Vitamin b1
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Chemistry of vitamin B1, Biochemical functions of vitamin B1, Recommended dietary Allowance of Thiamine, Dietary sources of Thiamine ,Deficiency symptoms of Thiamine
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Vitamin b1
Vitamin B1 introduction, chemistry, Biochemical role, Dietary sources, Recommended dietary Allowance, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B1, Hypervitaminosis, Toxicity of Vitamin B1
Vitamin b6
Water soluble vitamin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) introduction, Chemistry of vitamin B6, Biochemical role of vitamin B6, active form of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal phosphate) synthesis and their role, Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B6, Dietary sources of vitamin B 6, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B6.
Nicotinamide (vitamin b3 )
Nicotinamide, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is an amide form of nicotinic acid that functions as the active group in two important coenzymes, NAD and NADP, involved in cellular metabolism. Sources include liver, meats, yeast, nuts, and cereals. Deficiency can cause pellagra with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea in humans, and poor growth, enteritis, and feather abnormalities in pigs and fowl. Assessment of status involves urinary excretion of metabolites, while high doses can cause flushing, rashes, and potential liver damage.
Cobalamine (B12)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. It plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, neurological function, and energy production. A deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders due to its roles in methylation reactions and DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. Absorption requires intrinsic factor produced by stomach parietal cells. Storage occurs mainly in the liver bound to transport proteins.
Pyridoxal (Vitamin b6)
this presentation is about Vitamin B6 which include structure , biochemical function , biochemical reaction, effect of deficiency of vitamin B6, Toxicity and function of Vitamin B6.
VITAMIN B1 THIAMINE MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy production and nerve function. It is involved in carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine deficiency can lead to diseases like beriberi, which has wet, dry, and infantile forms causing symptoms like edema, nerve damage, and heart problems. Other deficiency symptoms include weakness, confusion, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Good dietary sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, pork, and nuts.
Recommended
Vitamin b1
Vitamin B1 introduction, chemistry, Biochemical role, Dietary sources, Recommended dietary Allowance, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B1, Hypervitaminosis, Toxicity of Vitamin B1
Vitamin b6
Water soluble vitamin pyridoxine (vitamin B6) introduction, Chemistry of vitamin B6, Biochemical role of vitamin B6, active form of vitamin B 6 (pyridoxal phosphate) synthesis and their role, Recommended dietary allowance of vitamin B6, Dietary sources of vitamin B 6, Deficiency symptoms of Vitamin B6.
Nicotinamide (vitamin b3 )
Nicotinamide, also known as niacin or vitamin B3, is an amide form of nicotinic acid that functions as the active group in two important coenzymes, NAD and NADP, involved in cellular metabolism. Sources include liver, meats, yeast, nuts, and cereals. Deficiency can cause pellagra with dermatitis, dementia, and diarrhea in humans, and poor growth, enteritis, and feather abnormalities in pigs and fowl. Assessment of status involves urinary excretion of metabolites, while high doses can cause flushing, rashes, and potential liver damage.
Cobalamine (B12)
Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an essential water-soluble vitamin that contains cobalt. It plays critical roles in DNA synthesis, neurological function, and energy production. A deficiency can result in megaloblastic anemia and neurological disorders due to its roles in methylation reactions and DNA synthesis. Rich dietary sources include meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. Absorption requires intrinsic factor produced by stomach parietal cells. Storage occurs mainly in the liver bound to transport proteins.
Pyridoxal (Vitamin b6)
this presentation is about Vitamin B6 which include structure , biochemical function , biochemical reaction, effect of deficiency of vitamin B6, Toxicity and function of Vitamin B6.
VITAMIN B1 THIAMINE MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is an essential nutrient that plays a key role in carbohydrate metabolism. It consists of a pyrimidine ring connected to a thiazole ring. Thiamine acts as a cofactor for several enzymes involved in the breakdown of carbohydrates and the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of thiamine can cause diseases like beriberi, which presents as either "wet" beriberi with edema or "dry" beriberi with neurological symptoms. Treatment involves high doses of thiamine supplementation.
