otto cycle
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This document appears to be a submission from a student named Saurabh Negi to an unknown recipient for a B.Tech (M.E.) program. It discusses thermal efficiency, which is defined as the ratio of work to heat in thermodynamics calculations.
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2presentation otto-cycle-101225122612-phpapp012
The Otto cycle describes the thermodynamic processes that occur in a 4-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four stages: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. In the intake stroke, air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder. In compression, the mixture is compressed. In combustion, ignition causes the mixture to burn, expanding and producing power. In exhaust, burned gases are pushed out of the cylinder. The Otto cycle forms a closed loop on a pressure-volume diagram, with the area inside representing the work produced by the engine in each cycle.
Thermodynamic cycles
This document discusses several thermodynamic cycles:
- The Carnot cycle consists of two reversible adiabatic and two reversible isothermal processes.
- The Stirling cycle has the same four processes as the Carnot cycle. It has the highest theoretical efficiency but is expensive to make.
- The Diesel cycle consists of isentropic compression, constant-pressure heating, isentropic expansion, and constant-volume heat rejection. Diesel engines have an efficiency around 40% while turbocharged engines reach 50%.
- The Rankine cycle uses a steam engine with isentropic pumping, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion in a turbine, and constant pressure heat rejection. It has a maximum Car
STEAM NOZZLES
The document provides lecture notes on steam nozzles and power plants. It discusses:
1) The basic components and energy conversion process in thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle in which water is heated to steam to power a turbine and generator.
2) The history and development of steam turbines, from early aeolipile devices to modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
3) How energy is converted in steam turbines via nozzles that accelerate steam to high velocity to impulse turbine blades and produce rotation.
4) Details on nozzle types, flow properties, relationships between area, velocity and pressure, and equations for calculating velocity from enthalpy change.
Brayton cycle
This Presentation was prepared for Brayton Cycle. This is very important in the study of THermodynamics.
Gas turbine
A gas turbine uses a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power that can power industrial devices. It has three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed in the compressor, mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, and the hot gases spin the turbine to generate power. Some applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, and the oil and gas industry. The efficiency of gas turbines is typically 20-30% compared to 38-48% for steam power plants.
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (or fins)
This file contains slides on Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS). The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
Contents: Governing differential eqn – different boundary conditions – temp. distribution and heat transfer rate for: infinitely long fin, fin with insulated end, fin losing heat from its end, and fin with specified temperatures at its ends – performance of fins - ‘fin efficiency’ and ‘fin effectiveness’ – fins of non-uniform cross-section- thermal resistance and total surface efficiency of fins – estimation of error in temperature measurement - Problems
Brayton cycle
George Brayton designed the first continuous combustion engine, known as the Brayton engine, in the 1860s. The Brayton engine introduced the Brayton cycle of continuous combustion that became the basis for gas turbine development. A Brayton-type engine consists of an air compressor, mixing chamber, and expander. The Brayton cycle uses four thermodynamic processes - two constant pressure and two reversible adiabatic processes - and is now used in gas turbines where compression and expansion occur via rotating machinery.
Acutal Cycles and Their Analysis - Unit-I
The document discusses different types of engine cycles including ideal, fuel-air, and actual cycles. It provides details on:
- Air standard cycles which are idealized and assume a perfect gas, no mass change, reversible processes, and constant specific heats. Examples include Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles.
- Fuel-air cycles which are more accurate by considering the actual cylinder gas composition, variable specific heats, incomplete fuel-air mixing at high temps, and dissociation effects.
- Actual engine cycles use even more accurate models of the processes and working fluid, taking into account variable properties and chemical reactions.
Recommended
2presentation otto-cycle-101225122612-phpapp012
The Otto cycle describes the thermodynamic processes that occur in a 4-stroke internal combustion engine. It consists of four stages: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. In the intake stroke, air-fuel mixture enters the cylinder. In compression, the mixture is compressed. In combustion, ignition causes the mixture to burn, expanding and producing power. In exhaust, burned gases are pushed out of the cylinder. The Otto cycle forms a closed loop on a pressure-volume diagram, with the area inside representing the work produced by the engine in each cycle.
