water soluble vitamins,types of vitamin B, role in human body,diseases related to their deficiency, pallagra

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Water Soluble VitaminsWater Soluble Vitamins
Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)

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Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)
 Thiamine is the anti beriberi factor. It is a
base having the pyrimidine ring & thiazole
ring linked together.
 It is generally prepared as its salt with HCl
(thiamine hydrochloride).
Structure

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 Its other derivatives are TPP (thiamine
pyrophosphate) & thiochrome.
Thiamine pyrophosphate

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Source of vit B1Source of vit B1
 Thiamine occurs in high conc in seedsseeds. It is
also present in leavesleaves, stemsstems, rootsroots & fruitsfruits.
 In cereals it is concentrated in outer germ cells
& barn layers (rice polishingrice polishing). These are often
discarded during millingmilling which is associated
with loss of thiamineloss of thiamine..
 Animal tissues are rich in thiamine. LiverLiver
extract (good source) & milk (low amount).

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Deficiency & biological importanceDeficiency & biological importance
 The oxidative decarboxylationoxidative decarboxylation of pyruvate &
α-ketoglutarate, plays a key role in energyenergy
metabolismmetabolism of most cells – tissues of nervous
system.
 In thiamine deficiencythiamine deficiency the activity of these two
reactions are decreased, resulting decreaseddecreased
production of ATPproduction of ATP & thus, impaired cellularimpaired cellular
functionfunction.

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 Beriberi:
 Beriberi generally affects the cardiovascularcardiovascular
system (wet beriberiwet beriberi) or the nervousnervous system
(dry beriberidry beriberi).
 While many of the symptomssymptoms of beriberi are
reversiblereversible if treated promptly, delayeddelayed
treatmenttreatment may result in permanent
complications & may become life threateninglife threatening.

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 SevereSevere deficiency syndrome.
 SignsSigns of infantileinfantile beriberi include tachycardiatachycardia,
vomitingvomiting, convulsionsconvulsions, & if not treated, deathdeath.
 Adult beriberi – dry skindry skin, irritabilityirritability,
disordered thinkingdisordered thinking, & progressive paralysisparalysis.
 Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome: Some
alcoholics develop these syndrome – a
thiamine deficiency, state characterizedcharacterized by
apathyapathy, loss of memory,loss of memory, ataxiaataxia etc. This
disease is treatabletreatable with thiamine
supplementation.

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RequirementsRequirements
 For adult 1 – 1.5mg daily.
 For children 0.4 – 1.3mg daily.
 The requirement can be increasedincreased in
deficiencydeficiency or during injuryinjury or during treatmenttreatment
with antibiotics.
 3μg = 1 international unit of B1.

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Vitamin B2
Riboflavin

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Vitamin B2
 Riboflvin is an orange yellow compound
containing D-ribitolD-ribitol (a ribose alcohol) & a
heterocyclicheterocyclic substance isoalloxazineisoalloxazine.
 It is 6,7-dimethyl -9-(D-ribityl)-isoalloxazine6,7-dimethyl -9-(D-ribityl)-isoalloxazine.
 It is quite stable to heatstable to heat in neutral & acidic
medium.
 On exposure to lightexposure to light D-ribityl residue is split
off with formation of lumiflavinlumiflavin in alkaline
solution & lumichromelumichrome in acidic solution.

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Structural formula Vit B2
RiboflavinRiboflavin

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OccurenceOccurence
 High conc occur in yeast cellsyeast cells & fermenting
bacteriabacteria, in liver 2-3mg/100g, kidneys, whole
grain, dry beans, peas, nuts, milk, egg, meat
etc.
 In tissues it occurs as FMN or FAD.

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Deficiency & biological importanceDeficiency & biological importance
 Riboflavin deficiency is not associatednot associated with a
majormajor human disease. Although, principleprinciple
signssigns of riboflavin deficiency are lesionlesion of the
lipslips (cheilosis), mouth (stomatitisstomatitis) & tongue
(glossitisglossitis).
 The ocularocular system is particularly affected;
photophobiaphotophobia, conjunctivitisconjunctivitis, burningburning &
smatteringsmattering of eyes.