Pantothenic acid(B5)
Pantothenic acid, also known as vitamin B5, is essential for the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA) which plays a key role in numerous metabolic pathways. It is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues where it is phosphorylated and linked to cysteine to form 4'-phosphopantetheine, which is then converted to dephospho-CoA and CoA. CoA is involved in the synthesis of fatty acids, cholesterol, amino acids, and ketone bodies as well as the oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids through acetyl-CoA in the citric acid cycle. Deficiency of pantothenic acid is rare but can cause burning feet syndrome in experimental
Thiamine
Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, is a water-soluble vitamin that plays an important role in energy production and nerve function. It is involved in carbohydrate, fat, and amino acid metabolism as the coenzyme thiamine pyrophosphate. Thiamine deficiency can lead to diseases like beriberi, which has wet, dry, and infantile forms causing symptoms like edema, nerve damage, and heart problems. Other deficiency symptoms include weakness, confusion, and Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. Good dietary sources of thiamine include whole grains, legumes, pork, and nuts.
VITAMINB2[RIBOFLAVIN] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY,BY P.RAVISANKAR [SOURCES OF VITAMI...
VITAMINB2[RIBOFLAVIN] MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY,BY P.RAVISANKAR [SOURCES OF VITAMIN B2,CHEMISTRY OF VITAMIN B2,PHYSIOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE,SYNTHESIS OF RIBOFLAVIN,REACTIONS, VITAMIN B2 DEFICIENCY SYMPTOMS,FUNCTIONS,USES OF RIBOFLAVIN.
BY P.RAVISANKAR,VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
Vitamin b2
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Vitamin B 3 and Nicotinic acid
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms - nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. It is the precursor to the important coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+, which participate in many oxidation-reduction reactions during carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. As a result, niacin plays a key role in generating energy through the electron transport chain.
Vitamin B3 Niacin
VITAMIN B3
GUL MUNEER
Niacin
Niacinamide 0R Nicotinamide
Vitamin P OR PP (pellagra preventive)
Pellagra preventive factor
Anti black tongue factor
Nicotinic acid
Vitamin G (after Goldberger’s death, vitamin B3 was some times called in his honor)
Structure of Vitamin B3
Function of Vitamin B3
DISCOVERY of Vitamin B3
PROPERTIES of Vitamin B3
Nicotinic Acid (Plant form)
CHEMISTRY of Vitamin B3
Sources of Vitamin B3
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of Vitamin B3
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS of Vitamin B3
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Niacin
Metabolism of B-3
Deficiency of B3
NIACIN (B3)
Niacin, or vitamin B3, is an essential vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin deficiency causes the disease pellagra, with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Treatment of pellagra involves niacin supplementation. Therapeutically, niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia by lowering LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and raising HDL levels.
Vitamin A chemistry, functions and deficiency
1) Vitamin A plays an essential role in vision, immune function, cell growth and differentiation. It exists in two forms - retinoids found in animal foods and carotenoids which are plant-derived provitamin A compounds.
2) Dietary vitamin A is absorbed in the intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. It is then circulated bound to retinol-binding protein.
3) Deficiency can result from inadequate intake or malabsorption and causes xerophthalmia, night blindness, susceptibility to infection and increased mortality in children.
Vitamin b2
Introduction about Vitamin B2, Chemistry of Riboflavin, Biochemical Functions of Riboflavin, Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin B2, Dietary Sources of Riboflavin, Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B2, Synthesis of FMN, FAD from Riboflavin pathway, Coenzymes of Riboflavin.
Vitamin B6, PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, exists in three vitamer forms - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. The active form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), is synthesized from these vitamers and acts as a coenzyme in many important biochemical reactions in the body. These reactions include amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin and histamine, and the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. Good dietary sources of vitamin B6 include meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, and fortified cereals. The recommended daily intake is 1.5-2 mg per day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. A deficiency can impair vision and cause dry eyes and corneal ulceration or blindness in severe cases. The recommended daily intake is 400-1000 μg depending on age, sex and life stage.
RIBOFLAVIN (B2)
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a yellow pigment that contains a 6,7-dimethylisoalloxazine ring. It functions as an important cofactor in redox reactions as FMN and FAD. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver, where it is converted to its coenzyme forms. Deficiency can cause cheilosis, glossitis and corneal vascularization. Rich dietary sources include milk, meat, eggs and liver.
VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
Vitamin b9 / Folic acid
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is an important water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in many foods. It plays several key roles in the body, including the production of red blood cells and preventing neural tube defects in developing embryos. A lack of folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and birth defects like spina bifida. Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, liver, eggs, pulses, and some fruits. The recommended daily intake varies from person to person depending on age and life stage.
