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The WWII Home
     Front
Inflation & Food Prices
               Facing rapidly increasing food
                prices and wage rates, Roosevelt
                submitted a bill to Congress on
                September 7, 1942.
                Roosevelt spoke to the American
                people that evening warning that
                farm prices may succumb to
                drastic inflation unless the
                government establishes further
                price controls.
               He also explained to the nation
                the need for the government to
                increase the federal income tax
                rates.
               The Office of Price
                Administration established price
                controls to control inflation.
               Congress passed a stabilization
                bill on October 2.
“Victory Gardeners”
             The federal government,
              through the Office of War
              Mobilization, encouraged
              citizens to participate in
              the war effort. One
              popular idea was the
              creation of victory
              gardens.
             30-40% of all the produce
              grown during the war
              years were grown in such
              gardens.
Stabilization of the Economy
                 As the war began, FDR
                  attempted to stabilize the
                  national economy by
                  creating an Office of
                  Economic Stabilization
                  led by an Economic
                  Director.
                 In the process, the
                  president assumes an
                  unprecedented executive
                  control over the American
                  economy.
Victory Loan Drive
            To finance the war, the
             federal government
             encouraged citizens to
             purchase war bonds.
            By borrowing money, the
             federal government financed
             approximately 40% of the
             cost of the war.
            However, the high levels of
             deficit spending also boosted
             the national debt five-fold
             from 1940 – 1945.
Aircraft Production




Ranking behind the USSR, Britain & Germany in 1939, the U.S. became the top aircraft
  producer in the world by 1941. By war's end, the U.S. had produced 86,500 more
  aircraft than Germany, Italy & Japan combined & tripled the combined output of
                                 Germany & Japan.
Merchant Ship Production




Another insightful statistic illustrating the United States' enormous industrial output is
  the gross tonnage of merchant ships built during the war. When compared with
England and Japan, the second and third largest fleets respectively, the U.S. output is
                                         staggering.
Rationing
      The productive capacity of the United
       States during World War II surpassed all
       expectations.
      Americans at home were asked to
       conserve materials and to accept ration
       coupons or stamps that limited the
       purchase of certain products such as:
           Gasoline
           Rubber
           Sugar
           Butter
           Certain cloths
      American responses to rationing varied
       from cheerful compliance to resigned
       grumbling to instances of black market
       subversion and profiteering.
Home Front Propaganda
   Having sustained losses in World War I and only now coming
    out of an economic crisis, most Americans thought that energies
    should be spent here at home, improving America, instead of
    becoming involved in war overseas.
   However, the government recognized that American
    participation was necessary, and quickly stepped up pro-war
    propaganda.
   This was not extremely successful until after Pearl Harbor, when
    the war no longer seemed comfortably distant but very close to
    home.
   It was also necessary to begin stepping up production and
    conservation of materials for the war effort, because the Allies
    only tremendous advantage was their great production power.
   As the war began in earnest, America increased the flood of
    propaganda, utilizing especially the radio and visual media, most
    specifically posters.
Demonizing the Enemy
During the war, both sides attempted to demonize their adversary. In these American
    posters, the Germans and Japanese are depicted in less than flattering light.
Women and the Homefront
               Not all women were asked to join the
                workforce, there was much public
                resistance to the idea of working
                mothers, contributed to the low rate of
                women aged 25 to 34 that participated
                in the labor force.
               An obstacle that the 1940's housewife
                ran into was the shortage of steel. In
                1943 civilians were only allotted 15%
                of the nation's steel production.
               This caused the rationing of such items
                as bottled, canned, dried, and frozen
                vegetables, as well as canned fruits,
                juices, and soups.
               Women who lived in big cities felt this
                squeeze more than ever, while women
                who lived on farms and in small towns
                were able to garden and preserve their
                own supply of fresh produce.
Women in the Workforce
   Before the United States entered World War II, several companies already
    had contracts with the government to produce war equipment for the Allies.
