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15 1920s
- 1. The Jazz Age or…. The ROARING 1920s
- 2. Life cover, July1, 1926 Cover of Life Magazine, July 1, 1926
- 3. Intro to JazzAge 5:18
- 4. CONSUMERISM (electric) appliances automobiles advertising (image vs. utility) buying on credit chain stores Consumer Debt, 1920–1931 General Electric ad (Picture Research Consultants & Archives)
- 5. CONSUMERISM: Impact ofthe Automobile Replaced the railroad as the key promoter of economic growth (steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highways) Daily life: commuting, shopping, traveling, “courting” Increase in sales: 1913 - 1.2 million registered; 1929 - 26.5 million registered (=almost one per family) Passenger Car Sales, 1920-1929 Filling Station, Maryland in 1921
- 6. Automobiles & Industrial Expansion Henry Ford ‘fordism’ Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928 (From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village) 1913: car=2 yrs wages 1929: 3 mos. wages 1913: 14 hours to build a new car 1928: New Ford off assembly line every 10 seconds “Trying out the new assembly line“ Detroit, 1913 Henry Ford (1835-1947)
- 7. Impact of theAutomobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980 Jones, Created Equal
- 8. Automobiles & Consumerism Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved Dodge advertisement photo, 1933 < Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own." “Every family should have their own car. . .You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?" (Library of Congress)
- 9. July 4, NantasketBeach, Massachusetts, early 1920s
- 11. MASS CULTURE: Radio New mass medium 1920: First commercial radio station By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927) The Spread of Radio by
- 12. •Radio sets, parts and accessories brought in $60 million in 1922… • $136 million in 1923 •$852 million in 1929 •Radio reached into every third home in its first decade. •Listening audience was 50,000,000 by 1925
- 13. MASS CULTURE: Movies Movie “palaces” “talkies” (1927) Will Hays (Billy Rose Theatre Collection, The New York Public Library) 80 million tickets sold per week by 1930 (population: 100 million)
- 14. “Flappers” sought individualfreedom Known for their short “bobbed” hair Ongoing crusade for equal rights Most women remain in the “cult of domesticity” sphere Discovery of adolescence
- 15. ROLE OF WOMEN: Women and Politics 19th Amendment in 1920-suffrage League of Women Voters National Women’s Party (NWP) Alice Paul (founder) Margaret Sanger- called for limiting number of children per family Alice Paul
- 17. CHANGES IN LITERATURE& ART Literature “Lost Generation”- called this because they were disillusioned with American society in 1920s and they criticized middle-class materialism/conformity F. Scott Fitzgerald- The Great Gatsby Sinclair Lewis-author who wrote about absurdities of small town life Ernest Hemingway-famous author Eugene O’Neill-modern playwright F. Scott & Zelda Fitzgerald on the Riviera, 1926 (Stock Montage)
- 18. America takes FLIGHT Glenn Curtiss was an American aviation pioneer and a founder of the U.S. aircraft industry. His company built aircraft for the U.S. Army and Navy, and, during the years leading up to World War I, his experiments with seaplanes led to advances in naval aviation.
- 19. First Solo-Flight across Atlantic Charles Lindbergh -became a symbol of American ingenuity and America’s desire for success
- 20. CHANGES IN LITERATURE& ART African Americans Harlem Renaissance-African American culture in the form of literature,theatre and music that originated from Harlem New York Langston Hughes-key writer of HR Langston Hughes
- 21. •Beginning of theJazz Age in New York City •Acceptance of African American culture •African American literature and music
- 22. CHANGES IN LITERATURE& ART Jazz “The Jazz Age” Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington The Cotton Club Louis Armstrong & the Fate Marabel band, 1919 Louis Armstrong
- 23. TIN PAN ALLEY • A number of music publishers set up shop in the same district of Manhattan. • Tin Pan Alley was oriented towards producing songs that amateur singers or small town bands could perform from printed music. These buildings and others on West 28th Street between Sixth Avenue and Broadway in Manhattan housed the sheet-music publishers that were the center of American popular music in the early 20th Century 1910
- 24. Marcus Garvey- “Garveyism”Marcus Garvey was a Jamaican political leader, publisher, journalist, entrepreneur, and orator who was a staunch proponent of the Black nationalism and Pan-Africanism movements Back-to-Africa movement, which promoted the return of the African diaspora to their ancestral lands. “UNIA”- Universal Negro Improvement Association dedicated to racial pride, economic self-sufficiency, and the formation of an independent black nation in Africa Main influence was URBAN BLACK population
- 25. RELIGIOUS COMPLICATION ScopesTrial “modernists” VS. “fundamentalism” American Civil Liberties Union Clarence Darrow William Jennings Bryan
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- 27. Scopes Trial A.K.A.Monkey Trial Fundamentalism Rejected ideas that implied human moral behavior came from society and nature, not God Rejected Darwin’s theory of evolution— humans developed from lower life forms Believed in creationism—God created world
- 28. 1925 The firstconflict between religion vs. science being taught in school was in 1925 in Dayton, Tennessee.