Vit a
Vitamins are organic molecules needed in small amounts that the human body cannot synthesize. Vitamins include fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. Deficiencies can cause diseases like night blindness or scurvy, while too much can also be toxic. Vitamins are absorbed and transported differently depending on whether they are fat or water soluble. They have many important functions and recommended daily intakes help prevent deficiencies.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, forms part of coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. Pantothenic acid is used to synthesize coenzyme A, which transports carbon atoms within cells to form acetyl-CoA and related compounds for energy metabolism and biosynthesis of important compounds like fatty acids and cholesterol. Coenzyme A is also required for the formation of acetyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid synthesis.
Vitamin A
This presentation contains brief introduction and classification of vitamins and mainly focus on vitamin A.
vitamin B3 niacin
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin or nicotinic acid, was first isolated in 1911 and plays important roles in the body. It was discovered to prevent the disease pellagra. Niacin is found in many foods like barley, potatoes, and cashews. A deficiency can cause symptoms like a coated tongue, mouth sores, and skin lesions. Severe deficiencies can lead to neurological and mental health issues. Niacin helps metabolize proteins and carbohydrates, supports circulation and the nervous system, and maintains healthy skin and digestion. It has therapeutic uses for conditions like high cholesterol, migraines, and heart disease.
Vitamin K .
Vitamin K exists in three forms - vitamin K1, K2, and K3. It functions as a coenzyme in the liver to enable the carboxylation of blood clotting factors and proteins involved in bone mineralization. A daily recommended intake of 70-140 μg is needed to support blood coagulation and bone health, with deficiency leading to increased bleeding risks.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document summarizes fat-soluble vitamins, focusing on vitamin A. It discusses that vitamin A exists in retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid forms. Retinol is stored in the liver and transported via retinol binding protein. Retinoic acid regulates gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors. Vitamin A is important for vision, epithelial tissue integrity, growth, reproduction, and acting as an antioxidant. Good sources are animal foods like liver, while plant foods like carrots contain provitamin A carotenoids.
Thiamine and beriberi
A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B. Pharm & Biotechnology students to facilitate self-study.
Thiamine (vitamin B1) and biochemical aspects of beriberi
A comprehensive presentation on Thiamine and biochemical aspects of Beriberi for MBBS, BDS, B Pham and Biotechnology students to facilitate easy leaning.
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BY P.RAVISANKAR,VIGNAN PHARMACY COLLEGE, VADLAMUDI, GUNTUR, ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA.
Vitamin E
This document provides information on vitamin E, including its structure, functions, recommended dietary allowance, absorption, and deficiency manifestations. It notes that vitamin E was first isolated in 1936 and named tocopherol. The most biologically active form is alpha-tocopherol. It acts as an antioxidant, protects cell membranes, and works with selenium. The recommended daily intake is 15 mg or 33 IU. Vitamin E deficiency can cause hemolytic anemia and retrolental fibroplasia in premature babies.
Vitamin b2
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a water-soluble vitamin that is part of the B vitamin group. It plays an important role in metabolism as the central component of the cofactors FAD and FMN, which are required for many enzyme reactions. Sources of riboflavin include liver, dairy products, eggs, meat, and leafy greens. Deficiency can cause lesions on the skin, eyes, and mouth as well as eye irritation and sensitivity to light. Daily requirements vary from 0.4 to 2.2 mg depending on age, sex, and pregnancy/lactation status.
Vitamin B 3 and Nicotinic acid
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin, is a water-soluble vitamin that exists in two forms - nicotinamide and nicotinic acid. It is the precursor to the important coenzymes NAD+ and NADP+, which participate in many oxidation-reduction reactions during carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. As a result, niacin plays a key role in generating energy through the electron transport chain.
Vitamin B3 Niacin
VITAMIN B3
GUL MUNEER
Niacin
Niacinamide 0R Nicotinamide
Vitamin P OR PP (pellagra preventive)
Pellagra preventive factor
Anti black tongue factor
Nicotinic acid
Vitamin G (after Goldberger’s death, vitamin B3 was some times called in his honor)
Structure of Vitamin B3
Function of Vitamin B3
DISCOVERY of Vitamin B3
PROPERTIES of Vitamin B3
Nicotinic Acid (Plant form)
CHEMISTRY of Vitamin B3
Sources of Vitamin B3
RECOMMENDED DAILY ALLOWANCE (RDA) of Vitamin B3
BIOCHEMICAL FUNCTIONS of Vitamin B3
Digestion and Absorption of Dietary Niacin
Metabolism of B-3
Deficiency of B3
NIACIN (B3)
Niacin, or vitamin B3, is an essential vitamin that acts as a coenzyme in many metabolic reactions related to energy production. It is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan. Niacin deficiency causes the disease pellagra, with symptoms of dermatitis, diarrhea, and dementia. Treatment of pellagra involves niacin supplementation. Therapeutically, niacin is used to treat hypercholesterolemia and hypertriglyceridemia by lowering LDL and VLDL cholesterol levels and raising HDL levels.