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RequirementsRequirements
 Adults, recommended daily intake is 1.5 to 1.81.5 to 1.8
mgmg depending on weight.
 Woman, in later halflater half of pregnancy, need 2mg2mg
& during lactation 2.5mg2.5mg.
 Infants need 0.6mg0.6mg, children 1 to 1.8mg, & 2
to 2.5mg during adolescence.

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 MULTI VITAMINS - TAB
 Ingredient(s): Each tablet provides the following
ingredients: Composition
 Vitamin C500 mg
 Nicotinamide 100 mg
 Vitamin E30 IU
 Calcium pantothenate (Pantothenic Acid) 20 mg
 Vitamin B1 (Thiamine)Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) 15 mg
 Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin) 15 mg
 Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine hydrochloride 20 mg
 Vitamin B12 12 mcg
 Folic Acid 150 mcg
 Zinc (equivalent to 100 mg of Zinc sulfate) 22.5 mg

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Vitamin B6Vitamin B6
(Pyridoxine)(Pyridoxine)

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Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine)
 CHEMSITRY:CHEMSITRY: Pyridoxine is an antidermatitisantidermatitis
factor especially in rats. Chemically it is a
pyridine derivative.
 A number of other derivativesother derivatives of pyridoxine
have been discovered & they are
physiologically activephysiologically active.

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Structure of pyridoxine & its derivativesStructure of pyridoxine & its derivatives
Pyridoxine Pyridoxal Pyridoxamine

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 Pyridoxal & pyridoxamine occur as pyridoxalpyridoxal
phosphatephosphate & pyridoxamine phosphatepyridoxamine phosphate, which
are the active formactive form & important coenzymescoenzymes.
Pyridoxal - (P)
Pyridoxamine – (P)

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OccurrenceOccurrence
 It is widely distributed in plantsplants & animalanimal
tissues.
 The diets richdiets rich in it are yeastsyeasts, rice polishingrice polishing,
the germinal portion of various seedsvarious seeds, cerealscereals
& egg yolkegg yolk.
 Moderate concModerate conc present in kidney, liver,
muscles & fish.
 Milk contains low conclow conc of vit B6.
 The richest source is Royal jellyRoyal jelly.

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PropertiesProperties
 It is colorless crystal & resistantresistant to light & UV
rays.
 It is stablestable in both acidic & alkaline solutions.
 Requirements:Requirements:
 For a human adultadult, daily intake 1.5 to 2mg.
 InfantsInfants require 0.3mg/day.
 The requirements increaseincrease when the proteinprotein
intakeintake is high.

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Biological importanceBiological importance
 Pyridoxal – (P) & Pyridoxamine – (P) act asact as
co-enzymeco-enzyme for many important reaction such
as; decarboxylation, transamination,
racemization.
Histidine Histamine + CO2
 Vit B6 is an important factor to regulateregulate the
metabolismmetabolism of amino acids & keto-acids.
 It helps in the synthesissynthesis of proteinsproteins &
carbohydrates.

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 It takes part in normal tryptophan metabolismtryptophan metabolism.
 It helps in the entryentry of amino acids & K intointo
the cellthe cell against concentration gradient.
 Antagonist: Deoxypyridine (CH2OH at
position 4 replaced by CH3) acts as an
antivitamin.

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 Deficiency of vit B6 (Hypovitaminosis)Deficiency of vit B6 (Hypovitaminosis)
 DermatitisDermatitis, ReducedReduced growth
 Isoniazid (INH)Isoniazid (INH) treatment in tuberculosis
patients induces B6 deficiency –
recommended
 DegenerationDegeneration of nerve, ReproductionReproduction failure
 WeaknessWeakness of muscles, AnemiaAnemia may occur.

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 Uses:Uses:
 It is effective in curing nausea & vomiting of
pregnancy (morning sickness)(morning sickness), radiationradiation
sickness & post anestheticpost anesthetic vomiting.
 Also used for treating neuromuscularneuromuscular disorder.
 Mild pyridoxine deficiencydeficiency has been reported
during oral contraceptionoral contraception (Oestradiol) –
recommended to avoid hypovitaminosis.