Thermodynamic cycles
This document discusses several thermodynamic cycles:
- The Carnot cycle consists of two reversible adiabatic and two reversible isothermal processes.
- The Stirling cycle has the same four processes as the Carnot cycle. It has the highest theoretical efficiency but is expensive to make.
- The Diesel cycle consists of isentropic compression, constant-pressure heating, isentropic expansion, and constant-volume heat rejection. Diesel engines have an efficiency around 40% while turbocharged engines reach 50%.
- The Rankine cycle uses a steam engine with isentropic pumping, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion in a turbine, and constant pressure heat rejection. It has a maximum Car
STEAM NOZZLES
The document provides lecture notes on steam nozzles and power plants. It discusses:
1) The basic components and energy conversion process in thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle in which water is heated to steam to power a turbine and generator.
2) The history and development of steam turbines, from early aeolipile devices to modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
3) How energy is converted in steam turbines via nozzles that accelerate steam to high velocity to impulse turbine blades and produce rotation.
4) Details on nozzle types, flow properties, relationships between area, velocity and pressure, and equations for calculating velocity from enthalpy change.
Brayton cycle
This Presentation was prepared for Brayton Cycle. This is very important in the study of THermodynamics.
Gas turbine
A gas turbine uses a gaseous working fluid to generate mechanical power that can power industrial devices. It has three main parts - an air compressor, combustion chamber, and turbine. The air is compressed in the compressor, mixed with fuel and ignited in the combustion chamber, and the hot gases spin the turbine to generate power. Some applications of gas turbines include aviation, power generation, and the oil and gas industry. The efficiency of gas turbines is typically 20-30% compared to 38-48% for steam power plants.
Heat transfer from extended surfaces (or fins)
This file contains slides on Heat Transfer from Extended Surfaces (FINS). The slides were prepared while teaching Heat Transfer course to the M.Tech. students in Mechanical Engineering Dept. of St. Joseph Engineering College, Vamanjoor, Mangalore, India.
Contents: Governing differential eqn – different boundary conditions – temp. distribution and heat transfer rate for: infinitely long fin, fin with insulated end, fin losing heat from its end, and fin with specified temperatures at its ends – performance of fins - ‘fin efficiency’ and ‘fin effectiveness’ – fins of non-uniform cross-section- thermal resistance and total surface efficiency of fins – estimation of error in temperature measurement - Problems
Brayton cycle
George Brayton designed the first continuous combustion engine, known as the Brayton engine, in the 1860s. The Brayton engine introduced the Brayton cycle of continuous combustion that became the basis for gas turbine development. A Brayton-type engine consists of an air compressor, mixing chamber, and expander. The Brayton cycle uses four thermodynamic processes - two constant pressure and two reversible adiabatic processes - and is now used in gas turbines where compression and expansion occur via rotating machinery.
Acutal Cycles and Their Analysis - Unit-I
The document discusses different types of engine cycles including ideal, fuel-air, and actual cycles. It provides details on:
- Air standard cycles which are idealized and assume a perfect gas, no mass change, reversible processes, and constant specific heats. Examples include Otto, Diesel, and Dual cycles.
- Fuel-air cycles which are more accurate by considering the actual cylinder gas composition, variable specific heats, incomplete fuel-air mixing at high temps, and dissociation effects.
- Actual engine cycles use even more accurate models of the processes and working fluid, taking into account variable properties and chemical reactions.
Reversed carnot cycle
This document discusses the reversed Carnot cycle, which is used in Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps. It consists of four processes: 1) adiabatic compression, 2) isothermal compression, 3) adiabatic expansion, and 4) isothermal expansion. This cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction on a temperature-entropy diagram. It is the most efficient refrigeration cycle possible between two temperature levels, as it achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. However, it cannot be practically implemented due to the different speeds required for the adiabatic and isothermal processes.