Vitamin A chemistry, functions and deficiency
1) Vitamin A plays an essential role in vision, immune function, cell growth and differentiation. It exists in two forms - retinoids found in animal foods and carotenoids which are plant-derived provitamin A compounds.
2) Dietary vitamin A is absorbed in the intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. It is then circulated bound to retinol-binding protein.
3) Deficiency can result from inadequate intake or malabsorption and causes xerophthalmia, night blindness, susceptibility to infection and increased mortality in children.
Vitamin b2
Introduction about Vitamin B2, Chemistry of Riboflavin, Biochemical Functions of Riboflavin, Recommended Dietary Allowance of Vitamin B2, Dietary Sources of Riboflavin, Deficiency Symptoms of Vitamin B2, Synthesis of FMN, FAD from Riboflavin pathway, Coenzymes of Riboflavin.
Vitamin B6, PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6, also known as pyridoxine, exists in three vitamer forms - pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. The active form, pyridoxal phosphate (PLP), is synthesized from these vitamers and acts as a coenzyme in many important biochemical reactions in the body. These reactions include amino acid metabolism, synthesis of neurotransmitters like serotonin and histamine, and the conversion of homocysteine to cysteine. Good dietary sources of vitamin B6 include meat, fish, vegetables, nuts, and fortified cereals. The recommended daily intake is 1.5-2 mg per day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and
VITAMIN A
Vitamin A is a fat-soluble vitamin that exists in multiple forms including retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid. It plays an essential role in vision, cell growth and differentiation. Vitamin A is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to the liver where it is stored. A deficiency can impair vision and cause dry eyes and corneal ulceration or blindness in severe cases. The recommended daily intake is 400-1000 μg depending on age, sex and life stage.
RIBOFLAVIN (B2)
Riboflavin, also known as vitamin B2, is a yellow pigment that contains a 6,7-dimethylisoalloxazine ring. It functions as an important cofactor in redox reactions as FMN and FAD. Riboflavin is absorbed in the small intestine and transported to tissues like the liver, where it is converted to its coenzyme forms. Deficiency can cause cheilosis, glossitis and corneal vascularization. Rich dietary sources include milk, meat, eggs and liver.
VITAMIN B6 PYRIDOXINE
Vitamin B6 is a collective term for pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine. It functions as a coenzyme in many biochemical reactions involved in amino acid metabolism. Deficiency can cause neurological symptoms like depression, confusion, and seizures as well as anemia. Toxicity from high doses over 200mg/day can cause nerve damage.
Vitamin b9 / Folic acid
Folic acid, also known as vitamin B9, is an important water-soluble B vitamin found naturally in many foods. It plays several key roles in the body, including the production of red blood cells and preventing neural tube defects in developing embryos. A lack of folic acid can lead to megaloblastic anemia and increase the risk of cardiovascular disease and birth defects like spina bifida. Good dietary sources include leafy green vegetables, liver, eggs, pulses, and some fruits. The recommended daily intake varies from person to person depending on age and life stage.
Vit a
Vitamins are organic molecules needed in small amounts that the human body cannot synthesize. Vitamins include fat soluble vitamins A, D, E, K and water soluble B vitamins and vitamin C. Deficiencies can cause diseases like night blindness or scurvy, while too much can also be toxic. Vitamins are absorbed and transported differently depending on whether they are fat or water soluble. They have many important functions and recommended daily intakes help prevent deficiencies.
BIOTIN (B7)
Biotin is a water-soluble B vitamin and coenzyme that is essential for carboxylation reactions in metabolism. It is required by the enzymes pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl-CoA carboxylase, propionyl-CoA carboxylase, and β-methylcrotonyl-CoA carboxylase, which are involved in glucose metabolism, fatty acid synthesis, and amino acid catabolism. Biotin deficiency is rare in humans due to its presence in many foods and synthesis by gut bacteria, but can cause dermatitis, weakness, and nausea. Avidin in raw egg whites binds strongly to biotin and prevents its absorption.