    At first companies did not think that there would be a labor shortage so
    they did not take the idea of hiring women seriously. Eventually, women
    were needed because companies were signing large, lucrative contracts with
    the government just as all the men were leaving for the service.
   Americans agreed that having women work in the war industries would only
    be temporary.
   The government decided to launch a propaganda campaign to sell the
    importance of the war effort and to lure women into working.
   They promoted the fictional character of “Rosie the Riveter” as the ideal
    woman worker: loyal, efficient, patriotic, and pretty.
   Women responded to the call to work differently depending on age, race,
    class, marital status, and number of children.
   Half of the women who took war jobs were minority and lower-class
    women who were already in the workforce. They switched from lower-
    paying traditionally female jobs to higher-paying factory jobs.
Discrimination
Double V Campaign
           The Pittsburg Courier designed
            this ad campaign to symbolize
            the efforts of African-Americans
            who were fighting for victory
            against fascism abroad and
            fighting racism at home.
           This slogan was adopted on a
            national scale to criticize the
            discrimination that African-
            Americans were facing in
            defense-related industries.
Executive Order 8802
   As wartime mobilization was underway in the United
    States, American businesses and the federal
    government continued to practice racial discrimination
    in the workforce.
   Pressure by civil rights leaders and their threat to
    organize a march on Washington D.C. caused President
    Roosevelt to issue an executive order.
   In return, the organizers postponed the march which
    curbed a potential political mess for FDR during a
    period in which he was emphasizing American
    democratic ideals in his foreign policy.
Detroit Race Riot (1943)
              After the start of the war, employers in
               Detroit turned to a ready pool of
               African American labor from the South.
              The muggy summer evening of June 20,
               1943 saw rioting.
              Exacerbating the conflict, rumors
               circulated among the black population
               that that "whites" had thrown a black
               woman and her baby over the Belle Isle
               bridge.
              Enraged, many African-Americans
               stormed white districts where they
               looted and destroyed stores and
               indiscriminately attacked anyone with
               white skin.
              Similarly, white mobs had been stirred
               up by a rumor that a black man had
               raped and murdered a white woman on
               the bridge.
              Eventually, 6,000 federal troops had to
               be called in to quell the violence.
Zoot Suit Riots
          A series of riots that erupted in Los
           Angeles during World War II between
           sailors and soldiers and Mexican
           American youth gangs.
          On June 3, 1943, a group of servicemen
           on leave complained that they had been
           assaulted by a gang of pachucos.
          The headed to east LA where they
           attacked all the men they found wearing
           zoot suits, often ripping off the suits
           and burning them in the streets.
          In many instances, the police intervened
           by arresting beaten-up Mexican-
           American youth for disturbing the
           peace.
          The government finally intervened on
           June 7, by declaring that Los Angeles
           would henceforth be off-limits to all
           military personnel.
Executive Order 9066
            February 19, 1942: Executive Order
             9066 allowed the United States
             military the authority to establish
             military zones from which they
             could then exclude any persons they
             deemed a threat to national security.
            Taken to an extreme, the military
             designated the entire West Coast of
             the United States a military zone
             and began the systematic, forced
             removal of over 110,000 Japanese-
             Americans from their homes and
             businesses.
            They were sent to relocation centers
             located in the deserts of the
             southwest and other parts of the
             United States.
Internment of Japanese Americans
                   120,000 Americans of Japanese
                    heritage were sent to one of 10
                    internment camps—officially called
                    "relocation centers"—in California,
                    Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming,
                    Colorado, and Arkansas.
                    More than 2/3 of the Japanese
                    who were interned in the spring of
                    1942 were citizens of the United
                    States.
                   The U.S. internment camps were
                    overcrowded and provided poor
                    living conditions.
                   Food was rationed out at an
                    expense of 48 cents per internee,
                    and served by fellow internees in a
                    mess hall of 250-300 people.
