synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
synovial joint, definition of synovial joint, diarthrodial joints, components of synovial joint, types of synovial joints, hinge joint with examples, pivot joint with examples, condyloid joint with examples, saddle joint with examples, ball and socket joint with examples, gliding joint with examples, features of synovial joint, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, components of synovial membrane, meniscus, true and accessory ligament of synovial joint, bursae, blood supply of synovial joint, innervation of synovial joint
The cranial cavity contains the brain and its meninges, cranial nerves, arteries, veins, and venous sinuses
The bones that take part in formation of cranial cavity are frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital and ethmoid
1-Vault of the Skull
2-Base of the Skull
a brief ppt description about cartilage which may be usefull for teaching for first year mbbs, bds and paramedical students, hope it is helpfull to everyone
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
classification of joints. example of different types of joints. different types of joints on the basis of axis of movements. clinical aspects of joints. different between arthritis.
young bone , blood supply , types of epiphysis, parts of young bone, traction epiphysis, atavastic epiphysis, aberant epiphysis, pressure epiphysis, diaphysis, metaphysis, part of long bone, internal structure of shaft, periosteum, cortex of bone, medullary cavity, epiphysial artery, metaphysial artery, periosteal artery, nutrient artery, arterial supply of short boneperi
A joint is an articulation between two bones in the body and are broadly classified by the tissue which connects the bones. The three main types of joints are: synovial, cartilaginous and fibrous.
Bryan English - classification of muscle injuries in sportMuscleTech Network
Bryan English
Medical Director Middlesbrough Football Club. Member of Technical Advisory Group in Sports Science. The English Institute of Sport
-
Terminology and classification of muscle injuries in sport: a Munich consensus statement
(6th MuscleTech Network Workshop)
14th October, Barcelona
basic information about human body joints ( arthrology) .
topics cover under this ppt are- definition, classification and clinical anatomy of joints. this may be very helpful for the medical students for understand the basic concepts about joints.
A joint is the site at which any two or more bones articulate or come together, meaning the ends or edges of the bones are held together by connective tissues.
It may allow flexibility and movement of the skeleton.
With the exception of the Hyoid bone, every bone in the body is connected to or form joints.
There are total 230 joints in the body.
Structural Classification of joints:
FIBROUS JOINT/ FIXED JOINT
CARTILAGENOUS JOINTS
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
The functional classification of joints is determined by the amount of mobility found between the adjacent bones.
Joints are thus functionally classified as a
Synarthrosis or immobile joint,
Amphiarthrosis or slightly moveable joint,
Diarthrosis, which is a freely moveable joint
Enzymes in clinical use and importance of enzymes in diagnosismuti ullah
Enzymes in clinical use and importance of enzymes in diagnosis, enzymes which are increased in plasma during certain disease are used to diagnose that particular defect
differences between the crigglar najjar 1 and crigglar najjar 2 syndromes. the name of enzymes deficient and effects of deficiency of that enzymes are discussed in this presentation
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
263778731218 Abortion Clinic /Pills In Harare ,sisternakatoto
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Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/lK81BzxMqdo
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/Ve4P0COk9OI
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Acute scrotum is a general term referring to an emergency condition affecting the contents or the wall of the scrotum.
There are a number of conditions that present acutely, predominantly with pain and/or swelling
A careful and detailed history and examination, and in some cases, investigations allow differentiation between these diagnoses. A prompt diagnosis is essential as the patient may require urgent surgical intervention
Testicular torsion refers to twisting of the spermatic cord, causing ischaemia of the testicle.
Testicular torsion results from inadequate fixation of the testis to the tunica vaginalis producing ischemia from reduced arterial inflow and venous outflow obstruction.
The prevalence of testicular torsion in adult patients hospitalized with acute scrotal pain is approximately 25 to 50 percent
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
micro teaching on communication m.sc nursing.pdfAnurag Sharma
Microteaching is a unique model of practice teaching. It is a viable instrument for the. desired change in the teaching behavior or the behavior potential which, in specified types of real. classroom situations, tends to facilitate the achievement of specified types of objectives.
