The document summarizes two important events in African American history - the 1863 Emancipation Proclamation issued by President Lincoln that freed slaves in Confederate states, and the 1963 March on Washington where Martin Luther King Jr. delivered his iconic "I Have a Dream" speech. It provides historical context for both events, including the struggles that led to them, key people involved, and their lasting impacts in advancing civil rights and equality.
Overview of the African American Civil Rights movement in the 1950s & 1960s. Modified from "Unit 9 Power Point Civil Rights Unit" by Crosswinds High School.
February, is Black History Month. This seems like a misnomer since African-American history is intertwined with all of Human history. Nonetheless, here is a short display and tribute to those who have struggled for freedom and recognition..
This Black History Month 'Power Point Slide Show' was one of the last emails that Clarencetta sent out before her 'Transition.' Cetta was a "Proud African American Woman." She was always willing to share funny emails and helpful information. Enjoy!
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>MUST READ!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
This is a slide show, lasting around 20-25 minutes if gone through continuously. Contains things about Nelson Mandela and his part in the South African Apartheid, Carter G. Woodson (founder of Black History Month) and Martin Luther King Jr. and how he helped the USA earn equality in the country. The clip for the I have a Dream speech will be at the bottom of this description.
Best for RE lessons, but can also be helpful in History Lessons. Furthermore, it can be used as a basis of biography writing in English. But can be used freely!
To play the speech, you'll have to go to the very start of the presentation, turn up the volume and press the play button at the bar where the left and right controls are. Listen, keep listening. And I'm sorry about this whole thing. I'll remove it soon and put in a hyperlink leading to another presentation, I promise this one will have the words. But for now, you'll have to stick with this. Sorry!
Thanks anyway!
1 Introduction African Americans And The Civil War MargaritoWhitt221
1
Introduction
African Americans And The Civil War
When the Civil War began in April 1861, President Abraham Lincoln’s paramount goal was the preservation of
the union not the abolition of slavery. Though Lincoln detested slavery, viewed it as a moral sin, and believed it
should not expand into new territories in the West, he, like many of his predecessors, hoped slavery would die a
slow, natural death in the future. He regarded immediate abolition as too radical and unconstitutional. During
the early years of the war, Lincoln also believed that any slaves freed as a consequence of the war, or by the
volition of their masters, should be resettled outside of the United States. Not only did Lincoln not endorse
abolition during the first year of the war, he did not believe freed black people could or should become citizens
of the United States.
During the war, African-Americans—slave and free, in the North and South—forced President Lincoln to
reconsider the meaning of the war. Black abolitionists like Frederick Douglass challenged Lincoln to fight not
just the Confederate Army but the lifeblood of the Confederate states – their slave system. At the same time,
slaves ran away from their masters into Union Army camps forcing the United States to develop policies that
led to their emancipation during the war. Close to 200,000 black men, both former slaves and people born free,
fought in all-black Union Army regiments during the war and distinguished themselves on and off the
battlefield. Their bravery and commitment also eventually forced Lincoln to recognize the necessity of ensuring
their freedom when the war ended as well as the freedom of all slaves.
Before his assassination in April 1865, Lincoln had dispensed with his proposal to colonize black people abroad
and began to make provisional plans for Reconstruction that included extending voting rights to some black
men, including Union Army veterans. African-Americans played a crucial role in shifting the meaning of the
Civil War. Rather than a war simply about union, their actions made it into a war about emancipation, freedom,
and citizenship. (1)
Learning Outcomes
This module addresses the following Course Learning Outcomes listed in the Syllabus for this course:
• To provide students with a general understanding of the history of African Americans within the context
of American History.
• To motivate students to become interested and active in African American history by comparing current
events with historical information.(1)
Additional learning outcomes associated with this module are:
• The student will be able to discuss the origins, evolution, and spread of racial slavery.
• The student will be able to describe the creation of a distinct African-American culture and how that
culture became part of the broader American culture.
• The student will be able to describe how African-American, during times of war, have forced ...
Overview of the African American Civil Rights movement in the 1950s & 1960s. Modified from "Unit 9 Power Point Civil Rights Unit" by Crosswinds High School.
