Presentation on Lymphoid organ were covers specific topic of Immunology. Me with my group presented during M.Sc. in GGU

1. LYMPHOID ORGANS : STRUCTURE
AND ORGANIZATION
Guided by-
Dr. Naveen
Vishvakarma sir.
Presentation by-
(Group -7)
Chandra Shekhar
Dhirendra Kumar
Kushal Kant
Udyan Sharma

2. LYMPHOID ORGANS
• A number of morphologically and functionally diverse
organs and tissues have various functions in the
development of immune responses. These can be
distinguished by function as the primary and secondary
lymphoid organs.
• The thymus and bone marrow are the primary (or
central) lymphoid organs, where maturation of
Lymphocytes takes place.
• The lymph nodes, spleen, and various mucosal associated
lymphoid tissues (MALT) such as gut-associated
lymphoid tissue (GALT) are the secondary (or peripheral)
lymphoid organs, which trap antigen and provide sites for
mature lymphocytes to interact with that antigen.

4. Primary Lymphoid Organs
• Immature lymphocytes generated in hematopoiesis
mature and become committed to a particular antigenic
specificity within the primary lymphoid organs.
• Bone marrow : The bone marrow supports the
maturation of all erythroid and myeloid cells
and, in humans and mice, the maturation of B
lymphocytes.
• Thymus : Unlike B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes do not
complete their maturation in the bone marrow. T
lymphocyte precursors need to leave the bone marrow
and travel to the unique microenvironments provided by
the other primary lymphoid organ, the thymus, in order to
develop into functional cells.

6. Thymus
Primary Lymphoid Organs
Bone marrow

7. Bone marrow
• Bone marrow The bone marrow is the site of generation of all
circulating blood cells in the adult, including immature
lymphocytes, and is the site of B cell maturation. Functions of
bone marrow The site of generation of all immunocytes The
site of differentiation and maturation of immunocytes The
site of immune response of B cell, specifically in secondary
immune response.
• Although all bones contain marrow, the long bones (femur,
humerus), hip bones (ileum), and sternum tend to be the
most active sites of hematopoiesis.
• it isalso responsible for maintaining the pool of HSCs
throughout the life of an adult vertebrate.

9. • The adult bone marrow ontains several cell types that
coordinate HSC development, including
• (1) osteoblasts, versatile cells that both generate bone and
control the differentiation of HSCs,
• (2) endothelial cells that line the blood vessels and also
regulate HSC differentiation,
• (3) reticular cells that send processes connecting cells to
bone and blood vessels, and, unexpectedly,
• (4) sympathetic neurons, which can control the
release of hematopoietic cells from the bone marrow.

11. Thymus
• The thymus is the site of T-cell development and maturation. It is a
flat, bilobed organ situated above the heart. Each lobe is
surrounded by a capsule and is divided into lobules, which are
separated from each other by strands of connective tissue called
trabeculae.
• Each lobule is organized into two compartments: the outer
compartment, or cortex, is densely packed with immature T cells,
called thymocytes, whereas the inner compartment, or medulla, is
sparsely populated with thymocytes.

13. • Both the cortex and medulla of the thymus are crisscrossed
by a three-dimensional stromal-cell network composed of
epithelial cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages, which
make up the framework of the organ and contribute to the
growth and maturation of thymocytes. Many of these
stromal cells interact physically with the developing
thymocytes.
• The function of the thymus is to generate and select
arepertoire of T cells that will protect the body from
infection.

16. Aging is accompanied by a decline in thymic function. This
decline may play some role in the decline in immune function
during aging in humans and mice.

17. A SECOND THYMUS
• No one expected a new anatomical discovery in immunology in
the 21st century.However, in 2006 Hans-Reimer Rodewald and
his colleagues reported the existence of a second thymus in
mice. The conventional thymus is a bi-lobed organ that sits in the
thorax right above the heart. Rodewald and his colleagues
discovered thymic tissue that sits in the neck, near the cervical
vertebrae, of mice. This cervical hymic tissue is smaller in mass
than the conventional thymus, consists of a single lobe or
clusters of single lobes, and is populated by relatively more
mature thymocytes. However, it contributes to T-cell
development very effectively and clearly contributes to the
mature T-cell repertoire.

18. Lymphatic System
• As blood circulates under pressure, its fluid component (plasma)
seeps through the thin wall of the capillaries into the surrounding
tissue. Much of this fluid, called interstitialfluid, returns to the blood
through the capillary membranes.
• the lymphatic system captures fluid lost from the blood and returns it
to the blood, thus ensuring steady-state levels of fluid within the
circulatory system.
• When a foreign antigen gains entrance to the tissues, it is picked up
by the lymphatic system (which drains all the tissues of the body) and
is carried to various organized lymphoid tissues such as lymph nodes,
which trap the foreign antigen.
• the lymphatic system also serves as a means of transporting
lymphocytes and antigen from the connective tissues to organized
lymphoid tissues where the lymphocytes may interact with the
trapped antigen and undergo activation.