Prix Galien International 2024 Forum ProgramLevi Shapiro
June 20, 2024, Prix Galien International and Jerusalem Ethics Forum in ROME. Detailed agenda including panels:
- ADVANCES IN CARDIOLOGY: A NEW PARADIGM IS COMING
- WOMEN’S HEALTH: FERTILITY PRESERVATION
- WHAT’S NEW IN THE TREATMENT OF INFECTIOUS,
ONCOLOGICAL AND INFLAMMATORY SKIN DISEASES?
- ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE AND ETHICS
- GENE THERAPY
- BEYOND BORDERS: GLOBAL INITIATIVES FOR DEMOCRATIZING LIFE SCIENCE TECHNOLOGIES AND PROMOTING ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE
- ETHICAL CHALLENGES IN LIFE SCIENCES
- Prix Galien International Awards Ceremony
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
6. • All joints are MESODERMAL in origin.
• The mesodermal element intervening between the
developing bones and cartilages is differentiated into
various structural components of a joint like joint
capsule, synovial membrane, ligaments, etc.
7. The joints show varied degree of freedom of
movements, i.e.
• Immovable
• Slightly moveable
• Freely moveable
according to the functional need of a particular joint.
8. CLASSIFICATION ON THE BASIS OF
STRUCTURE
• A) FIBROUS JOINTS
(Fibrous; Fixed, Immovable; skull)
• B) CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (Cartilaginous;
slightly movable; vertebral)
• C) SYNOVIAL JOINTS
(Movable; limb)
9. A- FIBROUS JOINTS
• In these joints the union is due to dense fibrous
tissue.
• They are usually fixed, immovable and mainly limited
to the skull.
10. Subdivided into three major groups depending upon
the location.
I. SUTURES
II. GOMPHOSIS (Peg and Socket Joint)
III. SYNDESMOSIS
11. I. SUTURES
Features:
These are the joints of skull bones.
• They are immovable and fixed.
• The union is affected by sutural ligament.
12. • In the vault of the skull the veins of sutural
ligaments communicate with Diploic veins and
Intracranial venous sinuses.
• Sutures are the sites of active bone growth.
• They show gradual ossification from within
outwards, which commences at the age of twenty
and finishes in old age.
• The process of obliteration of a suture is called
SYNOSTOSIS.
13. VARIETIES OF SUTURES
There are following varieties of sutures depending
upon :
• The shape of articulating surfaces.
• The mode of fusion of articulating bones.
15. 2. Denticulate suture
Example:
• Lambdoid suture
present between
parietal and occipital
bones.
• The shape of
articulating surfaces is
tooth-like.
• Here the two bones
are more firmly united
as compared with the
serrate sutures.
16. 3. Squamous sutures
Example:
• Temporo-parietal suture
present between temporal
and parietal bones.
• Here the two articulating
bones OVERLAP each other
and are bevelled
reciprocally, i.e., one bone
internally and the other
externally.
17. 4. Limbous suture
• It is a slight modification of squamous suture. Here
the bevelled surfaces may be mutually serrated or
ridged.
Example:
• Modified Temporo-parietal suture.
18. 5. Plane Sutures
Examples:
i) Suture between
horizontal plates of two
palatine bones (Interpalatine
suture).
ii) Palato-maxillary suture.
iii) Zygomatico-palatine
suture.
Here the interlocking surfaces
are slightly rough and irregular.
Pure plane surfaces are seldom
found. They can resist extreme
torsional forces
19. 6. Wedge and groove sutures
(Schindylesis)
Example:
• Vomero-sphenoid suture
— the suture between
vomer bone and rostrum
of sphenoid bone.
• Here a ridged-bone fits
into the groove present
on a neighbouring bone.
20. II. GOMPHOSIS (Peg and Socket
Joint) :
• It is a specialized fibrous joint in
which the teeth fit into their
sockets situated in the maxilla and
mandible (i.e., upper and lower
jaws).
• The ligament which connects the
tooth with the socket or alveolus is
called PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT.
• It provides an independent and
firm suspension for each tooth.
21. III SYNDESMOSIS:
• It is a type of fibrous joint
in which the two bones are
united with each other by
INTEROSSEOUS
LIGAMENTS.