February, is Black History Month. This seems like a misnomer since African-American history is intertwined with all of Human history. Nonetheless, here is a short display and tribute to those who have struggled for freedom and recognition..
This Black History Month 'Power Point Slide Show' was one of the last emails that Clarencetta sent out before her 'Transition.' Cetta was a "Proud African American Woman." She was always willing to share funny emails and helpful information. Enjoy!
>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>MUST READ!<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<<
This is a slide show, lasting around 20-25 minutes if gone through continuously. Contains things about Nelson Mandela and his part in the South African Apartheid, Carter G. Woodson (founder of Black History Month) and Martin Luther King Jr. and how he helped the USA earn equality in the country. The clip for the I have a Dream speech will be at the bottom of this description.
Best for RE lessons, but can also be helpful in History Lessons. Furthermore, it can be used as a basis of biography writing in English. But can be used freely!
To play the speech, you'll have to go to the very start of the presentation, turn up the volume and press the play button at the bar where the left and right controls are. Listen, keep listening. And I'm sorry about this whole thing. I'll remove it soon and put in a hyperlink leading to another presentation, I promise this one will have the words. But for now, you'll have to stick with this. Sorry!
Thanks anyway!
1 Introduction African Americans And The Civil War MargaritoWhitt221
1
Introduction
African Americans And The Civil War
When the Civil War began in April 1861, President Abraham Lincoln’s paramount goal was the preservation of
the union not the abolition of slavery. Though Lincoln detested slavery, viewed it as a moral sin, and believed it
should not expand into new territories in the West, he, like many of his predecessors, hoped slavery would die a
slow, natural death in the future. He regarded immediate abolition as too radical and unconstitutional. During
the early years of the war, Lincoln also believed that any slaves freed as a consequence of the war, or by the
volition of their masters, should be resettled outside of the United States. Not only did Lincoln not endorse
abolition during the first year of the war, he did not believe freed black people could or should become citizens
of the United States.
During the war, African-Americans—slave and free, in the North and South—forced President Lincoln to
reconsider the meaning of the war. Black abolitionists like Frederick Douglass challenged Lincoln to fight not
just the Confederate Army but the lifeblood of the Confederate states – their slave system. At the same time,
slaves ran away from their masters into Union Army camps forcing the United States to develop policies that
led to their emancipation during the war. Close to 200,000 black men, both former slaves and people born free,
fought in all-black Union Army regiments during the war and distinguished themselves on and off the
battlefield. Their bravery and commitment also eventually forced Lincoln to recognize the necessity of ensuring
their freedom when the war ended as well as the freedom of all slaves.
Before his assassination in April 1865, Lincoln had dispensed with his proposal to colonize black people abroad
and began to make provisional plans for Reconstruction that included extending voting rights to some black
men, including Union Army veterans. African-Americans played a crucial role in shifting the meaning of the
Civil War. Rather than a war simply about union, their actions made it into a war about emancipation, freedom,
and citizenship. (1)
Learning Outcomes
This module addresses the following Course Learning Outcomes listed in the Syllabus for this course:
• To provide students with a general understanding of the history of African Americans within the context
of American History.
• To motivate students to become interested and active in African American history by comparing current
events with historical information.(1)
Additional learning outcomes associated with this module are:
• The student will be able to discuss the origins, evolution, and spread of racial slavery.
• The student will be able to describe the creation of a distinct African-American culture and how that
culture became part of the broader American culture.
• The student will be able to describe how African-American, during times of war, have forced ...
Milly YangMrs. SwansonAmerican Literature A314 April 201.docxannandleola
Milly Yang
Mrs. Swanson
American Literature A3
14 April 2014
What is the definition of Liberty to African-Americans in the different ages?
At the beginning of history of slaves in the United States, “the North American continent was first colonized by Europeans, the land was vast, the work was harsh, and there was a severe shortage of labor. Men and women were needed to work the land” (civilwar.org). So, in African-Americans’ minds, liberty meant running away from the unjust treatment of slavery which included terrible conditions of living, punishment through physical suffering, the separation of families, being sold as items, disallowance of education, and the enforcement that asked black women to get pregnant in order to get more slaves.However, in the course of time, African-Americans got the rights and opportunities of American citizens,. So, African-Americans changed their minds of definition of liberty in three main different ages from the beginning of slavery to the ending of slavery in the United States.
