Valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
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The document discusses the valve timing diagram of a four-stroke diesel engine. It explains that the inlet valve opens a few degrees before top dead center to allow enough time for the valve to lift off its seat and allow more air into the cylinder. It also notes that this timing improves fuel evaporation and mixing. Additionally, it states that the exhaust valve remains open a few degrees after bottom dead center to allow for maximum expansion of the combustion gases and reduce the work required by the piston to expel the exhaust.
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The document discusses new trends in internal combustion engines to improve fuel economy, safety, emissions and noise/vibration. It describes technologies like cylinder deactivation to improve efficiency by deactivating cylinders under light loads, direct fuel injection for cleaner combustion, variable valve timing and lift to optimize performance, and turbochargers to boost power density. While making engines more complex, these technologies allow internal combustion engines to meet stricter emissions standards while enhancing fuel economy and performance.
Diesel engine
This document provides an overview of diesel engines and biodiesel. It defines key diesel engine components and systems such as direct injection, common rail injection, turbochargers and intercoolers. It also covers important biodiesel fuel properties like cetane number, viscosity, cloud point and lubricity. The document indicates biodiesel has 12% less energy than diesel but can increase combustion efficiency. It notes most engine manufacturers approve blends up to B5 if fuel meets specifications.
Final ppt of bce project
The document discusses new trends in internal combustion engines to improve fuel economy, safety, emissions and noise/vibration. These trends include cylinder deactivation to reduce pumping losses under light loads, direct fuel injection for lean combustion and lower emissions, variable valve timing and lift to optimize power and efficiency, and turbochargers to force more air into the cylinders and increase power output. While improving performance, these technologies also increase costs and complexity of engine design and maintenance. The internal combustion engine will likely continue powering vehicles with advanced technologies to meet future challenges.
ICE_22_Chapter 4.v2.ppt
This document summarizes key aspects of spark ignition engines discussed in Chapter 4, including:
1. Methods of mixture preparation such as carburetion and various fuel injection systems. Carburetion uses venturi tubes to mix fuel and air while injection systems can more precisely meter fuel amounts.
2. Factors that cause cyclic variations in engine performance like variations in mixture motion, composition, temperature and residual gases between cycles.
3. The combustion process in cycles, characterized by the mass fraction burned at different crank angles and the relationship between flame development and propagation periods.
4. Testing procedures for measuring engine emissions using the Federal Test Procedure involving sampling at different points in the driving cycle.
MICE I - Module 2 Notes.pptx
The document discusses scavenging and pulse systems in two-stroke engines. Scavenging involves using pressurized air to push exhaust gases out of the cylinder and draw in fresh air. It is necessary for efficient combustion in two-stroke engines, which do not use pistons to purge exhaust. The document describes various scavenging methods and components like pumps and turbochargers used. It also discusses supercharging, which increases air density and power output without raising maximum cylinder pressure. The pulse system aims to further expand exhaust gases using pressure pulses to drive a turbine and compressor.
DIESEL ENGINE by K.P and S.M..pptx
The document discusses diesel engines, including their definition, construction, workings, types, and efficiency calculations. A diesel engine ignites fuel injected into the combustion chamber via heat from compressed air, rather than a spark plug. The two main types are two-stroke and four-stroke engines. Two-stroke engines complete a cycle in one revolution while four-stroke engines require two revolutions. The four strokes of a four-stroke diesel engine are intake, compression, power, and exhaust.
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Blackodising process
Blackodising is a process that forms a corrosion-resistant coating on ferrous metals through a chemical reaction when immersed in a hot alkaline salt solution. This reaction converts the metal surface into magnetite (Fe3O4), providing protection without changing the part's dimensions. The black oxide coating has various applications and advantages, including corrosion resistance, an aesthetic black finish, and low cost processing, making it suitable for tool parts, fixtures, gears, and other mechanical components.
Schimidt hartman boiler
The Schmidt Hartmann boiler consists of two circuits - a primary circuit of distilled water that generates high pressure steam at 95-100 bar, and a secondary circuit of impure water that uses the high pressure steam to generate lower pressure steam at 55-60 bar. This design allows for the generation of steam using impure water, reducing costs by eliminating the need for a softening plant. However, deposits in the evaporator drum from the impure water require more frequent cleaning stops.