• In this joint a slight degree
of movements could be
observed which is due to
twisting or stretching of an
interosseous ligament.
22. This ligament never shows signs of ossification.
Examples:
i)Inferior tibio-fibular joint.
ii) Old sacro-iliac joint (it is a synovial joint which is
converted into syndesmosis in older age).
iii)Coracoclavicular joint.
iv)Some joints between the vertebrae (i.e., joints
between vertebral arches).
v) Interosseous membranes of fore-arm and leg
which connect:
a. Radius with ulna
b. Tibia with fibula
23.
24. B- CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
• In these joints the bones are united by a cartilage.
• They are usually slightly movable and are found in
those places where stability and strength is required
instead of free movements.
25. • The opposed bony surfaces are firmly bound together
in order to minimize the risk of dislocations, which
may produce serious effects in these places.
• They are mainly limited to the axial skeleton, e.g.,
vertebral column.
26. They are subdivided into two major groups on the
basis of morphology and function:
I.PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
(SYNCHONDROSES)
II. SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS (SYMPHYSES)
27. PRIMARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
(SYNCHONDROSES)
• These are the joints seen mainly in
developing appendicular bones.
• The bony ends and the shaft remain
united with each other by a plate of
HYALINE CARTILAGE. This
cartilaginous plate is known as
EPIPHYSEAL PLATE.
• These joints are temporary because
at the age of 18-20 years the
epiphyseal cartilage is ossified.
• They are completely immovable.
28. Examples:
• Joints between the ends and shaft of growing long
bones.
• Neurocentral joints of vertebrae.
• Spheno-occipital synchondrosis.
• 1st sternocostal joint.
• Petrobasilar synchondrosis.
29. II. SECONDARY CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS
(SYMPHYSES).
•Mainly seen in axial bones.
•Formed by WHITE FIBRO-CARTILAGE
which connects the articular surfaces
covered by hyaline cartilage.
•These joints are permanent.
30. •Slightly movable and mobility
depends upon sufficient amount of
white-fibro cartilage.
•Frequently a cavity is seen which is
not lined by synovial membrane. This
cavity contains tissue fluid.
32. • Manubriostemal joint.
In early life it is
primary but in later life
it becomes secondary
due to conversion of
hyaline cartilage into
white-fibro cartilage.
• Joints between the
bodies of vertebrae.
33.
34. C- SYNOVIAL JOINTS
• Seen in all vertebrates and show modifications
according to functional needs.
• All synovial joints possess a definite joint cavity lined
by synovial membrane and filled with a lubricating-
synovial fluid.
35. CHARACTERISTICS
• The bony articular surface are
covered by articular cartilage
and are not attached to each
other.
• The bony articular surfaces are
connected with each other by
tubular fibrous capsule (articular
capsule).
• The fibrous capsule is lined by
mesothelial membrane called
synovial membrane. This
membrane does not cover the
articular cartilage covering the
articular bony ends.
36. • Between the articular bones a specific joint cavity is
present.
• The joint cavity is filled with synovial fluid secreted by
the synovial membrane.
• The joint capsule is strengthened by the presence of
accessory ligament.
• The joint cavity may be divided partially or completely
by an articular disc composed of white-fibro cartilage.
• Different types of movements are always possible.
37. SYNOVIAL JOINTS CLASSIFICATION
can be classified according
to
A)- DEPENDING UPON THE
SHAPE OF ARTICULATING
SURFACES :
1. Homomorphic : When
the two articulating
surfaces are plane ,the
synovial joint is called
homomorphic, e.g.
i) Plane joint
(Intermetatarsal joints).
ii) Saddle joint
(Carpometacarpal joint of
thumb).
38. 2. Hetromorphic :
When there is varied
appearance of two articulating
surfaces, then the synovial joint
is called hetromorphic, e.g.,
i) Ball & Socket Joint
(shoulder and hip joints).
ii) Condyloid joint
(Temporomandibular joint and
knee joint.
iii) Ellipsoid joint (Radiocarpal
joint).
39. B) DEPENDING UPON COMPLEXITY OF
ORGANIZATION:
1. Simple: When only two bones are participating, the joint is
called simple joint, e.g.,
i) Acromio-clavicular joint. ii) Shoulder joint.