Draught and chimney
Natural draught is produced by a chimney and provides ventilation for boiler systems. The height and diameter of a chimney can be calculated based on factors like flue gas temperature, ambient temperature, and air-fuel ratio. For maximum discharge of hot gases, the flue gas temperature should be slightly higher than ambient temperature. Chimneys provide advantages like no external power requirements but have limitations like low efficiency below 1%. Boiler performance is quantified by equivalent evaporation and efficiency, which allow standardization based on feed water temperature and pressure.
[PPT] on Steam Turbine
SUMIT SHARMA PANCHLI , SHANTI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURALI ''MEERUT'' , B.Tech (ME 2nd Year)
Subject-APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
Combined Cycle Power Plant
A combined cycle power plant generates electricity in two stages. First, a gas turbine burns fuel to drive a generator and produce electricity, with the exhaust heat recovered. This waste heat is then used to create steam to drive a steam turbine and generate additional electricity. Combined cycle power plants can achieve efficiencies as high as 55% and produce up to 50% more electricity than traditional simple-cycle plants from the same fuel. They have advantages of higher efficiency, lower emissions, and ability to run on different fuels, but also have higher costs and are less responsive than other power plant types.
Gas turbine 1
The document discusses gas turbine cycles and thermodynamic cycles used in gas turbines. It begins by describing air standard cycles and assumptions made, including the working fluid behaving as an ideal gas. It then discusses the Otto cycle which models spark ignition engines and the processes involved. Details of the Otto cycle calculation are provided. The document also discusses the diesel cycle which models compression ignition engines and provides cycle calculations. Other topics covered include mean effective pressure, engine terminology, gas turbine components and cycles like the Brayton cycle.
Diesel cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of diesel engine cycles and their thermodynamics. It discusses:
1) The diesel engine cycle involves isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. This is similar to but distinct from the Otto cycle used in gasoline engines.
2) The thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle depends on the compression ratio and cutoff ratio, with higher efficiencies achieved at higher compression ratios and cutoff ratios closer to 1.
3) Despite sometimes having lower compression ratios, diesel engines are typically more efficient than gasoline engines because they add less heat per cycle, allowing the engine to run at higher speeds to produce the same power output.
Parson’s Turbine and condition for maximum efficiency of Parson’s reaction Tu...
The document discusses Parson's turbine and the condition for maximum efficiency of a Parson's reaction turbine. It explains that in a Parson's turbine, the blade section and mean diameter are the same for fixed and moving blades. It also derives equations showing that for maximum efficiency, the ratio of absolute velocity of steam at the moving blade outlet to inlet (β) must be equal to the blade angle (α). This results in symmetrical velocity triangles and maximum work output from the turbine.
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Thermodynamics cycles
The document summarizes several thermodynamic cycles including the Otto, Diesel, Carnot, refrigeration, and Brayton cycles. For each cycle, it outlines the key processes and applications. The Otto cycle involves two isentropic and two constant volume processes and is used in spark ignition engines. The Diesel cycle uses constant pressure heat addition and has a higher efficiency than the Otto cycle. The Carnot cycle involves reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes and sets the maximum possible efficiency. The refrigeration cycle uses vapor compression to transfer heat between regions. The Brayton cycle consists of adiabatic compression and expansion with isobaric heat transfer and is commonly used in gas turbine engines.
Steam turbine and its types
Steam turbine and its typesANKIT SAXENA Asst. Prof. @ Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management, New Delhi
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaftImpulse and reaction turbines
There are two basic types of turbines: impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct steam onto curved blades, deriving energy from the steam's kinetic energy. Reaction turbines have fixed and moving blades, with the steam's pressure and kinetic energy driving the moving blades. Most steam turbines use a mixture of impulse and reaction stages to maximize efficiency. Turbines are used widely in power plants, ships, aircraft engines and other applications to convert fluid energy into useful rotational work.