        Multimedia Citations
   Slide 2: http://thesituationist.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/food-is-a-weapon.jpg
   Slide 3: http://www.umkc.edu/lib/spec-col/ww2/WarNews/victorygarden.htm
   Slide 4: http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031801.GIF
   Slide 5: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/exhibits/posters/pics/16171_bring_him_home_770.jpg
   Slide 6: R.A.C. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1997),
    133.
   Slide 7: R.A.C. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1997),
    135.
   Slide 8: http://www.cofc.edu/~speccoll/ration.gif
   Slide 10: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm
   Slide 11: http://www.internationalposter.com/vintage_poster/worldwarII_poster_files/usl08329.gif
   Slide 12: http://afsf.lackland.af.mil/Images/WWII/images/WWII%20Wanted_jpg.jpg
   Slide 13:
    http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/stamp_em_out/images_html/images/more_production.jpg
   Slide 14: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif
   Slide 15: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/PropagandaNaziStabsBible.gif;
    http://www.vulture-bookz.de/imagebank/Propaganda/images/1942x~This_is_the_Enemy_US_%5B2%5D.jpg;
    http://www.vulture-bookz.de/imagebank/Propaganda/images/1942x~This_is_the_Enemy_US_%5B1%5D.jpg
   Slide 16: http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~cg3/pics/wneeded.jpg
   Slide 18http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/Rosie-Riveter_small.jpg
   Slide 19: http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/exhibits/morse/Photo/Panel4/WomenWelders.gif
   Slide 20: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/at0071.2s.jpg
   Slide 21: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/fsac/1a35000/1a35300/1a35341v.jpg
   Slide 22: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm
   Slide 23: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm
   Slide 24: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/images/dairy.jpg
   Slide 25: http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/harlem_history/pe_politics.html
   Slide 27: http://info.detnews.com/dn/history/riot/images/mob.gif
   Slide 28: http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/immig/alt/images/mexican7_3.jpg
   Slide 29: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/japanese_internment/20-1681a.htm
   Slide 30: http://www.twogypsies.com/assets/images/internment-notice.jpg

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the wwii homefront

  • 2. Inflation & Food Prices  Facing rapidly increasing food prices and wage rates, Roosevelt submitted a bill to Congress on September 7, 1942.  Roosevelt spoke to the American people that evening warning that farm prices may succumb to drastic inflation unless the government establishes further price controls.  He also explained to the nation the need for the government to increase the federal income tax rates.  The Office of Price Administration established price controls to control inflation.  Congress passed a stabilization bill on October 2.
  • 3. “Victory Gardeners”  The federal government, through the Office of War Mobilization, encouraged citizens to participate in the war effort. One popular idea was the creation of victory gardens.  30-40% of all the produce grown during the war years were grown in such gardens.
  • 4. Stabilization of the Economy  As the war began, FDR attempted to stabilize the national economy by creating an Office of Economic Stabilization led by an Economic Director.  In the process, the president assumes an unprecedented executive control over the American economy.
  • 5. Victory Loan Drive  To finance the war, the federal government encouraged citizens to purchase war bonds.  By borrowing money, the federal government financed approximately 40% of the cost of the war.  However, the high levels of deficit spending also boosted the national debt five-fold from 1940 – 1945.
  • 6. Aircraft Production Ranking behind the USSR, Britain & Germany in 1939, the U.S. became the top aircraft producer in the world by 1941. By war's end, the U.S. had produced 86,500 more aircraft than Germany, Italy & Japan combined & tripled the combined output of Germany & Japan.
  • 7. Merchant Ship Production Another insightful statistic illustrating the United States' enormous industrial output is the gross tonnage of merchant ships built during the war. When compared with England and Japan, the second and third largest fleets respectively, the U.S. output is staggering.