Velox boiler
The Velox boiler is a water tube boiler that uses a gas turbine to drive an air compressor. This compressor pressurizes air that is fed into a vertical combustion chamber, increasing the heat from fuel combustion and accelerating the flue gases up to the speed of sound. This high-speed combustion transfer heat very efficiently to the water tubes, allowing the Velox boiler to generate steam at a high rate while maintaining a compact size. The key principle is that heat transfer increases when flue gas velocities exceed the speed of sound.
Surface grinding machine
Surface Grinding Machine uses an abrasive grinding wheel to remove material from the surface of a workpiece for finishing. It consists of a base, work table, wheel head, and other parts. Each abrasive particle acts as a single cutting tool. Common abrasive materials are aluminum oxide, diamond, silicon carbide, and cubic boron nitride. It can produce a smooth, high precision surface and is useful for grinding tools, cutters, and other flat or cylindrical surfaces. However, it has limitations such as inability to grind in reverse and constant degradation of the grinding wheel.
Nickel electroplating
Nickel electroplating provides benefits like increased corrosion resistance, improved hardness and strength, resistance to wear, and improved ductility. During nickel plating, nickel ions are reduced at the cathode through a reduction reaction, while the anode undergoes an oxidation reaction that dissolves metal. The thickness of a nickel plate coating is affected by applying direct current over time at a certain current density per unit area being plated.
Bloom, billet, slab, plate
Bloom, billet, slab, plate, sheet, strip are terms used in metalworking and manufacturing. Blooms undergo first breakdown of ingots through hot working and have a large cross sectional area. Billets are further reduced through hot rolling. Slabs are hot rolled ingots with a specific cross sectional area and width. Plates are thick products over 6mm, while sheets are thinner but wide, and strips are thin and narrow. Blooms, billets, and slabs are considered semi-finished products.
Lapping process
Lapping is a surface finishing process that uses loose abrasive powders at low speeds to achieve very tight tolerances of flatness, parallelism, thickness, or finish. It involves mixing abrasive particles with a liquid to form a slurry, placing the slurry on a rotating lap plate, and placing the workpiece against the slurry-coated plate so the abrasive grains can modify the workpiece surface through rolling/sliding contact. A lapped surface exhibits a dull, non-reflective appearance with multi-directional texture, especially for hard materials with surface roughness under 5 micro-inches.
Injection moulding
Injection moulding is a manufacturing process that involves injecting material into a mould cavity. Common materials used include thermoplastics and thermosets. The injection moulding machine has components like a clamping unit, injection unit, mould, and heaters. It injects molten material into the mould, which then cools and hardens into the final shape before being ejected. Injection moulding is used to make a wide variety of plastic, rubber and metal parts.
Mechanism of gear shaping
Gear shaping is the process of manufacturing gears to precise specifications. It involves using a gear shaper machine with a single-point cutting tool that removes material from a gear blank as it rotates, forming the gear teeth. The cutting tool is fed into the rotating blank following a programmed path to generate the correct tooth profile and dimensions needed for the gear to mesh properly with a mating gear.
Mechanical press
This document discusses mechanical presses. It begins by defining a mechanical press as a machine that can perform cutting and non-cutting processes by applying force without removing chips from metallic or non-metallic sheets. It then outlines the main parts of a mechanical press, including the flywheel, clutch, brakes, driving mechanism, ram, and pitman. It classifies presses based on their power source, number of slides, and frame/construction. Finally, it states that mechanical presses are used for punching, stamping, forming, drawing, embossing, and bending operations in industries like automotive, aircraft, telecommunications, electrical appliances, and utensil making.
advantages of Hard chrome electroplating
Hard chrome electroplating involves applying a layer of chromium to a metal object through electroplating to provide benefits like reducing wear and damage from corrosion while increasing conductivity. The process starts with degreasing and cleaning the metal substrate before electroplating a hard chromium layer that is much more durable and provides superior hardness, lower friction, and improved anti-stick capabilities, making it suitable for applications involving drills, screws, taps and dies.