Boiler
1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
I.C.Engine performance parameters
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Gas Turbine PPT
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Availability
The document discusses high grade and low grade energy sources. High grade energy sources include mechanical, electrical, water, wind and tidal power which can be completely converted to work without loss. Low grade energy sources like heat can only partially be converted to work. Low grade energy consists of exergy (available energy) and anergy (unavailable energy). The maximum useful work obtainable from a heat source is called its availability or exergy. The minimum energy that must be rejected according to the second law of thermodynamics is called anergy. Availability reduces as the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings decreases.
Boot strap air cooling system
The document presents information on a bootstrap air cooling system suitable for aircraft. It consists of two heat exchangers, a secondary compressor driven by a turbine, and uses ram air and compression to cool and circulate air. Ambient air is compressed by the main aircraft compressor then cooled in an air cooler before further compression and cooling. It is then expanded through a turbine to provide cooled air to the aircraft cabin. Advantages are that air is readily available, non-toxic, and pressures are low. A limitation is that it requires aircraft flight for ram air cooling and is not suitable for ground use without an additional fan.
rankine cycle
This document presents information on the Rankine cycle. It contains the following key points:
1. The Rankine cycle converts heat into work through a closed loop that uses water as the working fluid. It generates about 90% of the world's electric power.
2. An ideal Rankine cycle involves isothermal and isobaric processes, while a real cycle involves non-reversible and isentropic compression and expansion.
3. Variations like the reheat cycle and regeneration cycle can improve the efficiency by reheating steam before the turbine or preheating feedwater, but increase costs.
Ideal reheat rankine cycle
The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle power plant system. It aims to reduce moisture content in steam by reheating it between turbine stages. This allows using higher boiler pressures without moisture issues in later turbine stages. Key points include reheat improving efficiency by about half compared to first reheat. Double reheat is common in supercritical pressure plants. Steam should not expand deep into the two-phase region before reheating. Optimum reheat pressure is one-fourth to one-fifth of maximum cycle pressure. Benefits include very high heat addition and efficiency. Disadvantages include increased material and initial costs. Sample problems calculate efficiency and mass flow rates for given ideal reheat cycles.
WHITWORTH QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
The Whitworth quick return mechanism is used in slotters to convert the rotary motion of an electric motor into reciprocating motion of the ram. It allows the return stroke of the ram to be faster than the cutting stroke. The mechanism uses a bull gear connected to a crank plate through an eccentrically mounted pin. As the bull gear rotates, the sliding movement of the crank pin along the crank plate's slot converts it into reciprocating motion of the connecting rod and ram. The return stroke angle is less than the cutting stroke angle, allowing the ram to move faster on its return. Quick return mechanisms are widely used in machines like shapers, screw presses, and saws.
Energy, economic and environmental issues of power plants
This document discusses various topics related to power plant engineering including:
- Definitions of terms related to electrical load such as connected load, maximum load, demand factor, load factor, diversity factor, plant capacity factor, plant use factor, and utilization factor.
- Significance of load curves and load duration curves in understanding power demand variations and selecting plant size.
- Factors that influence power tariffs including load type, time of use, power factor, and energy consumption. Different tariff types like flat demand tariff, straight line meter rate, block meter rate, two-part tariff, and three-part tariff are explained.
- Examples are provided to illustrate calculations of load factor,
thermometric refrigeration system
This document presents a thermoelectric refrigeration system project. It discusses the milestones, realization of the idea, introduction to thermoelectric refrigeration and the Peltier effect. It describes the materials used, working of the project including dimensions, advantages, drawbacks, applications, cost analysis, new opportunities, and concludes that the objective of long term cooling in power failures was achieved with a retention time of 57 minutes.
automobile engineering
The document discusses making effective presentations by engaging audiences and capturing their attention. It provides tips on using awesome backgrounds to enhance presentations. The main topics covered are automobile engineering, including the history and classifications of vehicles, important components like the clutch, gear, gearbox, differential, steering system, and braking system. It describes how these systems work at a high level.