Vitamin B5 pantothenic acid MUHAMMAD MUSTANSAR
Vitamin B5, also known as pantothenic acid, forms part of coenzyme A which plays an important role in energy metabolism. It is essential for the formation of ATP from the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and alcohol. Pantothenic acid is used to synthesize coenzyme A, which transports carbon atoms within cells to form acetyl-CoA and related compounds for energy metabolism and biosynthesis of important compounds like fatty acids and cholesterol. Coenzyme A is also required for the formation of acetyl carrier protein needed for fatty acid synthesis.
Vitamin A
This presentation contains brief introduction and classification of vitamins and mainly focus on vitamin A.
vitamin B3 niacin
Vitamin B3, also known as niacin or nicotinic acid, was first isolated in 1911 and plays important roles in the body. It was discovered to prevent the disease pellagra. Niacin is found in many foods like barley, potatoes, and cashews. A deficiency can cause symptoms like a coated tongue, mouth sores, and skin lesions. Severe deficiencies can lead to neurological and mental health issues. Niacin helps metabolize proteins and carbohydrates, supports circulation and the nervous system, and maintains healthy skin and digestion. It has therapeutic uses for conditions like high cholesterol, migraines, and heart disease.
Vitamin K .
Vitamin K exists in three forms - vitamin K1, K2, and K3. It functions as a coenzyme in the liver to enable the carboxylation of blood clotting factors and proteins involved in bone mineralization. A daily recommended intake of 70-140 μg is needed to support blood coagulation and bone health, with deficiency leading to increased bleeding risks.
Fat soluble vitamins
This document summarizes fat-soluble vitamins, focusing on vitamin A. It discusses that vitamin A exists in retinol, retinal, and retinoic acid forms. Retinol is stored in the liver and transported via retinol binding protein. Retinoic acid regulates gene expression by binding to nuclear receptors. Vitamin A is important for vision, epithelial tissue integrity, growth, reproduction, and acting as an antioxidant. Good sources are animal foods like liver, while plant foods like carrots contain provitamin A carotenoids.
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LIBYAN INTERNATIONAL
MEDICAL UNIVERSITY
students : Mohammed Elgheriyani , Mohammed Moaiter
Mohamme Amsadef , Mohammed Alsanousi ,
Ali Hassen
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Vitamin B1
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Vitamins (Medicinal Chemistry) MANIK
Vitamins: clinical aspects of vitamins, and effects of free radicals, synthesis of vitamins:
vit-c, nicotinamide, and mechanism of action of vitamins.
Significance and sources of thiamin
Thiamin (vitamin B1) is essential for carbohydrate metabolism and neural function. Severe deficiency causes beriberi while milder deficiency causes non-specific symptoms like malaise. Thiamin deficiency has been common in people relying mainly on polished rice. The removal of rice bran during polishing removes thiamin. The richest sources of thiamin are brewer's yeast, pork liver, and whole grains. However, thiamin is unstable when heated or exposed to oxidizing and alkaline conditions.
Vitamin e
This document discusses vitamin E, including its dietary sources, biochemical functions, absorption and transport, recommended daily allowance, deficiency symptoms, and toxicity. Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and antioxidant that prevents lipid peroxidation and protects cell membranes. Key dietary sources include nuts, seeds, and green leafy vegetables. The RDA for vitamin E is 15 mg/day for adults. Deficiency can cause neurological and muscle problems, while toxicity is rare and requires extremely high doses over 1000 mg/day.
Vitamins- steps to healthier you
This document provides information about various vitamins. It discusses 13 vitamins - thiamine (B1), riboflavin (B2), niacin (B3), pantothenic acid (B5), pyridoxine (B6), biotin (B7), folic acid (B9), cyanocobalamin (B12), ascorbic acid (C), retinol (A), ergocalciferol (D), tocopherol (E), and phylloquinone (K). For each vitamin, it mentions the chemical name, sources, functions, deficiency symptoms, absorption and any relevant chemistry. The document provides details on the roles of these vitamins
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Thiamine (vitamin B1) and biochemical aspects of beriberi
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Estimation of proline
This document describes a method for estimating proline content in plants. Proline acts as an osmolyte and protects cell structures under abiotic stress. It is extracted from plant tissues using sulphosalicylic acid and reacts with acid ninhydrin to form a red chromophore, whose absorbance at 520nm is used to determine proline concentration based on a standard curve. The method involves tissue extraction, reaction with reagents, measurement of absorbance, and calculation of proline content from the standard curve.
Biochemistry of fruit ripening
Ripening definition, Biochemistry of fruit ripening, Cell wall degradation, Modifications of cell wall components, starch into simple sugars, degradation of chlorophyll content
Analysis of fibre
Fibre introduction, extraction, estimation , principle, materials required, procedure, observation and calculation, result , references, note, formulas for calculating crude fibre.
