ppt on wright brotgers

1. WELCOME

2. THE WRIGHT BROTHERS
E D W A R D T O M S I O
A D V A N C E D A E R O D Y N A M I C S

3. CHILDHOOD
The Wright brothers were two of seven children born to Milton wright. Wilbur was
born near Millville Indiana, in 1867 and Orville in Dayton Ohio, in 1871. The
brothers never married. In elementary school, Orville was given to mischief and was
once expelled.
Orville (left) and Wilbur (right) in 1876.

4. INVENTIONS
Inventing and building the world's first successful
airplane
Making the first controlled, powered and sustained
heavier-than-air human flight, on December 17,
1903
The brothers developed their flying machine into the
first practical fixed-wing aircraft
The Flyer, especially by 1905, was the first heavier-than-
air, manned, powered, winged machine to fly
successfully under full control, using aerodynamic
principles developed by the Wright brothers and
applied since then on all practical airplanes.

5. WILBUR WRIGHT
BORN- APRI L 16,
1867
DI ED-MAY 30,
1912 (AGE 45) IN
TYPHOID FEVER
1886 WINTER-ACCIDENT
FAUGHT FOR
THEIR PATENT
RIGHTS UNTI L
HI S DEATH

6. FACTS ABOUT WILBUR
Presented an independent personality
Never graduated from high school
Loved to read and write!
“I have always thought I would like to
be a teacher.…”
-Wilbur Wright

7. ORVILLE WRIGHT
Born August 19, 1871
Died January 30, 1948( aged
76) after his second heart
attack
Started his own printing
business
Sold their company in 1915
1930- recieved the first
Daniel Guggenheim Medal
1936- was elected a member
of the National Academy of
Science

8. FACTS ABOUT ORVILLE
Developed an interest in technology
and science early in life
More of an inventor than Wilbur
Very shy but a class clown
Never graduated from high school

9. THE WEST SIDE NEWSPAPER
In 1889 the Wright Brothers started the West Side News
It was a weekly newspaper that Wilbur and Orville Wright published briefly in 1889
and 1891

10. THE WRIGHT CYCLE COMPANY
In 1893 The Wright
Brothers started a bicycle
shop that allowed them to
rent and repair bicycles.
Only 5 of the Wright
Brothers’ bicycles
exist to this day.

11. THE BEGINNING
The Wright Brothers developed their plans for a flying machine from
bicycle concepts

12. Wright Flyer 1
KITTY HAWK
“ On December 17, 1903, at Kitty Hawk,
North Carolina, the Wright Flyer became
the first powered, heavier-than-air
machine to achieve controlled, sustained
flight with a pilot aboard.”

13. This is a picture of Orville
piloting the ‘‘Wright flyer’’ 1
at Kill Devil Hill 17th of
December 1903 and is
generally accepted as the
first powered flight .
Wilbur can be seen
watching this historic flight.
Two chain driven
propellers can be seen
connected to a small single
engine
Here is a picture of the first ever motor
actually used while flying which was from the
Wright Brothers plane in the picture above.

14. This stopwatch was used to time the
Wright Brothers’ flights at Kitty
Hawk
The first successful flight was 12
seconds long and covered 120 feet

15. HUFFMAN PRAIRIE
Travel to Kitty Hawk was tedious
The Wright Brothers found a local cow pasture
just outside of Dayton where they could extend
their experiments and practices

16. The farmer who owned Huffman
Prairie didn’t not charge rent to
the brothers but he insisted that
they make sure the farm animals
were out of the way first!

17. WRIGHT FLYER 2
The Wright Flyer 2 worked well
However, Wilbur and Orville still found it
difficult to control
On October 20, 1904 the Wright Brothers
flew the first complete circle in an aircraft
The flight was 1 minute, 36 seconds and
covered 4,080 feet

18. WRIGHT FLYER 3
The Wright Flyer 3 was much easier to
control
The Wright Brothers began to stay in the
air for longer and longer periods of time

19. PICTURES OF FIRST FLIGHT
F I R S T F L I G H T O F W R I G H T
F L Y E R 1
W R I G H T F L Y E R 3

20. BEFORE THE WRIGHTS
Otto Lilienthal
 Built and flew gliders.
 Conducted his own lift
tests through trial and
error.
 Had cambered wings with
a fixed tail surface.
 Discovered to fly better
over flat surfaces by Sir
George Cayley.
 Supported himself with
upper arms.
 Control by shifting weight
and swinging legs.