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Vitamin BVitamin B1212
(Cobalamins – Cyanocobalamin)(Cobalamins – Cyanocobalamin)

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Vitamin B12
 Chemistry:Chemistry:
 Vitamin B12 is an intrinsic antiperneciousantipernecious
anemiaanemia factor.
 It is dark red compound containing a cobaltcobalt
atomatom linked by co-ordinate linkages to 4-Nlinkages to 4-N-
atoms of partially hydrogenated pyrrolepyrrole & to a
radicalradical (CN, OH, etc) & a nucleotidenucleotide.
 The nucleotide is 5,6-dimethyl5,6-dimethyl-(D-
ribofuranosylribofuranosyl) benzimidazolebenzimidazole-33-PhosphatePhosphate.

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Cobalamin

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 Cobalamin stands for cyanocobalaminecyanocobalamine & a
number of related substances.
 The CN-radical may be replaced by –OH–OH the
compound B12 is hydroxo-cobalaminhydroxo-cobalamin.
Similarly it may be replaced by –NO–NO22 to yield
nitrocobalaminnitrocobalamin.
 Occurrence: LiverLiver is the richest source of vit
B12. Other food stuffs rich in vti B12 are eggegg,
milkmilk, meatmeat & fishfish.
 Animals & higher plants cannot synthesizecannot synthesize it.
Micro-organisms can accomplish its synthesis.

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 Properties:Properties:
 It contains one atom of cobaltcobalt, which imparts
it a deep reddeep red color.
 It is very easily decomposeddecomposed by direct sunlightdirect sunlight
after only a few minutes’ exposure.
 It is also labilelabile to heatheat & acids.
 Requirements:Requirements:
 Daily requirement is as follows
 Adult man or woman; 11μμgg
 Pregnant or lactating woman; 1.51.5 μμgg
 Infants & children; 0.2-10.2-1 μμgg

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Biological functionsBiological functions
 It is essential for maturationmaturation of RBCsRBCs.
 It increasesincreases the WBCWBC & PlateletPlatelet count.
 It is important for the synthesissynthesis of nucleic acidnucleic acid.
 It is essential for the normal activitiesnormal activities of
nervous systemnervous system.
 FormationFormation of lipidslipids from carbohydrates is
influenced by vit B12.
continue

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 It helps in the growthgrowth of micro-organism called
lactobacillus lactuslactobacillus lactus.
 It can curecure hyperglycemiahyperglycemia.
 It also help in transmethylationtransmethylation.
 It involves in purine & pyrimidine metablism.metablism.

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Deficiency of vit B12 (hypovitaminosis)Deficiency of vit B12 (hypovitaminosis)
 B12 is absentabsent in vegetablesvegetables so vegetarian may
develop its deficiency. Vegetarian lactatinglactating
womenwomen may produce deficiency in infants.
 The diseases of vit B12 deficiency are
megaloblastic anemiamegaloblastic anemia & pernecious anemiapernecious anemia.
Megaloblastic anemia is associated with the
mild enlargement of redenlargement of red cell in the bone
marrow. Nuclear chromatinchromatin also changes its
appearance.

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 The pernecious anemiapernecious anemia is accompanied by
complete lack of HCllack of HCl & atrophicatrophic gastritis.
 Other signs of hypovitaminosis are;
 HyperglycemiaHyperglycemia may also occur due to vit B12
deficiency.
 There is slow growthslow growth.
 Weakness of musclesWeakness of muscles.
 Some drugsSome drugs interfere with absorption of B12
e.g., cholchicine, neomycine, ethanol & KClcholchicine, neomycine, ethanol & KCl.

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 Recommeded books
 M.Rafiq I, Lippicott’s, Mushtaq Ahmed II, S.P.Sing
 Cheilosis = fissuring at the corners of the mouth),
 Glossitis = the tongue appearing smooth and purplish
 Chromatin: substance forming chromosomes: the substance that forms
chromosomes and contains DNA, RNA, and various proteins
 Atrophic gastritis: stomach inflammation: inflammation of the stomach
caused by the inability to secrete sufficient acid to kill bacteria.
 Formula of B complex – Surbex Z