19. Lymphatic
System

21. Secondary Lymphoid Organs
• are located along the vessels of the lymphatic system.
• Secondary Lymphoid Organs Are Distributed
Throughout the Body and Share Some
Anatomical Features
• Some lymphoid tissue in the lung and lamina propria of
the intestinal wall consists of diffuse collections of
lymphocytes and macrophages.
• Other lymphoid tissue is organized into structures
called lymphoid follicles, which consist of aggregates of
lymphoid and non lymphoid cells surrounded by a network
of draining lymphatic capillaries.

22. • Until it is activated by antigen, a lymphoid follicle—
called a primary follicle—comprises a network of
follicular dendritic cells and small resting B cells.
• After an antigenic challenge, a primary follicle becomes
a larger secondary follicle.
• Lymphoid Organs Are Connected to Each
Other and to Infected Tissue by Two Different
Circulatory Systems: Blood and Lymphatics

23. Secondary lymphoid organs
• Lymph nodes
• Spleen
• Less-organized lymphoid tissue, collectively
called mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue
(MALT)

24. Lymph node
• Lymph nodes are the sites where immune responses are
mounted to antigens in lymph.
• They are encapsulated bean shaped structures containing a
reticular network packed with lymphocytes, macrophages,
and dendritic cells.
• lymph nodes are the first organized lymphoid structure to
encounter antigens that enter the tissue spaces.
• The overall architecture of a lymph node supports an ideal
microenvironment for lymphocytes to effectively encounter
and respond to trapped antigens.

25. Structure
• Morphologically, a lymph node can be divided
into three roughly concentric regions: the
cortex, the paracortex, and the medulla,

26. • The outermost layer, the cortex, contains
lymphocytes (mostly B cells), macro-phages, and
follicular dendritic cells arranged in primary follicles.
• Beneath the cortex is the paracortex, which is
populated largely by T lymphocytes and also contains
interdigitating dendritic cells thought to have
migrated from tissues tothe node.
• The innermostlayer of a lymph node, the medulla, is
more sparsely populated with lymphoid-lineage cells;
of those present, many are plasma cells actively
secreting antibody molecules.

28. SPLEEN
• The spleen plays a major role in mounting immune responses
to antigens in the blood stream.
• It is a large, ovoid secondary lymphoid organ situated high in
the left abdominal cavity.
• Blood borne antigens and lymphocytes are carried into the
spleen through the splenic artery.
• The spleen is surrounded by a capsule that extends a number
of projections (trabeculae) into the interior to form a
compartmentalized structure.
• The compartments are of two types, the red pulp and white
pulp, which are separated by a diffuse marginal zone

30. Structure
• The splenic red pulp consists of a network of sinusoids populated by
macrophages
and numerous red blood cells (erythrocytes) and few lymphocytes; it is the site
where old and defective red blood cells are destroyed and removed.
• The splenic white pulp surrounds the branches of the splenic artery, forming a
periarteriolar lymphoid sheath (PALS) populated mainly by T
lymphocytes.
• Primary lymphoid follicles are attached to the PALS. These follicles are rich in B
cells and some of them contain germinal centers.
• The marginal zone, located peripheral to the PALS, is populated by lymphocytes
and macrophages.
•

32. MUCOSAL-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID
TISSUE
• The mucous membranes lining the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital
systems have a combined surface area of about 400 m2 (nearly the size of
a basketball court) and are the major sites of entry for most pathogens.
These vulnerable membrane surfaces are defended by a group of
organized lymphoid tissues mentioned earlier and known collectively as
mucosal-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT).
• lamina propria of intestinal villi
• tonsils
• Appendix
• Payer's patches,

34. TONSILS
• The tonsils are found in three locations: lingual at the base
of the tongue; palatine at the sides of the back of the
mouth; and pharyngeal (adenoids) in the roof of the
nasopharynx .
• All three tonsil groups are nodular structures consisting of
a meshwork of reticular cells and fibers interspersed with
lymphocytes, macrophages, granulocytes, and mast cells.
• The tonsils defend against antigens entering through the
nasal and oral epithelial routes.

36. • Lymphoid tissue associated with different mucosal
areas is sometimes given more specific names; for
instance,
• therespiratory epithelium is referred to as bronchus-
associatedlymphoid tissue (BALT) or nasal-associated
lymphoid tissue (NALT),
• and that associated with the intestinal epithelium is
referred to as gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT).

37. PEYER’S PATCH

39. Lymphoid Cells and Organs—
Evolutionary Comparisons