Estimation of amylose
Amylose introduction , Extration estimation, by titration method, principle, materials required, procedure, observation and calculation, result, important notes. formulas, references, videolinks
Estimation of reducing and nonreducing sugars
Reducing suar, non reducing sugar introduction, examples, extraction from plant sample, estimation of reducing sugar, estimation of total sugar, detected value applied in formulas, result.
Estimation of starch by anthrone method
Starch introduction, Extraction of starch from plant sample, Estimation, principle, materials required, reagents preparation, procedure, anthrone reagent, observation and calculation, result
Estimation of total carbohydrate
Total carbohydrate - Introduction, Extraction from plant sample, Estimation, principle, materials required, procedure, observation and calculation
Estimation of total sugars
Estimation of total sugars, Extration, Total sugar introduction, estimation, principle, materials required, procedure, calculation , result , observation , colorimetry, calibration curve, important note, videolinks.
Chemical interactions of food components emulsion, gelation, browning.
This document discusses various chemical interactions that occur between components in food, including emulsions, gelation, and browning. It describes how emulsifiers stabilize emulsions found in foods like mayonnaise and margarine. Gelation forms soft solids through water entrapment and network formation using proteins and polysaccharides. Browning reactions like Maillard and caramelization impact flavor and color during cooking through complex chemical processes. Understanding these interactions is important for improving food quality, nutrition, and stability.
Photorespiration c2 cycle
Photorespiration - Introduction, why is it occur in plants, pathway of photorespiration, Enzymes names, pathway step by step explanation, Benefits of photorespiration, additional information related to photorespiration, Rubisco enzyme, Oxygenase enzyme, Oxygen concentration higher leads to photorespiration, problem to carry out calvin cycle.
Estimation of reducing and non reducing sugar
Reducing sugar definition and example, non-reducing sugar definition and example, Estimation of reducing sugar by DNSA method, Estimation of total sugars by anthrone metod, Estimation of non-reducing sugar from amount of total sugars and reducing sugar, formula for estimation of non-reduci
Estimation of starch by anthrone method
This document describes the anthrone method for estimating starch content in samples. Starch is hydrolyzed to glucose using acids and the glucose is reacted with anthrone reagent to produce a colored product. The absorbance is measured and starch content is estimated by comparing to a standard glucose curve. Key steps include extracting starch from samples using ethanol and perchloric acid, hydrolyzing the starch to glucose, reacting the glucose with anthrone reagent and measuring absorbance at 630nm. Starch content is calculated from the glucose content using a conversion factor of 0.9.
Definitions and types of coenzymes
Coenzyme - Introduction, Definition, Examples for coenzyme, reaction catalysed by coenzyme, Types of coenzymes - cosubstrate and prosthetic group coenzymes, second type of classification of coenzyme- hydrogen group transfer , other than hydrogen group transfer.
Enzymes definitions, types & classification
Enzyme - Introduction, Biocatalysts, Definition of enzymes, Types of enzymes, classification of enzyme, Nomenclature of enzymes, EC number, Types of enzymes with examples, and reaction.
Enzyme inhibition
Enzyme introduction, Enzyme inhibition, Irreversible inhibition, reversible inhibition, competitive inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition, uncompetitive inhibition, examples for different types of inhibition, uses of enzyme inhibition in medicinal purpose, allosteric enzymes, allosteric activation, allosteric inhibition, pictorial explanation, graphical explanation.
Enzymes properties, nomenclature and classification
Enzymes - Definition, Introduction about biocatalysts, Properties of enzymes, Specificity, capacity for regulation, Example for enzyme at specific pH, Nomenclature of enzymes, Systematic name, common name, enzyme commission number, Classification of enzymes: Oxidoreductase, Transferase, lyases, ligases, isomerases, hydrolases.
Occurrence and classification and function of alkaloids
Alkaloids introduction, Alkaloids classification, Alkaloids function, pharmaceutical applications of alkaloids, Examples of alkaloids, Some review questions related to alkaloids.
Glycoproteins and lectin ( Conjugated Carbohydrate)
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Physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates
The document discusses the physical and chemical properties of carbohydrates. It describes how monosaccharides exhibit optical isomerism due to asymmetric carbon atoms, and can be dextrorotatory or levorotatory. It also discusses mutarotation, where the optical rotation of monosaccharides changes over time when in solution. Additionally, it covers chemical properties such as reducing ability, reaction with acids and bases, and different types of oxidation reactions carbohydrates undergo.