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Reversed carnot cycle
This document discusses the reversed Carnot cycle, which is used in Carnot refrigerators and heat pumps. It consists of four processes: 1) adiabatic compression, 2) isothermal compression, 3) adiabatic expansion, and 4) isothermal expansion. This cycle operates in the counterclockwise direction on a temperature-entropy diagram. It is the most efficient refrigeration cycle possible between two temperature levels, as it achieves the highest theoretical coefficient of performance. However, it cannot be practically implemented due to the different speeds required for the adiabatic and isothermal processes.
Draught and chimney
Natural draught is produced by a chimney and provides ventilation for boiler systems. The height and diameter of a chimney can be calculated based on factors like flue gas temperature, ambient temperature, and air-fuel ratio. For maximum discharge of hot gases, the flue gas temperature should be slightly higher than ambient temperature. Chimneys provide advantages like no external power requirements but have limitations like low efficiency below 1%. Boiler performance is quantified by equivalent evaporation and efficiency, which allow standardization based on feed water temperature and pressure.
[PPT] on Steam Turbine
SUMIT SHARMA PANCHLI , SHANTI INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY KURALI ''MEERUT'' , B.Tech (ME 2nd Year)
Subject-APPLIED THERMODYNAMICS
Combined Cycle Power Plant
A combined cycle power plant generates electricity in two stages. First, a gas turbine burns fuel to drive a generator and produce electricity, with the exhaust heat recovered. This waste heat is then used to create steam to drive a steam turbine and generate additional electricity. Combined cycle power plants can achieve efficiencies as high as 55% and produce up to 50% more electricity than traditional simple-cycle plants from the same fuel. They have advantages of higher efficiency, lower emissions, and ability to run on different fuels, but also have higher costs and are less responsive than other power plant types.
Gas turbine 1
The document discusses gas turbine cycles and thermodynamic cycles used in gas turbines. It begins by describing air standard cycles and assumptions made, including the working fluid behaving as an ideal gas. It then discusses the Otto cycle which models spark ignition engines and the processes involved. Details of the Otto cycle calculation are provided. The document also discusses the diesel cycle which models compression ignition engines and provides cycle calculations. Other topics covered include mean effective pressure, engine terminology, gas turbine components and cycles like the Brayton cycle.
Diesel cycle
The document summarizes key aspects of diesel engine cycles and their thermodynamics. It discusses:
1) The diesel engine cycle involves isentropic compression, constant pressure heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. This is similar to but distinct from the Otto cycle used in gasoline engines.
2) The thermal efficiency of the diesel cycle depends on the compression ratio and cutoff ratio, with higher efficiencies achieved at higher compression ratios and cutoff ratios closer to 1.
3) Despite sometimes having lower compression ratios, diesel engines are typically more efficient than gasoline engines because they add less heat per cycle, allowing the engine to run at higher speeds to produce the same power output.
Parson’s Turbine and condition for maximum efficiency of Parson’s reaction Tu...
The document discusses Parson's turbine and the condition for maximum efficiency of a Parson's reaction turbine. It explains that in a Parson's turbine, the blade section and mean diameter are the same for fixed and moving blades. It also derives equations showing that for maximum efficiency, the ratio of absolute velocity of steam at the moving blade outlet to inlet (β) must be equal to the blade angle (α). This results in symmetrical velocity triangles and maximum work output from the turbine.
Aircraft refrigeration system (air cooling system)
Aircraft air refrigeration systems are required due to heat transfer from many external and internal heat sources (like solar radiation and avionics) which increase the cabin air temperature. With the technological developments in high-speed passenger and jet aircraft's, the air refrigeration systems are proving to be most efficient, compact and simple. Various types of aircraft air refrigeration systems used these days are.
