White blood cells, or leukocytes, are nucleated blood cells that play an important role in the immune system. Compared to red blood cells, white blood cells are larger in size and fewer in number. The main types of white blood cells are neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils. Each type has a distinct shape and granule composition and serves different immune functions, such as phagocytosis of pathogens by neutrophils and antibody production by B lymphocytes. White blood cell counts can vary in different physiological and pathological conditions to help fight infection and disease.
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
Blood is a fluid tissue with a complex structure.
Blood consists of plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%).
Blood cells are of three types. i.e.
RBC, WBC & Platelets.
WBC: WBC also known as Leucocytes.
Do not possess any pigment, they appear colorless.
Provide immunity to the body, is the main function of WBC.
Platelets also called thrombocytes are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.
Normal Blood count: 1.5‐4lakh/ μL of blood
bone marrow is viscus, highly vascular fluid which is present within the trabuculi of the spongy bones. all the blood cells are derived from this compartment. its structure, function are given in this presentation
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood PhysiologyHM Learnings
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood Physiology
The slide will cover the following:
1. Introduction to RBC indices
2. Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)
3. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
4. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
5. Color index (CI)
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
Platelets also called thrombocytes are tiny blood cells that help your body form clots to stop bleeding. If one of your blood vessels gets damaged, it sends out signals to the platelets. The platelets then rush to the site of damage. they form a plug (clot) to fix the damage.
Normal Blood count: 1.5‐4lakh/ μL of blood
bone marrow is viscus, highly vascular fluid which is present within the trabuculi of the spongy bones. all the blood cells are derived from this compartment. its structure, function are given in this presentation
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood PhysiologyHM Learnings
RBC Indices- MCV, MCH, MCHC II Blood Physiology
The slide will cover the following:
1. Introduction to RBC indices
2. Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV)
3. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH)
4. Mean Corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC)
5. Color index (CI)
You can also watch the same topic on HM Learnings Youtube channel.
You can also follow HM Learnings on facebook, instagram and twitter for daily updates
At the end of the session the students should be able to:
Describe the different types of WBCs.
Explain the development of leucocytes (leucopoiesis).
Discuss the function of different types of WBCs.
Describe the mechanism of phagocytosis.
med_students0
Understanding Yama of Yoga Darshana and its application in AyurvedaDrashwini Nimbal
The tattvas of Yama of Yoga Dashana are namely Satya, Ahimsa , Asteya, Aparigraha and Brahmacharya are studied in Yoga Darshan and attempt is made to apply these in Ayurveda.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
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Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
1. WHITE BLOOD CELLS
White Blood Cells: Battling Blood Cells
Dr.Ashwini A. Nimbal M.D. (Ayu)
Associate Professor and HOD Kriya Shareera
BLDEA’s AVS Ayurveda Mahavidyalaya Vijayapur
2. • White Blood Cells or Leukocyte is the colorless and
nucleated formed element of blood. Leuko Means
White or colorless.
• Compared to RBC, the WBC are larger in size and
lesser in number.
• Leukocytes play very important role in defense
mechanism of the body and protect the body from
invading organisms by acting like soldiers.
3. Difference between RBC and WBC
RBC WBC
4 to 5.5million / cu mm 4,000 – 11,000/ cu mm
Smaller in size Larger in size
Biconcave or disc shape Irregular in shape
Non nucleated Nucleated
No types Many types
- Granules are present in some
types
120 days life span Shorter life span
Vital role in transport of
respiratory gases
Play important role in defense
mechanism
4. Types of WBCs
Depending upon the presence or absence of granules in the
cytoplasm, the leukocytes are classified into 2 types namely-
5. White cells, or leukocytes , exist in variable
numbers and types but make up a very small
part of blood's volume--normally only about
1% in healthy people.
Leukocytes are not limited to blood.
They occur elsewhere in the body as well,
most notably in the spleen, liver, and lymph
glands.
6. PROPERTIES OF WBC’s
1. Diapedesis: is the process by
which the leukocytes squeeze
through the narrow blood vessel.
2. Amoeboid Movement:
Neutrophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes
show amebic movement
characterized by
protrusion of the
cytoplasm and change
in the shape
7. 3. Chemotaxis: is the attraction of WBCs towards
the injured tissues by the chemical substances
released at the site of injury.
4. Phagocytosis: Neutrophils and monocytes engulf
the foreign bodies by means of phagocytosis.
