation, sudden drop in
blood pressure a potentially lethal
condition called anaphylactic shock.
33.
34. 2- A granulocytes
- They lack specific granules, but they do contain azurophilic
granules.
- The nucleus is spherical or indented but not lobulated.
- They are:
1 Lymphocytes.
2 Monocytes.
35. Lymphocytes
- By far the most numerous type of agranulocyte
and typically the smallest leukocytes.
- Spherical nuclei.
- mature lymphocytes can be subdivided according
to surface molecules called “cluster of
differentiation” or CD markers in to:
1- B lymphocytes (CD4+).
2- Helper and cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CD8+).
36. - Lymphocytes life span is about hours
to many years.
Note: T lymphocytes differentiate in
the thymus unlike other leukocytes.
38. MEDICAL APPLICATION
Lymphomas are a group of disorders
involving neoplastic proliferation of
lymphocytes or the failure of these cells
to undergo apoptosis. Although often
slow-growing, all lymphomas are
considered malignant because they can
very easily become widely spread
throughout the body.
39. Monocytes
- Monocytes are precursor cells of
macrophages, osteoclasts, microglia, and other
cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system.
- There nucleus is large and usually C-shaped.
- Monocytes life span vary from hours to
years.
40. What is the name of macrophages in skin ?
In liver ?
Langerhans cells
Kupffer cells
43. - Platelets are small non-nucleated, membrane-bound
cell fragments.
- originate by separation from the ends of cytoplasmic
processes from giant bone marrow cells called
megakaryocytes.
- They consists of lightly stained peripheral zone, the
hyalomere, and a darker-staining central zone rich in
granules, called the granulomere.
- The role of platelets in controlling blood loss.
46. MEDICAL APPLICATION
Aspirin and other nonsteroidal
anti-inflammatory agents have an
inhibitory effect on platelet they
prevent the aggregation. The
term Bleeding disorders is used
when there is abnormal slow
blood clotting.
47. Quiz
1. Which biochemical component of the erythrocyte
cell surface is primarily responsible for determining
blood type (the A-B-O system)?
a. Fatty acid
b. Carbohydrate
c. Nucleic acid
d. Protein
e. Cholesterol
48. 2. What cell in circulating blood is the
precursor to macrophages and most
antigen-presenting cells?
a. Eosinophil
b. Basophil
c. Lymphocyte
d. Monocyte
e. Mast cell
49. 3. What is the approximate life span of a
circulating erythrocyte?
a. 8 days
b. 20 days
c. 5 weeks
d. 4 months
e. 1 year
50. 4. Which cell type has cytoplasmic
granules that contain heparin and
histamine?
a. Eosinophils
b. Basophils
c. Lymphocytes
d. Monocytes
e. Neutrophils
51. 5. Which of the following blood cells
differentiate outside of the bone
marrow?
a. Neutrophils
b. Basophils
c. Eosinophils
d. T lymphocytes
e. Megakaryocytes
56. - Blood is a specialized connective tissue.
- Blood contain plasma and cells.
- Blood cells are RBCs, WBCs and platelets
(45%).
- The plasma form 55% of the whole blood
and its mainly water..
57. References
- Anthony L. Mescher, 2016, JUNQUEIRA’S, Fourteenth
edition, Chapter 12.
- Mischigan university website
(www.histology.medicine.umich.edu).
- The University of Western Australia website
(www.lab.anhb.uwa.edu.au).