Simple air cooling system
Simple air evaporative cooling system
Boot strap air cooling system
Boot strap air evaporative cooling system
Reduced ambient air cooling system
Regenerative air cooling system
COMPRESSOR EFFICIENCY AND TURBINE EFFICIENCY.
Comparison of Various Air Cooling Systems used for Aircraft ON basis of dart
Thermodynamics cycles
The document summarizes several thermodynamic cycles including the Otto, Diesel, Carnot, refrigeration, and Brayton cycles. For each cycle, it outlines the key processes and applications. The Otto cycle involves two isentropic and two constant volume processes and is used in spark ignition engines. The Diesel cycle uses constant pressure heat addition and has a higher efficiency than the Otto cycle. The Carnot cycle involves reversible, isothermal and adiabatic processes and sets the maximum possible efficiency. The refrigeration cycle uses vapor compression to transfer heat between regions. The Brayton cycle consists of adiabatic compression and expansion with isobaric heat transfer and is commonly used in gas turbine engines.
Steam turbine and its types
Steam turbine and its typesANKIT SAXENA Asst. Prof. @ Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management, New Delhi
A steam turbine is a prime mover in which the potential energy of the steam is transformed into kinetic energy and later in its turn is transformed into the mechanical energy of rotation of the turbine shaftImpulse and reaction turbines
There are two basic types of turbines: impulse and reaction turbines. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct steam onto curved blades, deriving energy from the steam's kinetic energy. Reaction turbines have fixed and moving blades, with the steam's pressure and kinetic energy driving the moving blades. Most steam turbines use a mixture of impulse and reaction stages to maximize efficiency. Turbines are used widely in power plants, ships, aircraft engines and other applications to convert fluid energy into useful rotational work.
Boiler
1. A steam generator or boiler is a closed vessel made of steel that transfers heat from fuel combustion to water to generate steam.
2. Boilers should be safe, accessible for maintenance, efficient in absorbing heat, simple in construction, and have low initial and maintenance costs.
3. There are many types of boilers classified by factors like the contents in tubes (fire tube or water tube), furnace position, and circulation method. Proper consideration of factors like steam needs, area, and costs is important for boiler selection.
I.C.Engine performance parameters
PPT describes the engine performance parameters of the I.C. engine.
Engine performance is an indication of the degree of success of the engine performs its assigned task, i.e. the conversion of the chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work. The engine performance is indicated by the term efficiency, η. Five important engine efficiencies and other related engine performance parameters are:
Power
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηbth)
Mechanical Efficiency (ηm)
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
Relative Efficiency or Efficiency Ratio (ηrel)
Mean Effective Pressure (Pm)
Specific Fuel Consumption (sfc)
Fuel-Air or Air-Fuel Ratio (F/A or A/F)
Calorific Value (CV)
Power:-
The main purpose of running an engine is to obtain mechanical power.
Brake Power (B.P.)
The power developed by an Engine at the output shaft is called the brake power.
Brake Power= Brake Workdone/Time
B.P.=BWD/sec.
Indicated power (I.P.)
The total power developed by Combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
Indicated Power= Indicated Workdone/Time
I.P.=IWD/sec.
Frictional Power (F.P.)
The difference between I.P. and B.P. is called frictional power (f.p.).
FP = IP – BP
Thermal Efficiency (ηth)
Thermal efficiency is the ratio of Power to energy supplied by the fuel.
ηth= Power/ Energy
In I.C. Engine, thermal efficiency can be classified into two categories i.e.
Indicated Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Indicated thermal efficiency is the ratio of indicated power to the heat supplied or added.
ηith= IP/Qs
2. Brake Thermal Efficiency (ηith)
Brake Thermal Efficiency is the ratio of brake power to the heat supplied or added.