Polysaccharide
Polysaccharide introduction, example, structure, starch, cellulose, chitin those structure and important functions and their presence in plants and animals, polysaccharide types based on functions and their composition , functions of polysaccharides , important images for relevant polysaccharides types, polysaccharide role in plants and animal cells. Starch - structure and functions, cellulose structure and functions, chitin - structure and functions
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Graininfestation
Directdamage
Indirectly
•theexuviae,skin,deadinsects
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About600speciesofinsectshavebeenassociatedwithstoredgrainproducts
100speciesofinsectpestsofstoredproductscauseeconomiclosses
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Thematic analysis in qualitative research is a time-consuming and systematic task, typically done using teams. Team members must ground their activities on common understandings of the major concepts underlying the thematic analysis, and define criteria for its development. However, conceptual misunderstandings, equivocations, and lack of adherence to criteria are challenges to the quality and speed of this process. Given the distributed and uncertain nature of this process, we wondered if the tasks in thematic analysis could be supported by readily available artificial intelligence chatbots. Our early efforts point to potential benefits: not just saving time in the coding process but better adherence to criteria and grounding, by increasing triangulation between humans and artificial intelligence. This tutorial will provide a description and demonstration of the process we followed, as two academic researchers, to develop a custom ChatGPT to assist with qualitative coding in the thematic data analysis process of immersive learning accounts in a survey of the academic literature: QUAL-E Immersive Learning Thematic Analysis Helper. In the hands-on time, participants will try out QUAL-E and develop their ideas for their own qualitative coding ChatGPT. Participants that have the paid ChatGPT Plus subscription can create a draft of their assistants. The organizers will provide course materials and slide deck that participants will be able to utilize to continue development of their custom GPT. The paid subscription to ChatGPT Plus is not required to participate in this workshop, just for trying out personal GPTs during it.
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We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
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Hello Everyone Here We are Sharing You with The process of protien Synthesis in very short points you will be Able to understand It Very well
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Anti-Universe And Emergent Gravity and the Dark Universe
Recent theoretical progress indicates that spacetime and gravity emerge together from the entanglement structure of an underlying microscopic theory. These ideas are best understood in Anti-de Sitter space, where they rely on the area law for entanglement entropy. The extension to de Sitter space requires taking into account the entropy and temperature associated with the cosmological horizon. Using insights from string theory, black hole physics and quantum information theory we argue that the positive dark energy leads to a thermal volume law contribution to the entropy that overtakes the area law precisely at the cosmological horizon. Due to the competition between area and volume law entanglement the microscopic de Sitter states do not thermalise at sub-Hubble scales: they exhibit memory effects in the form of an entropy displacement caused by matter. The emergent laws of gravity contain an additional ‘dark’ gravitational force describing the ‘elastic’ response due to the entropy displacement. We derive an estimate of the strength of this extra force in terms of the baryonic mass, Newton’s constant and the Hubble acceleration scale a0 = cH0, and provide evidence for the fact that this additional ‘dark gravity force’ explains the observed phenomena in galaxies and clusters currently attributed to dark matter.
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart Agriculture
Alternate Wetting and Drying - Climate Smart AgricultureInternational Food Policy Research Institute- South Asia Office
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By harnessing the power of High Flux Vacuum Membrane Distillation, Travis Hills from MN envisions a future where clean and safe drinking water is accessible to all, regardless of geographical location or economic status.
Compexometric titration/Chelatorphy titration/chelating titration
Classification
Metal ion ion indicators
Masking and demasking reagents
Estimation of Magnisium sulphate
Calcium gluconate
Complexometric Titration/ chelatometry titration/chelating titration, introduction, Types-
1.Direct Titration
2.Back Titration
3.Replacement Titration
4.Indirect Titration
Masking agent, Demasking agents
formation of complex
comparition between masking and demasking agents,
Indicators/Metal ion indicators/ Metallochromic indicators/pM indicators,
Visual Technique,PM indicators (metallochromic), Indicators of pH, Redox Indicators
Instrumental Techniques-Photometry
Potentiometry
Miscellaneous methods.
Complex titration with EDTA.