  • 8. Rationing  The productive capacity of the United States during World War II surpassed all expectations.  Americans at home were asked to conserve materials and to accept ration coupons or stamps that limited the purchase of certain products such as:  Gasoline  Rubber  Sugar  Butter  Certain cloths  American responses to rationing varied from cheerful compliance to resigned grumbling to instances of black market subversion and profiteering.
  • 9. Home Front Propaganda  Having sustained losses in World War I and only now coming out of an economic crisis, most Americans thought that energies should be spent here at home, improving America, instead of becoming involved in war overseas.  However, the government recognized that American participation was necessary, and quickly stepped up pro-war propaganda.  This was not extremely successful until after Pearl Harbor, when the war no longer seemed comfortably distant but very close to home.  It was also necessary to begin stepping up production and conservation of materials for the war effort, because the Allies only tremendous advantage was their great production power.  As the war began in earnest, America increased the flood of propaganda, utilizing especially the radio and visual media, most specifically posters.
  • 10.
  • 11.
  • 12.
  • 13.
  • 14.
  • 15. Demonizing the Enemy During the war, both sides attempted to demonize their adversary. In these American posters, the Germans and Japanese are depicted in less than flattering light.
  • 16. Women and the Homefront  Not all women were asked to join the workforce, there was much public resistance to the idea of working mothers, contributed to the low rate of women aged 25 to 34 that participated in the labor force.  An obstacle that the 1940's housewife ran into was the shortage of steel. In 1943 civilians were only allotted 15% of the nation's steel production.  This caused the rationing of such items as bottled, canned, dried, and frozen vegetables, as well as canned fruits, juices, and soups.  Women who lived in big cities felt this squeeze more than ever, while women who lived on farms and in small towns were able to garden and preserve their own supply of fresh produce.
  • 17. Women in the Workforce  Before the United States entered World War II, several companies already had contracts with the government to produce war equipment for the Allies.  At first companies did not think that there would be a labor shortage so they did not take the idea of hiring women seriously. Eventually, women were needed because companies were signing large, lucrative contracts with the government just as all the men were leaving for the service.  Americans agreed that having women work in the war industries would only be temporary.  The government decided to launch a propaganda campaign to sell the importance of the war effort and to lure women into working.  They promoted the fictional character of “Rosie the Riveter” as the ideal woman worker: loyal, efficient, patriotic, and pretty.  Women responded to the call to work differently depending on age, race, class, marital status, and number of children.  Half of the women who took war jobs were minority and lower-class women who were already in the workforce. They switched from lower- paying traditionally female jobs to higher-paying factory jobs.
  • 18.
  • 19.
  • 20.
  • 21.
  • 23.
  • 24.
  • 25. Double V Campaign  The Pittsburg Courier designed this ad campaign to symbolize the efforts of African-Americans who were fighting for victory against fascism abroad and fighting racism at home.  This slogan was adopted on a national scale to criticize the discrimination that African- Americans were facing in defense-related industries.
  • 26. Executive Order 8802  As wartime mobilization was underway in the United States, American businesses and the federal government continued to practice racial discrimination in the workforce.  Pressure by civil rights leaders and their threat to organize a march on Washington D.C. caused President Roosevelt to issue an executive order.  In return, the organizers postponed the march which curbed a potential political mess for FDR during a period in which he was emphasizing American democratic ideals in his foreign policy.
  • 27. Detroit Race Riot (1943)  After the start of the war, employers in Detroit turned to a ready pool of African American labor from the South.  The muggy summer evening of June 20, 1943 saw rioting.  Exacerbating the conflict, rumors circulated among the black population that that "whites" had thrown a black woman and her baby over the Belle Isle bridge.  Enraged, many African-Americans stormed white districts where they looted and destroyed stores and indiscriminately attacked anyone with white skin.  Similarly, white mobs had been stirred up by a rumor that a black man had raped and murdered a white woman on the bridge.  Eventually, 6,000 federal troops had to be called in to quell the violence.