- 29. John T. Scopes Biology teacher in Dayton TN recruited to teach evolution Arrested for teaching evolution Clarence Darrow—Scopes lawyer William Jennings Bryan—prosecutor Scopes found guilty after 8 days Sentenced to $100 fine Conviction later overturned on technicality
- 31. SOCIAL & CULTURALCONFLICTS: Prohibition Prohibition The noble experiment “Speakeasies” Al Capone Alphonse “Scarface” Capone Government agents breaking up an illegal bar during
- 32. •Goal: was toreduce crime and poverty and improve the quality of life by making it impossible for people to get their hands on alcohol. •This "Noble Experiment" was a failure. •Midnight, January 16th, 1920, US went dry. •The 18th Amendment, known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale and possession of alcohol in America. Prohibition lasted for thirteen years. •So was born the industry of bootlegging, speakeasies and Bathtub Gin.
- 34. •People drank morethan ever during Prohibition, and there were more deaths related to alcohol. •No other law in America has been violated so flagrantly by so many "decent law-abiding" people. •Overnight, many became criminals. •Mobsters controlled liquor created a booming black market economy. •Gangsters owned speakeasies and by 1925 there were over 100,000 speakeasies in New York City alone.
- 36. Detroit police inspectingequipment found in a hidden underground brewery during the prohibition era. Al Capone Elliot Ness, part of Agent with the U.S. Treasury Department's Prohibition Bureau during a time when bootlegging was rampant throughout the nation. Chicago gangster during Prohibition who controlled the “bootlegging” industry. the Untouchables
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- 39. SOCIAL & CULTURALCONFLICTS: Immigration, 1921-1960
- 40.
- 41. Immigration Emergency QuotaAct - 1921 3% of total number people in ethnic group per year Based on 1910 census National Origins Act - 1924 2% of each nationality living here in 1890 1929 limit total immigrants to 150,000/yr with nationality allotment based on 1920 census
- 42. SOCIAL & CULTURALCONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest National Origin Act of 1924 Number of Immigrants and Countries of Origin, 1891-1920 and 1921-1940 Percentage of Population Foreign Born, 1850-1990
- 43. •Red Scare, 1919to 1921, was a time of great upheaval…U.S. “scared out of their wits". •"Reds” as they were called, "Anarchists” or "Outside Foreign-Born Radical Agitators” (Communists). Attorney General Mitchell Palmer •Anti-red hysteria came about after WWI and the Russian Revolution. •6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested (Palmer Raids) and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S. •No due process was followed
- 44. SOCIAL & CULTURALCONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest Communist International 3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism Red Scare Palmer Raids (1920) A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920 Police arrest “suspected Reds” in Chicago, 1920
- 45. Sacco and VanzettiCase 2 shoe-factory workers were murdered and robbed of company payroll Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler Italian immigrants arrested on flimsy evidence • Anarchists and immigrants Found guilty, sentenced to death, executed anti-immigrant sentiments led Congress to change immigration laws
- 46. SOCIAL & CULTURALCONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest Sacco & Vanzetti HAVE A CHAIR! from The Daily Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, 1921
- 47. SOCIAL & CULTURALCONFLICTS: Xenophobia and Racial Unrest Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith “new” Ku Klux Klan “American-ism” (Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
- 48. Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, 1926
- 49. Rural Americans identifyurban culture with Communism, crime, immorality Sex becomes an all-consuming topic of interest in popular entertainment Communities of home, church, and school are absent in the cities
- 50. The 1920 Election Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding… US turned inward and feared anything that was European… Warren Harding- Republican
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- 52. BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT Warren G. Harding “Return to normalcy” • Getting back to a PEACETIME or NON-War Economy Herbert Hoover-Secretary of Commerce Andrew Mellon- Sec of Treasury The “Ohio Gang”- political cronies of Warren Harding Harding with Laddie, June 13, 1922 Albert B. Fall of the Teapot Dome Scandal (left)
- 53. The 1920 Election The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet.
- 54. Republican Policies Harding’sReturn to "normalcy" tariffs raised corporate, income taxes cut spending cuts Government-business cooperation “The business of government, is business” Return to “isolation”
- 55. • Secretary ofthe Interior, Albert B. Fall leased naval reserve oil land in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California, to oilmen Harry F. Sinclair and Edward L. Doheny •Fall had received a bribe of $100,000 from Doheny and about three times that amount from Sinclair. •Fall found guilty of taking a bribe. •Sinclair and Doheny were acquitted of charges.
- 56. Harding and Coolidge Republican presidents appeal to traditional American values Harding dies in office after 2 years. Scandals break after his death Teapot Dome Scandal Calvin Coolidge becomes President after Harding’s death in 1923.
- 57. The 1924 Election Calvin Coolidge served as President from 1923 to 1929. “Silent Cal”. “THE BUSINESS OF AMERICA, IS BUSINESS” Republican president
- 58. REPUBLICAN ECONOMY SUPPORTED LAISSEZ FAIRE AND BIG BUSINESS………. + + =$ Lower Taxes Less Federal Higher Strong Spending Tariffs National Fordney-McCumber Tariff---1923Economy Hawley-Smoot Tariff ---1930 raised the tariff to an unbelievable 60%!!!