8. NEUTROPHILS / Polymorphs as it has fine granules in the
cytoplasm:
• Size : 10- 12 µm diameter
• Shape: Ameboid
• Nucleus : purple, multi lobed
• Lobes :2,3 upto 5 or more. Young cell—less lobes/
no lobes.
• Cytoplasm :blue , granular
• Granules : fine, take both acidic and basic stains and
appears violet in color.
• Life span :2-5 days
9. Functions of Neutrophils : Phagocytosis – 1st line of defense
• The neutrophils are the free cells in the body and wander freely
through the tissue and practically no part of the body is spared by
these leukocytes.
Substance present in granules and cytoplasm:
• Enzymes like proteases, myeloperoxidases, elastases and
metalloproteinases – destroys the microorganisms.
• Antobody like substances calledd defensins ( antimicrobial peptides) –
which are active against bacteria and fungi.
The membrane of neutrophils contain an enzyme – NADPH oxidase
(dihydronicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase) – it is
activated by the toxic metabolites released from infected tissues and
then act as a bactericidal.
Neutrophil also secrete paltelet activating factor (PAF) which is a
cytokine – it accelerates the aggregation of platelets during injury to
the blood vessel resulting in the prevention of excess loss of blood.
10. • Mechanism of action of Neutrophils:
At the time of infection by the microorganisms, the large
number of neutrophils are released from the blood and
also increases the production of neutrophils from
progenitor cells.
first All the neutrophils move from blood vessels by
diapedesis and are attracted towards the site of infection
by means of Chemotaxis.
11. Chemotaxis occurs due to the attraction by some
chemical substances called Chemoattactants, which
are released from the infected area.
After reaching the area the neutrophils surround
the area and get adhered (stick) to the infected
tissues. The chemoattractants increase the adhesive
nature of neutrophils so that the neutrophils
become sticky and attach firmly to the infected
area.
Each neutrophil can hold about 15 to 20
microorganisms at a time.
Then neutrophils start destroying the invaders or
bacteria by engulfing them by means of
phagocytosis.
12. • Respiratory burst:
Is a rapid increase in oxygen consumption during
the process of phagocytosis by neutrophils and
other phagocytic cells. NADPH oxidase is
responsible for this process. During respiratory
burst the free redical O2 –ve is formed and this
combine with 2 H+ ions and form H2O2
(Hydrogen Peroxide). Both O2-ve and H2O2 are
the oxidants having potent bactericidal action.
13. • Pus and Pus cells:
pus is the whitish yellow fluid formed in the
infected tissue by the dead WBCs, bacteria or
foreign bodies and cellular debris.
The dead WBCs are called the pus cells.
During the battle against the bacteria, many
WBCs are killed by the toxins released from the
bacteria. The dead cells are collected in the
center of infected area. The dead cells together
with plasma leaked from the blood vessel,
liquefied tissue cells and RBCs escaped from
damaged blood vessels constitutes the pus.
14. EOSINOPHILS:
• Size : 10- 14 µm diameter
• Nucleus : purple, bilobed and spectacle shaped
• Cytoplasm : which stains pink or red with eosin i.e. acidophilic
• Granules : coarse, bright red, have lysozymes
– Major basic proteins (MBP) - histaminase
– Eosinophil peroxidase (EPO)– histamine secretion
• Life span : 7-12 days
15. Functions of Eosinophils:
• Play an important role in the body against the parasites.
• During parasitic infection and also during allergic diseases
like asthma, there is production of large number of
eosinophils which move towards the tissues affected by
parasites.
• Eosinophils are responsible for detoxification, disintegration
(process of losing strength) and removal of foreign proteins.
• Eosinophils attack foreign bodies by some special type of
cytotoxic substances present in their granules.
16. BASOPHILS:
• Size : 8- 10 µm diameter
• Nucleus : bi lobed, S shaped
• Cytoplasm : basophilic, granular
• Granules : coarse, purple/ methylene blue contain
– Heparin
– Histamine
– Proteases & myeloperoxidases
• Life span : 12-15 days
17. Functions of Basophils:
• Play an important role in the healing processes.
• Also play an important role in allergy or acute
hypersensitivity reactions (allergy) because of
presence of receptors for IgE basophil
membrane.
• The functions of basophils are executed by the
release of some important substances from their
granules such as,
Heparin – prevent the intra vascular clotting
Histamine- produce the acute hypersensitivity reactions by
causing vascular and tissue responses.