  • 28. Zoot Suit Riots  A series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles during World War II between sailors and soldiers and Mexican American youth gangs.  On June 3, 1943, a group of servicemen on leave complained that they had been assaulted by a gang of pachucos.  The headed to east LA where they attacked all the men they found wearing zoot suits, often ripping off the suits and burning them in the streets.  In many instances, the police intervened by arresting beaten-up Mexican- American youth for disturbing the peace.  The government finally intervened on June 7, by declaring that Los Angeles would henceforth be off-limits to all military personnel.
  • 29. Executive Order 9066  February 19, 1942: Executive Order 9066 allowed the United States military the authority to establish military zones from which they could then exclude any persons they deemed a threat to national security.  Taken to an extreme, the military designated the entire West Coast of the United States a military zone and began the systematic, forced removal of over 110,000 Japanese- Americans from their homes and businesses.  They were sent to relocation centers located in the deserts of the southwest and other parts of the United States.
  • 30. Internment of Japanese Americans  120,000 Americans of Japanese heritage were sent to one of 10 internment camps—officially called "relocation centers"—in California, Idaho, Utah, Arizona, Wyoming, Colorado, and Arkansas.  More than 2/3 of the Japanese who were interned in the spring of 1942 were citizens of the United States.  The U.S. internment camps were overcrowded and provided poor living conditions.  Food was rationed out at an expense of 48 cents per internee, and served by fellow internees in a mess hall of 250-300 people.
  • 31. Multimedia Citations  Slide 2: http://thesituationist.files.wordpress.com/2007/05/food-is-a-weapon.jpg  Slide 3: http://www.umkc.edu/lib/spec-col/ww2/WarNews/victorygarden.htm  Slide 4: http://www.nisk.k12.ny.us/fdr/ideas/portfolio/dorn/gifs/33031801.GIF  Slide 5: http://www.archives.gov.on.ca/english/exhibits/posters/pics/16171_bring_him_home_770.jpg  Slide 6: R.A.C. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 133.  Slide 7: R.A.C. Parker, The Second World War: A Short History, (Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), 135.  Slide 8: http://www.cofc.edu/~speccoll/ration.gif  Slide 10: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm  Slide 11: http://www.internationalposter.com/vintage_poster/worldwarII_poster_files/usl08329.gif  Slide 12: http://afsf.lackland.af.mil/Images/WWII/images/WWII%20Wanted_jpg.jpg  Slide 13: http://www.archives.gov/exhibits/powers_of_persuasion/stamp_em_out/images_html/images/more_production.jpg  Slide 14: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/AntiJapanesePropagandaTakeDayOff.gif  Slide 15: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c3/PropagandaNaziStabsBible.gif; http://www.vulture-bookz.de/imagebank/Propaganda/images/1942x~This_is_the_Enemy_US_%5B2%5D.jpg; http://www.vulture-bookz.de/imagebank/Propaganda/images/1942x~This_is_the_Enemy_US_%5B1%5D.jpg  Slide 16: http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/st/~cg3/pics/wneeded.jpg  Slide 18http://www.solpass.org/7ss/Images/Rosie-Riveter_small.jpg  Slide 19: http://libweb.uoregon.edu/speccoll/exhibits/morse/Photo/Panel4/WomenWelders.gif  Slide 20: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/images/at0071.2s.jpg  Slide 21: http://memory.loc.gov/service/pnp/fsac/1a35000/1a35300/1a35341v.jpg  Slide 22: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm  Slide 23: http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/dspolitic/Frame.htm  Slide 24: http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/african/images/dairy.jpg  Slide 25: http://c250.columbia.edu/c250_celebrates/harlem_history/pe_politics.html  Slide 27: http://info.detnews.com/dn/history/riot/images/mob.gif  Slide 28: http://memory.loc.gov/learn/features/immig/alt/images/mexican7_3.jpg  Slide 29: http://www.trumanlibrary.org/whistlestop/study_collections/japanese_internment/20-1681a.htm  Slide 30: http://www.twogypsies.com/assets/images/internment-notice.jpg