In 1775, a proclamation was made that changed the way African-Americans thought about liberty. For years when America was a part of the British colonies, slavery was the most popular trend that allowed colonists to increased their production of tobacco. Colonies bought slaves from the slave market, and the slaves were just considered as working machines. There was a group of slaves that tried to dig tunnels to run away from being slaves. However, they were either caught by their owners, or caught by other whites. By 1775, hundreds of protesters and rebellions occupied the streets of Virginia. The colony was out of the control of the royal governor John Murray. On 7th November, 1775, dated on board the ship William, off Norfolk, John Murray made a proclamation which promised blacks their freedom in exchange for service in the British army. The proclamation was called the Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation. The proclamation “offered the first large-scale emancipation of slave and servant labor in the history of colonial British America”(Johnson “Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation on Slave Emancipation (1775)”). At the beginning of the Revolutionary War, George Washington rejected black recruits, but after the Lord Dunmore’s Proclamation he changed his mind. The creation of this proclamation showed the nation that Americans no longer believed that “blacks were just slaves”, and it fulfilled Americans’ core value of liberty. In 1776, the Declaration of Independence was made. According to General Colin Powell, “The Declaration of Independence, I think, is one of the most remarkable documents in the world...’Inalienable rights’...’Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness’...’We hold these truths to be self-evident’...[But] it didn’t apply to black folks. Thomas Jefferson kept slaves. But Thomas Jefferson nevertheless wrote these marvelous words, and he understood the inconsistency...”(“Revolution”). Although Americans slightly changed their sight on ...
The Civil Rights Era, Part 28. Public School Desegregation in th.docxrtodd643
The Civil Rights Era, Part 2
8. Public School Desegregation in the South after 1954
After Brown v. Board, many public schools in the southern states rolled out an array of measures designed to resist the ruling.
Some schools created extra layers of administrative delays designed to stop implementation of the ruling.
Other schools suddenly transferred public property to newly created, all-white private academies.
A group of southern states--Virginia, Alabama, Mississippi, and Georgia--resurrected pre-Civil War era laws and passed state resolutions declaring their right to interpose their authority between the people and the US government.
The president of the United States, a Republican named Dwight D. Eisenhower, did not make any public endorsement or comment about the court’s ruling.
But this soon changed when the governor of Arkansas publicly declared that he would oppose the Supreme Court’s ruling about school desegregation.
In September of 1957 in Little Rock, Arkansas, the governor of the state decided to impede the desegregation order by ordering the National Guard to block the entrance of 9 African American high school students to the local high school.
After several weeks of this tense standoff, President Eisenhower sent 1000 soldiers from the 101st Airborne, an elite unit of Army paratroopers, to enforce the desegregation ruling in Little Rock.
Although Eisenhower had remained silent on the ruling earlier, he now defended his actions by delivering a televised address to the nation saying that federal authority had to be enforced over state authority.
Many historians have commented that events in Little Rock in 1957 had a Cold War context too.
This was because during the tense standoff Eisenhower also stated publicly that the “enemies” of America, by which he meant the Soviet Union, were “gloating” over the situation in Little Rock because it was an example of inequalities in our system.
President Eisenhower was the first American president to use armed troops to support African American Civil Rights since Reconstruction after the Civil War.
9. Martin Luther King Jr. and Non-Violent Civil Disobedience
In 1956 one year before the standoff at Little Rock, Martin Luther King Jr. had entered the national spotlight after he organized a bus boycott in Montgomery, Alabama, that had lasted 381 days.
King, who was a Baptist pastor, and several other leaders of the African American community in Montgomery had mobilized African American residents to boycott the city bus lines after Rosa Parks (who was a secretary for the local chapter of the NAACP) was arrested and fined after refusing to surrender her seat on a city bus to white patrons.
After the 381-day boycott, the bus lines in Montgomery had agreed to desegregate passenger buses.