21. BEFORE THE WRIGHTS
Otto Lilienthal
Designed and built a
small engine.
Custom glider for
engine
1896 Death due to
gusty day
Control System was
too limited
Death sparked the
Wrights interest in
powered manned
flight

22. WRIGHTS INSPIRATION
"In 1896 we read in the
daily papers, or in
some of the
magazines, of the
experiments of Otto
Lilienthal, who was
making some gliding
flights from the top of a
small hill in Germany.
His death a few months
later while making a
glide off the hill
increased our interest
in the subject, and we
began looking for
books pertaining to
flight." - Orville Wright,
1920 (McFarland, p. 3)
Otto Lilienthal's 1896 glider following his
fatal crash

23. THE WRIGHTS
Problem with
Lilienthal’s glider was
control system
 Set to try to master control
problems
Wilbur observed how
bird’s turn
 Concluded that they change
the angle of the ends of their
wings
 Puzzled how to incorporate
this into a flying machine.

24. WING WARPING
When twisting a
cardboard box,
Wilbur
discovered wing
warping
First tested this
idea of control
on a biplane
kite.
Wing Warping and
Biplane Kite

25. WING WARPING
The first longitudinal (roll) control
Principles led to the development of ailerons
 Hip cradle control
Would change the angle of attack of wingtips creating a lift
differential the same way ailerons do.
When satisfied with the performance of the biplane
kite, they applied it to their first glider.

26. 1900 GLIDER

27. 1900 GLIDER
Used mainly as a kite
Winds either too light or too strong
Further tested wing warping through cords operated by
pilot or from ground.
Prone Position
Reduced drag
1 sq. ft. exposed instead of 5
Would add a full ½ HP when they tried for powered flight.
Wilbur incorrectly believed that a tail was not
necessary.

28. 1900 GLIDER
Incorporated a horizontal operating rudder (horizontal
elevator)
 Placed in front of pilot
 Counterbalanced the movements of the center of pressure on
the wings.
 Also believed it would prevent a nosedive and crash like the
one that killed Lilienthal.
 First canard design
 Labeled canard by French newspapers in 1906 due to
resemblance of a duck.
Used cambered wings as well
 Borrowed concept from Lilienthal and other predecessors.

29. 1901 GLIDER

30. 1901 GLIDER
Built with much larger wing span and wing
area
Due to 1900 glider producing less lift than
expected.
Stalled a few times
Canard created a parachute effect allowing
for safe landings.
Strengthened Wilbur’s idea to use the
canard design.

31. 1901 GLIDER PROBLEMS
Sometimes failed to respond properly to
wing-warping
Turned opposite the direction intended and
went into descending spiral.
Wrights called it “well digging”
Later cause became known as adverse
yaw
Increase in lift also creates induced drag
Produced only about 1/3 the lift calculated.
Up till now, used lift calculations from
Lilienthal.
Believed calculations were wrong so as a
result…

32. WIND TUNNEL
Created their own wind
tunnel
 Conducted their own lift
tests.
 Found discrepancies
with Lilienthal’s data.
 Tested dozens of
miniature wings.
 Discovered that a long,
narrow wing provides
more lift than a short,
wide one (larger
aspect ratio).
 Incorporated this into
third glider.
Also, discovered they
needed less camber.

33. 1902 GLIDER

34. 1902 GLIDER
32 ft wing span
Narrower and longer that predecessors
At first had dual fixed rear rudders
Attempt to prevent adverse yaw
Worked, but when attempting to level off from a turn,
rudders caused turn to tighten and would also cause
“well digging”
Orville visualized solution and decided on a single vertical
rudder that was movable
Connected to the wing warping system
First coupled ailerons and rudder system
First successful glider with control of all three axes

35. CONTROL PROBLEM SOLVED
Forward elevator controlled pitch
Rear rudder controlled yaw
Wing warping controlled roll
Since they solved the problem of
control they decided it was time
to add an engine

36. No engine light
enough back
then
Designed their
own
Charles Taylor
machinist
Four stroke
4 cylinder
12 HP
WRIGHT ENGINE

37. WRIGHT FLYER I
Designed and cut
their own wooden
propellers
 Had no data on
propellers
 Determined that a
propeller is essentially
a wing rotating in the
vertical plane.
 More wind tunnel
tests
 Decided on twin
“pusher” propellers.
Counter-Rotating
Props
 To cancel torque

38. FIRST POWERED MAN SUSTAINED FLIGHT
Used wooden rail system for launches
Dec. 17 2003
Later used weight-power catapult
Made takeoffs easier and shorter
Reenactment of one of the Flyer’s flights

39. THE ENDING
In 1905, the Wright Brothers’ experimental
period ended
With their third powered airplane, they now
routinely made flights lasting several
minutes
On October 5, Wilbur made an amazing
flight in which he circled the field 30
times in 39 minutes for a total distance of
24 1/2 miles