2. Compound: These are formed by participation of more than
two bones, e.g.,
i) Elbow joint ii)Knee joint.
3. Complex: When intra articular discs or menisci are present,
the joint is called complex, e.g.,
i) Knee joint. ii) Temporomandibular join.
40. C) DEPENDING UPON AXIS OF MOVEMENT:
1. Uniaxial: In these joints movements take place on
one axis only, i.e., on transverse or longitudinal axis,
e.g., Elbow joint.
2. Biaxial: In these joints movements take place on
two axes, i.e.,
i) Transverse axis,
ii) Longitudinal axis, e.g., Wrist Joint.
3. Polyaxial : In these joints movements take place on
more than two axis, e.g.,
i) Shoulder joint
ii) Hip joint
41. D) DEPENDING UPON THE TYPES OF MOVEMENTS:
1. Gliding: e.g., plane joint (Intermetatarsal joints).
2. Angular: e.g., Condyloid joint (Temporo-
mandibular joint; knee joint). ,
3. Rotatory: e.g., Pivot joint (Superior radio-ulnar
joint).
4. Circumductory : e.g., Ball and socket joint
(shoulder joint and hip joint).
42. E) ARCHITECTURAL OR STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION:
7 verities have been recognized:
1. Plane joints: These are
formed by the apposition of
fairly flat articular surface,
e.g.,
i) Intermetatarsal joints.
ii) Some intercarpal joints.
43. 2. Hinge joints:
They roughly resemble the
hinges of a door, where the
articulating surface are so
moulded that they restrict
the to-and-fro movements
to one plane, i.e., they are
uni-axial.
The sides of the joint are
typically provided with
strong collateral ligaments,
e.g.
i) Elbow joint
ii) Interphalangeal joints
44. 3. Pivot joints:
• These are uni-axial joints (in
which movements take place
around the longitudinal axis).
• They are composed of pivot
surrounded by an osseo-
ligamentous ring.
• Movement is restricted to a
rotation around a longitudinal
axis passing through the centre
of the pivot, e.g.,
i) Proximal radio ulnar joint.
ii) Atlanto-axial joint.
45. • The pivot may habitually rotate within the ring as in
case of Proximal radioulnar joint in which the head of
the radius rotates within a ring formed by the annular
ligament and radial notch of ulna.
• Conversely the ring may rotate around the pivot as in
the articulation between the dens of the axis and ring
formed by anterior arch of the atlas and its transverse
ligament, i.e., Atlantoaxial joint, the ring rotates
around the pivot, i.e., odontoid process of axis or 2nd
cervical vertebra.
46. 4.Condylar or condyloid Joints
Here two condyles (male
surfaces) are received into two
concave (female surfaces)
cavities. It allows the principal
movement occurring in one
plane, but a limited amount of
rotation is possible about a
second axis set at 90° to the first
one, e.g.,
i) Temporo-mandibular joint
ii) Knee joint
47. 5.Ellipsoid joints :
• These are biaxial joints formed by
reception of an oval, convex male
surface into an elliptical female
concavity.
• Primary movements are possible
about two axes situated at right
angles, e.g., Flexion and extension
and abduction & adduction.
• These movements may be
combined as a movement of
circumduction.
• There is little appreciable rotation
around the third axis, as this is
prevented by overall shape of
articular surfaces, e.g.,
i) Radiocarpal joint
ii) Metacarpophalengeal joints.
48. 6-Saddle joints (Sellar Joints):
These are biaxial joints which are formed by reception of concavo-
convex opposing surfaces.
Primary movements occur in two planes at right angles to each
other but because of the articular geometry, these are
accompanied by a degree of axial rotation of moving bones, e.g.,
(i) Carpometacarpal joint of thumb
(ii) Ankle joint.
(iii) Calcaneocuboid joint.
49. 7. Ball and socket joints (Spheroidal joints):
They are polyaxial joints and are formed by reception
of globular head (male surface) into a cup like
concavity or socket (female surface).
All types of movements are possible, e.g.,
i) Shoulder joint
ii) Hip joint
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