Martin Luther King Jr. was from Atlanta, Georgia and his dad had been the leader of a large Baptist congregation in the city with ties to the middle class.
King attended and graduated from More.
CHAPTER 8 RECONSTRUCTION, Opening and Closing , 1865-1900Cont.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 8: RECONSTRUCTION, Opening and Closing , 1865-1900
Contents
Introduction and Pre-Reading Questions: 1
Documents: 5
Document 1, Harper’s Weekly comments on the Freedman’s Bureau, 1868 (Harper's Weekly, 1868) 5
Document 2, Former slaves reflect on their happiness with freedom and the Thirteenth Amendment (Library of Congress, 1936-1938) 7
Document 3, Mississippi Black Codes, 1865 (America Past and Present Online, 1865) 13
Document 4, Reflections on the Lincoln Assassination (The New York Times, 1865) 15
Document 5, President Andrew Johnson orders the return of Field Order 15 land (Engine of Souls Forum, 1865) 18
Document 6, The 14th and 15th Amendments (The Charters of Freedom, 1866 (r. 1868); 1869 (r. 1870)) 19
Document 7, The Arkansas Gazette on Black Male Suffrage, 1890 (Perman, 2001) 20
Document 8, 1868 Ku Klux Klan Charter (albany.edu, 1868) 21
Post-Reading Exercises: 22
Works Cited 22
Introduction and Pre-Reading Questions: As you know, the North won the Civil War in 1865 under the presidential leadership of Abraham Lincoln. Well, Lincoln had his work cut out for him as president during this war, and, in particular, he had his work cut out for him in terms of figuring out what to do with the South once the war was over. It became clear by 1864, well before the Confederacy surrendered, that the Union was going to win the war. Looking back, it seems that perhaps Lincoln shouldn’t have let the war go on so much longer, since it was obvious—really to both sides—who the eventual victor would be. Indeed, some have argued that Lincoln should have negotiated with the South to try and end the war sooner. But Lincoln would have argued that he could never have negotiated with the South—he insisted that since the Confederacy was a rebellious bunch, since they had no legal right to exist, he couldn’t negotiate with them.
So Lincoln instead had to focus on what to do with the South once the war really did end. Lincoln did know one thing for sure—he knew he couldn’t just readmit the South and pretend that nothing had happened. Too much blood had been shed for that and he also didn’t want anyone to think that when they didn’t like a governmental policy, they could just secede from the Union with no consequences. This much was clear to Lincoln early on, but aside from this, he wasn’t too sure on how to proceed with the reunification or the reconstruction of the nation.
By the time the war did finally end in 1865, the South was in tatters, with homes and buildings destroyed, railroads and bridges completely gone, fields untended. The Emancipation Proclamation had stripped many Southerners of their slaves and many acutely felt new economic burdens, particularly because so many fathers and sons had been killed in the war. For these white Southerners, they hoped that the period of Reconstruction—the period of reunifying the nation—would consist of the federal government stepping out of southern affairs and they hoped to see African ...
1. African American/Black History
Month
At the Crossroads of Freedom and
Equality: The Emancipation
Proclamation and the March on
Washington
2. African American/Black History Month
In 2013, the United States will commemorate
two events that changed the course of the
nation—the 1863 Emancipation
Proclamation and the 1963 March on
Washington.
3. African American/Black History Month
These milestone events in American history
were the culmination of decades of struggles
by individuals—both famous and unknown—
who believed in the American promise that
this nation was “dedicated to the proposition
that all men are created equal.”
5. African American/Black History Month
President Abraham Lincoln issued the
preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on
September 22, 1862. It stipulated that if the
Southern states did not cease their rebellion
by January 1, 1863, the Proclamation would
go into effect.
6. African American/Black History Month
The Emancipation Proclamation applied only
to states that had seceded from the Union,
leaving slavery untouched in the border
states. It also exempted parts of the
Confederacy that had already come under
Northern control. Most important, the
freedom it promised depended upon Union
military victory.
7. African American/Black History Month
Lincoln justified the Proclamation as a war
measure intended to disable the
Confederacy’s use of slaves in the war effort.
Being cautious to respect the limits of his
authority, Lincoln applied the Emancipation
Proclamation only to the Southern states in
rebellion.