Drill machine
The document discusses a drill machine. It provides instructions for how to operate a drill machine safely and effectively. A drill machine is used to make holes in various materials like wood, metal, plastic and more. It allows users to control the speed and pressure applied for precise hole-making.
Properties of fluids
The document defines several key properties of fluids: density is defined as mass per unit volume and its SI unit is kg/m3; specific volume is the reciprocal of density and defined as volume per unit mass; specific gravity is the ratio of a fluid's density to a standard fluid like water, and is unitless; and specific weight is defined as weight per unit volume and has an SI unit of N/m3. The document also provides examples that water has a density of 1000 kg/m3 and mercury has a density of 13600 kg/m3.
Lecture on quality
The document discusses different definitions and goals of quality. It states that quality involves fitness for use, fitness for purpose, customer satisfaction, and conformance to requirements. It also defines quality as conformance to specifications according to Deming and conformance to requirements according to Crosby. Additionally, it defines quality as meeting customer needs and involving a company-wide system to ensure customer satisfaction at low cost through coordinated actions. Quality is also said to be inversely proportional to variations.
Emissions in engines
This document discusses different types of emissions from engines, including exhaust and non-exhaust emissions. It describes the key pollutants like unburnt hydrocarbons (HC), carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide. The document explains the factors that influence emissions formation in spark ignition and compression ignition engines, such as fuel-air mixture, combustion temperature, and engine operating conditions. It also discusses the limitations of hydrocarbons and the processes that lead to HC and CO emissions from spark ignition engines.
Open channel flow
Open Channel Flow is a book written by Rampal Singh, who holds a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for the Graduate Aptitude Test in Engineering (GATE). The book covers topics related to open channel flow, which is the flow of liquids in rivers, streams, and other channels where the free surface is exposed to the atmosphere.
Zenith carburetor
The Zenith Carburetor has 8 main components: a float chamber, main line, main jet, compensating jet, starting jet, reservoir, choke, and throttle valve. It works by drawing fuel from the float chamber through the main jet at a low speed air to fuel ratio of 15:1. At high speeds, the compensating jet provides extra fuel required. During starting, the starting jet sprays fuel from the reservoir into the air above the throttle valve to form an 11:1 rich mixture, helping the engine start.
Engine performance
The document discusses engine performance and is authored by Rampal Singh, who has a B.E. in Mechanical Engineering, M.Tech in Production Engineering, and has qualified three times for GATE.
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The document discusses the basics of fuel injection systems in compression ignition (CI) engines. It outlines the key objectives of a fuel injection system which are to meter the correct amount of fuel demanded based on engine load and speed, distribute fuel equally among cylinders, inject fuel at the proper timing and rate, and ensure proper atomization. It also provides details on the typical injection timing window and angle. To achieve these objectives, the key functional components are identified as the pumping element to transport fuel, a metering element to control the fuel supply, a metering control to adjust the metering based on load/speed, and a distribution element to divide fuel evenly among cylinders. Finally, it lists some common types of fuel injection systems used in
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scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
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image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
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Valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel engine
- 1. Valve timing diagram of four stroke diesel Engine Rampal Singh B.E. (Mechanical), M.Tech (Production Engineering), Thrice GATE Qualified
- 5. Valve timing diagram • Open of inlet valve is done few degrees before TDC, If it start opening exactly at TDC, so some will be taken by valve to stand off from valve seat, hence less mass will enter into cylinder. To compensate this inlet valve is opened bit earlier • It is also necessary for better evaporation and mixing of fuel, as there is lag between ignition and supply of fuel
- 6. Speed of piston is higher than speed of air entering Less mass air will enter This air will expand causing pressure lesser than atmospheric pressure Hence exhaust valve is kept open even few degrees after BDC LOGIC OF KEEP OPENING INLET VALVE AFTER BDC
- 7. Exhaust valve • First requirement to open exhaust valve after BDC so that there could be maximum expansion and maximum work could be obtained • Second requirement to minimize the work done by piston in expelling hot flue gases • Trade off between work lost by combustion gas to escape before it is fully expanded and work required by piston to expel it