The document summarizes key social, economic, and technological changes in the early 20th century United States. Transportation improvements like the automobile and development of suburbs increased mobility. Henry Ford's assembly line revolutionized manufacturing. The Harlem Renaissance was a cultural movement among African American artists in New York in the 1920s. The Great Depression in the 1930s was caused by stock market speculation, banking failures, and trade barriers, and had widespread impact on Americans through unemployment and poverty.

1. US History II.6Changes in the Early Twentieth Century Lisa Pennington Social Studies Instructional Specialist Portsmouth Public Schools

2. Vocabulary Mass production: manufacture by machinery of large quantities of goods. Moving assembly line: method of mass production used by Henry Ford in which each worker or team performed one task as the product moved past them. Tourism: traveling to different places for business or pleasure.

3. Technology Technology extended progress into all areas of American life, including neglected rural areas. http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/ http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Seats

4. Results of improved transportation brought by affordable automobiles Greater mobility Creation of jobs Growth of transportation-related industries (road construction, oil, steel, automobile) Movement to suburban areas

5. Invention of the Airplane The Wright Brothers: First flight in 1903 in Kitty Hawk, North Carolina http://www.loc.gov/loc/lcib/0606/images/letter_2.jpg

6. Use of the Assembly Line Henry Ford: manufactured the first mass produced Model T in 1908 Rise of mechanization http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/2672519.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d=0A260859576A0997A1B08850E0982924A55A1E4F32AD3138

7. Communication Changes Increased availability of telephones http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/00012/00012D34.jpg

8. Communication Changes Development of the radio (role of Guglielmo Marconi) and broadcast industry (role of David Sarnoff) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b David Sarnoff and Guglielmo Marconi http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3230332.

9. Communication Changes Development of the movies http://www.pictureshowman.com/images/GTR_Edison_poster.gif

10. Ways electrification changed American life Labor-saving products (i.e., washing machines, electric stoves, water pumps) http://www.turningsixty.com.au/tsblog/images/washmachine2_sml.jpg http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/businesses/images/lab_0001_0002_0_img0095.jpg

11. Ways electrification changed American life Electric lighting http://www.maerlant.be/cesiexhibit/exhibition/images/small/002.jpg First electric traffic light http://www.nps.gov/archive/edis/edifun/edifun_4andup/top_three_files/14610010.jpg

12. Ways electrification changed American life Marconi’s radio tower http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3242636.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&k=2&d= Marconi http://www.infoage.org/crr-fig3.jpg Entertainment (i.e., radio)

13. Ways electrification changed American life Improved communications http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/sharemed/targets/images/pho/t025/T025165A.jpg

14. Vocabulary Temperance Movement: desire to restrict the use of alcoholic beverages. 21st Amendment: repealed Prohibition in 1933. Speakeasies: secret places where liquor was consumed. Bootlegger: people who illegally smuggled alcohol.

15. Vocabulary Fundamentalist Movement: caused by mass movement of people from rural areas to cities in the early 20th century; Protestant religious movement concerned with morals and religion. 18th Amendment: passed in 1919 that prohibited the manufacture, transportation, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages. Volstead Act: law passed in 1919 to enforce Prohibition. Prohibition: era prohibiting the manufacture, transportation, sale, and consumption of alcoholic beverages.

16. Twentieth Century Reforms Reforms in the early twentieth century could not legislate how people behaved. Prohibition was imposed by a constitutional amendment that made it illegal to manufacture, transport, and sell alcoholic beverages.

17. Results of Prohibition Speakeasies were created as places for people to drink alcoholic beverages. The Stork Club (a famous speakeasy in New York) http://faculty.headroyce.org/~us_history/aguardado/speakeasie.jpg

18. Results of Prohibition Bootleggers smuggled illegal alcohol and promoted organized crime. Prohibition was repealed by the 21st Amendment. http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http:// Alcohol seized by officers in a bootlegging raid in Camden, New Jersey in 1920.

19. Why did the United States create Prohibition laws? Part of post WWI isolationist feelings and negativity toward immigrants and associated habits Temperance Movement of 1840’s and Progressive Era Fundamentalist religious and moral concerns

20. Great Migration North http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/greatmigration.jpg Economic conditions and violence led to the migration of people. Jobs for African Americans in the South were scarce and low paying. African Americans faced discrimination and violence in the South.

21. Great Migration North African Americans moved to cities in the North and Midwest in search of better employment opportunities. African Americans also faced discrimination and violence in the North and Midwest. http://americanhistory.si.edu/Brown/history/1-segregated/images/kkk-parade.jpg Demonstrating their political power, Klansmen triumphantly parade down Pennsylvania Avenue in Washington, D.C., on September 13, 1926, in full regalia. (Courtesy of Library of Congress)

22. Vocabulary Jazz Age: slang term for the 1920’s because of the popular form of music. Lost Generation: disillusionment about Progressive ideals that were shattered during WWI; the term is also used to refer to the generation that came of age during the war.

23. Cultural Changes The 1920’s and 1930’s were important decades for American art, literature, and music. The leaders of the Harlem Renaissance drew upon the heritage of black culture to establish themselves as powerful forces of cultural change.

24. Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s: Art http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~knichols/arttours2.html http://faculty.pittstate.edu/~knichols/arttours2.html#okeefe Black and Purple Petunias, 1925 Black Mesa Landscape-New Mexico, 1930 Georgia O’Keeffe, an artist known for urban scenes and, later, paintings of the Southwest

25. Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s: Literature F. Scott Fitzgerald: a novelist who wrote about the Jazz Age of the 1920’s (The Great Gatsby) John Steinbeck: a novelist who portrayed the strength of poor migrant workers during the 1930’s (The Grapes of Wrath) http://www.malaspina.com/jpg/fitzgeraldf.jpg http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/2695563.jpg?v=1&c=ViewImages&

26. Cultural climate of the 1920’s and 1930’s: Music Aaron Copeland and George Gershwin: composers who wrote uniquely American music. http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/2870633.jpg http://cache.viewimages.com/xc/3225053.jpg

27. Harlem Renaissance African American artists, writers, and musicians based in Harlem revealed the freshness and variety of African American culture. http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/KNO/7100P~The-Harlem-Renaissance-Posters.jpg

28. Harlem Renaissance: Art Jacob Lawrence: painter who chronicled the experiences of the Great Migration North through art. http://www.jacobandgwenlawrence.org/artandlife04.html The Migration of the Negro No.1

29. Harlem Renaissance: Literature Langston Hughes: poet who combined the experiences of African and American cultural roots. http://artsedge.kennedy-center.org/exploring/harlem/images/themes/hughes_typing_full.jpg I, Too, Sing AmericaI, too, sing America. I am the darker brother. They send me to eat in the kitchen When company comes, But I laugh, And eat well, And grow strong. Tomorrow, I'll be at the table When company comes. Nobody'll dare Say to me, "Eat in the kitchen," Then. Besides, They'll see how beautiful I am And be ashamed-- I, too, am America. Dreams Hold fast to dreams For if dreams die Life is a broken-winged bird That cannot fly. Hold fast to dreams For when dreams go Life is a barren field Frozen with snow.

30. Harlem Renaissance: Music Duke Ellington and Louis Armstrong: jazz composers. http://www.music.appstate.edu/images/duke_ellington_02.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=5890&rendTypeId=4

31. Harlem Renaissance: Music Bessie Smith: blues singer http://www.soundsgood.ca/images/bessiesmith_b.jpg

32. Harlem Renaissance The popularity of these artists spread to the rest of society. The Cotton Club was a famous club in New York where many Harlem Renaissance artists played. African Americans could perform at the Cotton Club, but they were denied admission to dine or enjoy the shows.

33. Vocabulary Depression: State of the economic cycle characterized by low economic activity and rising unemployment. Tariff: tax on imports into the U.S. Welfare state: the government assumes a greater responsibility for the well being of people. Deficit spending: economic policy that encourages government to spend more than it takes in.

34. The Great Depression The optimism of the 1920’s concealed problems in the American economic system and attitudes about the role of government in controlling the economy. The Great Depression had a widespread and severe impact on American life. What is a depression? (stage of the economic cycle characterized by low economic activity and rising unemployment)

35. Causes of the Great Depression People over speculated on stocks, using borrowed money they could not repay when stock prices crashed. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=79518&rendTypeId=4 A street scene on October 24, 1929, the day the stock market crashed.

36. Causes of the Great Depression The Federal Reserve failed to prevent the collapse of the banking system. What is the Federal Reserve System? It was created by the Federal Reserve Act of 1913; it had 12 Federal Reserve Districts which were supervised by the Federal Reserve Board in Washington, D.C. It was not controlled by the federal government. All national banks belonged and state banks that met requirements could join. http://chnm.gmu.edu/acpstah/unitdocs/unit8/lesson3/nybank.jpg

37. Causes of the Great Depression High tariffs strangled international trade. http://www.shambhala.org/business/goldocean/deptrade.gif

39. Impact on Americans A large number of banks and businesses failed. One-fourth of workers were jobless. http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=95713&rendTypeId=4 http://womenincongress.house.gov/images/essays/ess

40. Impact on Americans Large numbers of people were hungry and homeless. Farmers’ incomes fell to low levels. http://www.old-picture.com/scenes-rural-america/000/pictures/Depression-Great-Woman.jpg http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=95714&rendTypeId=4

41. The New Deal The New Deal was the name for President Franklin Roosevelt’s program to deal with the Great Depression. It provided relief to help Americans, recovery to help the economy, and reform to prevent another depression. The New Deal used government programs to help the nation recover from the Depression. http://www.visitingdc.com/images/franklin-roosevelt-picture.jpg

42. What is the artist of this political cartoon trying to say?

43. Major features of the New Deal Social Security Federal work programs http://www.irs.gov/app/understandingTaxes/artspec/IWT02L04ol01P.gif http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/new_deal_for_the_arts/images/work_pays_f

44. Major features of the New Deal Environmental improvement programs Farm assistance programs Increased rights for labor http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/1202.jpg http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/images/1154.jpg

45. What were some of the acts/programs put into effect by the New Deal? Federal Emergency Relief Administration Tennessee Valley Authority Rural Electrification Administration Agricultural Adjustment Act Civil Works Authority Civilian Conservation Corps Works Progress Administration

46. What were some of the acts/programs put into effect by the New Deal? Commodity Credit Corporation National Industrial Recovery Act Wagner Labor Relations Act Congress of Industrial Organizations