8. African American/Black History Month
The Southern states used slaves to support
their armies on the battlefield and to care for
their homes so more men could fight.
White officers eating while a Black servant stands behind
them with a pitcher of water
9. African American/Black History Month
Lincoln first proposed the Emancipation
Proclamation to his cabinet in the summer of
1862, and many of the cabinet secretaries were
apathetic or worried that the Proclamation
was too drastic. Lincoln’s commitment to the
necessity of the Proclamation, along with the
Union victory at Antietam, finally persuaded
his cabinet members to support him.
10. African American/Black History Month
Lincoln Reading the Emancipation
Proclamation to his Cabinet [Painting].
Boston; Museum of Fine Arts.
11. African American/Black History Month
Lincoln also declared that the Proclamation
would be enforced under his power as
Commander-in-Chief, and that the freedom
of the slaves would be maintained by the
Executive government of the United States.
12. African American/Black History Month
Up until September 1862, the central focus of
the war had been to preserve the Union.
With the issuance of the Emancipation
Proclamation, freedom for slaves became a
legitimate war plan.
13. African American/Black History Month
Lincoln declared in the Proclamation that
African Americans of “suitable condition,
would be received into the armed service of
the United States.” Five months after the
Proclamation took effect, the War
Department of the United States issued
General Order No. 143, establishing the
United States Colored Troops.
14. African American/Black History Month
When the Confederacy did not yield, Lincoln
issued the final Emancipation Proclamation
on January 1, 1863.
The inkwell used by Lincoln, the Proclamation draft and
Lincoln's pen
15. African American/Black History Month
By the end of the war, over 200,000 African
Americans would serve in the Union Army
and Navy.
African-American Union Soldiers
16. African American/Black History Month
Although the Proclamation initially freed
only the slaves in the rebellious states, by the
end of the war the Proclamation had
influenced and prepared citizens to advocate
and accept abolition for all slaves in both the
North and South. The 13th Amendment,
which abolished slavery in the United States,
was passed on December 6, 1865.
17. African American/Black History Month
Lincoln considered the
Emancipation Proclamation
the crowning achievement
of his presidency.
18. African American/Black History Month
“I never, in my life, felt more certain that I
was doing right, than I do in signing this
paper. If my name ever goes into history it
will be for this act, and my whole soul is in it.”
19. African American/Black History Month
Although the Emancipation Proclamation
did not end slavery in the nation, it captured
the hearts and imaginations of millions of
Americans and fundamentally transformed
the character of the war. After January 1,
1863, every advance of federal troops
expanded the domain of freedom.
20. African American/Black History Month
From the first days of the Civil War, slaves
had acted to secure their own liberty. The
Emancipation Proclamation confirmed their
insistence that the war for the Union must
become a war for freedom. It added moral
force to the Union cause and strengthened
the Union both militarily and politically.
21. African American/Black History Month
As a milestone along the road to slavery's
final destruction, the Emancipation
Proclamation has assumed a place among
the great documents of human freedom.
Former Slave, Sally Fickland views
the Emancipation Proclamation, 1947
23. African American/Black History Month
The March on Washington
was envisioned by A. Philip
Randolph, a long-time civil
rights activist dedicated to
improving the economic
condition of Black Americans.
When Randolph first
proposed the march in late
1962, he received little
response from other civil A. Philip Randolph
rights leaders.
24. African American/Black History Month
He knew that cooperation would be difficult
among civil rights leaders because each had
his own agenda for the civil rights
movement, and the leaders competed for
funding and press coverage. He knew that
for the March on Washington to be
successful, all civil rights leaders would have
to support the event.
25. African American/Black History Month
The "Big Six" leaders were James Farmer, of
the Congress of Racial Equality; Martin
Luther King, Jr., of the Southern Christian
Leadership Conference; John Lewis, of the
Student Nonviolent Coordinating
Committee; A. Philip Randolph, of the
Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters; Roy
Wilkins, of the National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People; and
Whitney Young, Jr., of the National Urban
League.