Cytokine: accelerates inflammatory responses and kill the
invading organisms.
18. Mast cell: is a large tissue cell resembling the basophil.
Mast cells are developed in the bone marrow, but their
precursor cells are different. After differentiation the
immature mast cells enter the tissues. Maturation of
mast cells takes place only after entering the tissue. Mast
cells are found along with the blood vessels and are
prominently seen in the areas such as skin, mucosa of the
lungs and digestive tract, mouth, conjunctiva and nose.
These cells usually do not enter the blood stream.
Functions: The mast cell plays an important role in
producing the hypersensitivity reactions like allergy and
anaphylaxis (a severe, potentially life threatening allergic
reactions can occur within seconds or minutes of
exposure to allergen).
19. LYMPHOCYTES: Not having granulees
• Nucleus: oval shape, bean shaped or
kidney shaped. Nucleus occupies the whole
of the cytoplasm.. A rim of cytoplasm may
or may not be seen
• Can be classified in two ways
– Based on structure :
a) large : 10-12µm
b) small : 7-10 µm
– Based on maturation :
a) T Lymphocytes –80%
b) B Lymphocytes -15%
c) NK Cells-5%
• T cells – CD4 & CD8
• Life span : ½-1 day
20. Functions of Lymphocytes: play an important role in immunity.
• Functionally are classified into 2 types,
• T Lymphocytes: Cellular immunity
– secrete lymhokines
– induction of apoptosis ( the death of cells) in target cells
• B Lymphocytes: development of Humoral immunity
– produce plasma cells- immmunoglobins
• Nk (natural Killer) cells/ large granular lymphocytes
– attack cancer cells and viruses
In detail will study this in the chapter
physiology of immunity
21. MONOCYTES: Is the largest leukocyte
• Size : 14- 18 µm diameter (largest)
• Nucleus : Pale , round, oval, horse shoe shaped,
kidney shaped or bean shaped. The nucleus is placed
either in the center of the cell or pushed to one side and large
amountof cytoplasm is seen.
• Cytoplasm : clear , pale blue , without granules.
• Life span : 48-72 hrs in blood & 3 months in tissues.
• Reticuloendothelial system :
blood monocytes + tissue macrophages
22. • Functions of Monocytes:
– like neutrophils, monocytes also are motile and
phagocytic in nature. These cells wander freely through
all tissues of the body.
– It acts as a 2nd line of defense.
By the secretions of chemical activators of inflammation
• Interleukin-1, binding proteins like transferrin,
lysozyme, proteases, Platelet Activating factor (PAF)
– hence plays an impportant role in tissue repair
23. Monocytes are the precursors of the tissue macrophages.
The matured monocytes stay in the blood only for few
hours. Afterwards these cells enter the tissues from the
blood and become tissue macrophages. Examples of tissue
macrophages are Kupffer cells in liver, alveolar
macrophages in lungs and macrophages in Spleen.
24. VARIATIONS IN WBCs
Normal Count – 4000-11000/cmm of blood
Leucocytosis – in WBC count above 11000/cmm of blood
Leucopenia – in WBC count below 4000/cmm of blood
PHYSIOLOGICAL VARIATIONS :-
1)Diurnal :- WBC count minimum in the evening than in
the morning
2)Meals , Pregnancy, Fear, pain, anxiety & Exercise the
count
3)Age :- Newborn :-20000/ cu mm of blood
25. PATHOLOGICAL VARIATIONS :-
Leucocytosis:
1) in Neutrophils – Acute infection , haemorrhage , operations ,
tissue damage
2) in Eosinophils – Allergy, Parasitic infections
3) in Monocytes – Chronic infections
) in lymphocyte – Whooping cough , Tuberculosis , leprosy
5) in Basophils – Lead poisoning
Leukopenia:
1) in Neutrophils – Viral infections
2) in Eosinophils – Cortisol therapy
3) Bone marrow deseases causes in neutrophil , eosinophil ,
basophil , monocyte
26. Leukemia:
Is the condition, which is characterized by abnormal and
uncontrolled increase in leukocyte count . More than
1,000,000/ cu mm. it is called blood cancer.
• Proliferation of leukaemic cells –Primarily in the bone
marrow
• Classification –
1)On the basis of cell types,
predominantly involved :-
a) Myeloid
b) Lymphoid
2) On the basis of natural history of disease :-
a)Acute
b)Chronic