ηbth= BP/Qs
Volumetric Efficiency (ηv)
This is one of the most important parameters which decide the performance of four-stroke engines. Four stoke engines have distinct suction stoke, volumetric efficiency indicates the breathing ability of the engine.
Volumetric efficiency is defined as the ratio of actual flow rate of air into the intake system to rate at which the volume is displaced by the system.
ηv= (푚 ̇"a/a" )/(푉푑푖푠푝푎푐푒푑 푋 푁/2)
"a"= Inlet density is taken atmospheric air density
N= Number of the cylinder in use
Gas Turbine PPT
A gas turbine, also called a combustion turbine, is a type of internal combustion engine. It has an upstream rotating compressor coupled toa downstream turbine, and a combustion chamber in-between. Energy is added to the gas stream in the combustor, where fuel is mixed with air and ignited. In the high-pressure environment of the combustor, combustion of the fuel increases the temperature. The products of the combustion are forced into the turbine section
Visit https://www.topicsforseminar.com to Download
Availability
The document discusses high grade and low grade energy sources. High grade energy sources include mechanical, electrical, water, wind and tidal power which can be completely converted to work without loss. Low grade energy sources like heat can only partially be converted to work. Low grade energy consists of exergy (available energy) and anergy (unavailable energy). The maximum useful work obtainable from a heat source is called its availability or exergy. The minimum energy that must be rejected according to the second law of thermodynamics is called anergy. Availability reduces as the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings decreases.
Boot strap air cooling system
The document presents information on a bootstrap air cooling system suitable for aircraft. It consists of two heat exchangers, a secondary compressor driven by a turbine, and uses ram air and compression to cool and circulate air. Ambient air is compressed by the main aircraft compressor then cooled in an air cooler before further compression and cooling. It is then expanded through a turbine to provide cooled air to the aircraft cabin. Advantages are that air is readily available, non-toxic, and pressures are low. A limitation is that it requires aircraft flight for ram air cooling and is not suitable for ground use without an additional fan.
rankine cycle
This document presents information on the Rankine cycle. It contains the following key points:
1. The Rankine cycle converts heat into work through a closed loop that uses water as the working fluid. It generates about 90% of the world's electric power.
2. An ideal Rankine cycle involves isothermal and isobaric processes, while a real cycle involves non-reversible and isentropic compression and expansion.
3. Variations like the reheat cycle and regeneration cycle can improve the efficiency by reheating steam before the turbine or preheating feedwater, but increase costs.
Ideal reheat rankine cycle
The document discusses the ideal reheat Rankine cycle power plant system. It aims to reduce moisture content in steam by reheating it between turbine stages. This allows using higher boiler pressures without moisture issues in later turbine stages. Key points include reheat improving efficiency by about half compared to first reheat. Double reheat is common in supercritical pressure plants. Steam should not expand deep into the two-phase region before reheating. Optimum reheat pressure is one-fourth to one-fifth of maximum cycle pressure. Benefits include very high heat addition and efficiency. Disadvantages include increased material and initial costs. Sample problems calculate efficiency and mass flow rates for given ideal reheat cycles.
WHITWORTH QUICK RETURN MECHANISM
The Whitworth quick return mechanism is used in slotters to convert the rotary motion of an electric motor into reciprocating motion of the ram. It allows the return stroke of the ram to be faster than the cutting stroke. The mechanism uses a bull gear connected to a crank plate through an eccentrically mounted pin. As the bull gear rotates, the sliding movement of the crank pin along the crank plate's slot converts it into reciprocating motion of the connecting rod and ram. The return stroke angle is less than the cutting stroke angle, allowing the ram to move faster on its return. Quick return mechanisms are widely used in machines like shapers, screw presses, and saws.
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otto cycle
- 1. Submitted to: Submitted by: Saurabh Negi 2061443(2) B.Tech (M.E.)
- 10. thermal efficiency, ηth work heat