26. African American/Black History Month
John Lewis, Whitney Young, A. Philip Randolph, Martin
Luther King, Jr., James Farmer and Roy Wilkins met in
March 1963 in New York City to organize the March on
Washington.
27. African American/Black History Month
The March on Washington was not
universally embraced by civil rights
leaders, and President John F. Kennedy
was initially opposed to the March.
Kennedy was concerned that the event
might exacerbate already heightened
racial tensions across the country and
perhaps erode public support for the civil
rights movement at large.
28. African American/Black History Month
Additionally, various influential organizations
and individuals opposed the March. Besides
the expected, such as Southern segregationists
and members of the Ku Klux Klan, the Black-
separatist group Nation of Islam and its
outspoken member Malcolm X adamantly
disagreed with the peaceful intentions of the
event. He felt it presented an inaccurate,
sanitized pageant of racial harmony and called
it the “Farce on Washington.”
29. African American/Black History Month
In May, at the height of the Birmingham
Campaign, King joined A. Philip Randolph,
James Farmer, and Charles McDew. After
notifying President Kennedy of their intent,
the leaders of the major civil rights
organizations set the march date for August
28th.
30. African American/Black History Month
The goals of the protest included:
a comprehensive civil rights bill that would do
away with segregated public accommodations
protection of the right to vote
mechanisms for seeking redress of violations of
constitutional rights
desegregation of all public schools in 1963
federal work programs to train and place
unemployed workers
Federal Fair Employment Practices Act barring
discrimination in all employment
31. African American/Black History Month
On August 28, 1963, more than 200,000
Americans gathered in Washington, D.C., for
a political rally known as the March on
Washington for Jobs and Freedom.
Organized by civil rights and religious
groups, the event was designed to shed light
on the political and social challenges African
Americans faced across the United States.
32. African American/Black History Month
The March began with
a rally at the Washington
Monument featuring
several celebrities and
musicians. Participants
then marched the
mile-long National Mall
to the Lincoln Memorial.
Aerial view of the March on Washington
33. African American/Black History Month
The 3-hour-long program at the Lincoln
Memorial included speeches from prominent
civil rights and religious leaders and
culminated in Martin Luther King, Jr.’s "I
Have a Dream" speech.
Martin Luther King, Jr.
at the March on Washington
35. African American/Black History Month
"We have witnessed today in Washington tens of
thousands of Americans, both Negro and white,
exercising their right to assemble peaceably and
direct the widest possible attention to a great national
issue. Efforts to secure equal treatment and equal
opportunity for all without regard to race, color,
creed, or nationality are neither novel nor difficult to
understand. What is different today is the intensified
and widespread public awareness of the need to move
forward in achieving these objectives, objectives
which are older than this Nation."
— John F. Kennedy
36. African American/Black History Month
The March on Washington, became a key
moment in the struggle for civil rights in the
United States. It was not only a plea for
equality and justice, it also helped pave the
way for both the ratification of the 24th
Amendment to the U.S. Constitution
outlawing the poll tax and the passage of the
Civil Rights Act of 1964.
37. African American/Black History Month
The following year, Congress passed the
Civil Rights Act of 1964 as a concrete step
toward fulfilling the promise of the
Emancipation Proclamation.
President Lyndon B. Johnson signing the
Civil Rights Act of 1964
38. African American/Black History Month
“The story of African Americans is a
story of resilience and perseverance. It
traces a people who refused to accept
the circumstances under which they
arrived on these shores, and it
chronicles the generations who fought
for an America that truly reflects the
ideals enshrined in our founding
documents.”
—President Barack Obama
Presidential Proclamation 2012
39. Sources
The Emancipation Proclamation
http://www.whitehouse.gov/
http://www.archives.gov/
http://www.loc.gov/
http://www.alplm.org/
http://www.history.com/
March on Washington
http://www.thekingcenter.org/
http://www.archives.gov/
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/
http://www.loc.gov/
http://www.history.com/
40. Defense Equal Opportunity Management
Institute,
Patrick Air Force Base, Florida
February 2013
All photographs are public domain and are from
various sources as cited.
The findings in this report are not to be construed
as an official DEOMI, U.S. military services, or
the Department of Defense position, unless
designated by other authorized documents.