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
The pathway(s) to seeding the massive black holes (MBHs) that exist at the heart of galaxies in the present and distant Universe remains an unsolved problem. Here we categorise, describe and quantitatively discuss the formation pathways of both light and heavy seeds. We emphasise that the most recent computational models suggest that rather than a bimodal-like mass spectrum between light and heavy seeds with light at one end and heavy at the other that instead a continuum exists. Light seeds being more ubiquitous and the heavier seeds becoming less and less abundant due the rarer environmental conditions required for their formation. We therefore examine the different mechanisms that give rise to different seed mass spectrums. We show how and why the mechanisms that produce the heaviest seeds are also among the rarest events in the Universe and are hence extremely unlikely to be the seeds for the vast majority of the MBH population. We quantify, within the limits of the current large uncertainties in the seeding processes, the expected number densities of the seed mass spectrum. We argue that light seeds must be at least 103 to 105 times more numerous than heavy seeds to explain the MBH population as a whole. Based on our current understanding of the seed population this makes heavy seeds (Mseed > 103 M⊙) a significantly more likely pathway given that heavy seeds have an abundance pattern than is close to and likely in excess of 10−4 compared to light seeds. Finally, we examine the current state-of-the-art in numerical calculations and recent observations and plot a path forward for near-future advances in both domains.
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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GBSN - Biochemistry (Unit 6) Chemistry of Proteins
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Vitamin b1
- 1. Chemistry and Biochemical role, RDA and Deficiency diseases of Vitamin B1 Jasmine Juliet .R Biotechnology Department Agricultural college and Research & Institute Madurai.
- 2. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) - Introduction Thiamine (anti-beri beri or antinuritic vitamin) is water soluble. It has a specific coenzyme, Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or cocarboxylase) which is mostly associated with carbohydrate metabolism.
- 4. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) - Chemistry Thiamine is soluble in water and easily destroyed by heat or oxidation especially in the presence of baking soda. The term Thiamine indicates that it is a sulphur- and nitrogen- containing substance. Thiamine contains a pyrimidine ring and a thiazole ring held by a methylene bridge.
- 5. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) - Chemistry Thiamine is the only natural compound with thiazole ring. The alcohol (OH) group of thiamine is esterified with phosphate (2 moles) to form the coenzyme, Thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP or cocarboxylase). The pyrophsphate moiety is donated by ATP and the reaction is catalysed by the enzyme thiamine pyrophosphate transferase.
- 8. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) - Biochemical functions (I) The coenzyme, Thiamine pyrophosphate or cocarboxylase is intimately connected with the energy releasing reactions in the carbohydrate metabolism. (II) The enzyme Pyruvate dehydrogenase catalyses ( Oxidative decarboxylation) the irreversible conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA. This reaction is dependent on TPP, besides the other coenzymes.
- 9. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Biochemical functions (III) α - Ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is an enzyme of the citric acid cycle. This enzyme is comparable with pyruvate dehydrogenase and requires TPP. (IV) Transketolase of the hexose monophosphate shunt is dependent on TPP.
- 10. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Biochemical Functions (V) The branched chain α - Keto acid dehydrogenase (decarboxylase) catalyses the oxidative decarboxylation of branched chain aminoacids (Valine, Leucine, and isoleucine) to the respective keto acids. This enzyme also requires TPP.
- 11. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Biochemical Functions (VI) TPP plays an important role in the transmission of nerve impulse. It is believed that TPP is required for acetylcholine sythesis and the ion translocation of neural tissue.
- 12. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Biochemical Functions (VII) Thiamine plays a role in the conversion of the aminoacid tyrptophan to Niacin. (VIII) Thiamine has several indirect functions in the body because of its role in energy metabolism like: Maintenance of appetite. Maintenance of muscle tone Maintenance of healthy mental attitude.
- 16. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) - Recommended dieary allowance (RDA) The daily requirement of thiamine depends on the intake of carbohydrate. A dietary supply of 1-1.5mg/day is recommended for adults (about 0.5mg/1000cals of energy).
- 18. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Dietary Sources Cereals, pulses, oil seeds, nuts and yeast are good sources. Polishing of rice removes about 80% of Thiamine. Vitamin B1 is also present in animal foods like pork, liver, heart, kidney, milk, etc.
- 21. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Deficiency Symptoms The deficiency of vitamin B1 results in a condition called Beri-Beri. Beri-Beri is mostly seen in populations consuming exclusively polished rice as staple food.
- 22. Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Deficiency Symptoms The early symptoms of Thiamine deficiency are: Loss of appetite (anorexia), Weakness, Constipation, Nausea, Mental depression, Peripheral neuropathy, Irritability, etc. Numbness in the legs complaints of ‘pins and needles sensations’ are reported.