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These here slides are about the Roaring 20s

The 1920s in America saw a period of social and economic change following World War I. Republicans dominated politics under Presidents Harding and Coolidge, pursuing pro-business policies like tax cuts and deregulation. This led to rapid economic growth and widespread consumerism as new industries like automobiles flourished. However, corruption scandals tainted Harding's administration. Socially, immigration restrictions increased due to nativism, while the Ku Klux Klan saw a resurgence targeting Catholics, Jews and immigrants. Overall the decade was marked by economic prosperity, mass consumerism, and social tensions.

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LIFE & CULTURE IN AMERICA IN THE 1920S THE ROARING TWENTIES
America at the Start of the Decade ● Victorious in World War I ● Treaty of Versailles defeated ● Period of isolationism ● Republican ascendancy Returning WWI soldiers parading in Minneapolis
The Election of 1920 ● Republicans nominated Ohio Sen. Warren G. Harding ● “Return to Normalcy” ● Democrats ran Ohio Gov. James M. Cox ● Coolidge as GOP VP candidate ● FDR as Democratic VP candidate ● Republican landslide Warren G. Harding
Why did Harding Win? Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2JYy5 R_d8U US turned inward and feared anything that was European…
Pres. Warren G. Harding-1920 Gone were the days of Wilson and Idealism, replaced by pragmatic approach to government (marked the beginning of a conservative movement similar to post-War of 1812, Civil War) Harding promised: • Lower Taxes • Higher Tariffs • Restrictions on immigration • Aid to farmers “A return toNORMALCY”
FAILURE OF HARDING Appointed some very qualified people to his administration, nicknamed the Ohio Gang because of ties to state. Harding trust in these experts led to widespread corruption which tainted his administration. “OHIO GANG”
The Ohio Gang: President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet. The 1920 Election
The Teapot Dome Scandal Cause: In the early part of the 20th century large oil reserves were discovered in Elk Hills, California and Teapot Dome, Wyoming.
In 1912 President William Taft decided that the government owned the land and its’ oil reserves should be set aside for the use of the United States Navy. On June 4, 1920, Congress passed a bill that stated that the Secretary of the Navy would have the power "to conserve, develop, use and operate the same in his discretion, directly or by contract, lease, or otherwise, and to use, store, exchange, or sell the oil and gas products thereof, and those from all royalty oil from lands in the naval reserves, for the benefit of the United States."
In March of 1921, President Warren Harding appointed Albert Fall as Secretary of the Interior. Pres. Warren Harding Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall
TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall accepted a $100,000 bribe from Sinclair for rights to drill in Teapot Dome. Fall was found guilty and became the first cabinet member to be convicted of a crime. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cabinet-member-guilty-i n-teapot-dome-scandal There was no evidence to that Harding was involved in any way. Harry Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corp.)
3min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4oSJ47jPasE
In 1923, Harding died of a heart attack. Vice-President Calvin Coolidge took over.
The 1924 Election Calvin Coolidge ▪“Silent Cal” ▪slogan: “keep cool with Cal”
The 1924 Election Despite the corruption under Harding, Coolidge was able to repair the image of executive branch and benefited from unprecedented material prosperity and economic growth in 1920s America. Because of this, Coolidge easily won the 1924 Election.
Pres. Calvin Coolidge Conservative Presidency- less government activity • laissez faire (“hands-off”) economic policy • lower taxes • high tariffs Effect? Between 1921 and 1929 the output of industry nearly doubled
The new president, Calvin Coolidge, fit the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=J7jEaqOqc B4 His famous quote: “The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there” President Calvin Coolidge 1924-1928
BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT 4min- beliefs on taxation and govt-start at 2min mark http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwZnExRb8zU President Calvin Coolidge Coolidge throwing out first pitch 1924
Americans on the Move Urbanization still accelerating. ❑ More Americans lived in cities than in rural areas (6 million farmers) ❑ 1920: ❑ New York 5 million ❑ Chicago 3 million ❑ growth of transportation systems (subway, trolleys)
Demographical Changes African American migration (13% shift from South to North ➔ push: Jim Crow laws pull: jobs in north ➔ struggled with low wages (hatred of white workers), de facto segregation
Immigration, 1921-1960 SOCIAL & CULTURAL CONFLICTS:
Post-WWI: European refugees to America to escape religious, political persecution or economic opportunity. Call from nativists, unions, middle class to limit the influx of European immigrants who could be seen as radicals or threats to democracy
Fear of Communism Communist International (Comintern)- Bolsheviks believed that it was their duty to export communism to the rest of the world ● 3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism
Fear of Communism- Red Scare Fear of the “Red Scare” cause widespread government attacks on suspected radicals (especially foreign born and union leaders) June 2, 1919 coordinated nationwide attack on government officials by radicals led to widespread support for government response to the “Reds”
Fear of Communism- Palmer Raids Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (who had been a target) began process of investigating and targeting suspected “agitators” 2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zywzzl9AiU A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920 Police arrest “suspected Reds” in Chicago, 1920
• 6,000 immigrants the government suspected of being Communists were arrested and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S. No due process was followed More- http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2007/december/pal mer_122807 Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
Sacco and Vanzetti Case 2 shoe-factory workers were murdered and robbed of company payroll ● Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler ● Italian immigrants arrested on flimsy evidence ● Anarchists and immigrants
Sacco and Vanzetti HAVE A CHAIR! from The Daily Worker IS THIS THE EMBLEM? from The Daily Worker Found guilty, sentenced to death, executed (worldwide appeal to stop execution) 3min-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3SuTTcj2u8 Effect? anti-immigrant sentiments led Congress to change immigration laws
Immigration Backlash 1. Emergency Quota Act - 1921 ● 3% of total number people in ethnic group per year ● Based on 1910 census 2. National Origins Act - 1924 ● 2% of each nationality living here in 1890 ● 1929 limit total immigrants to 150,000/yr with nationality allotment based on 1920 census
Number of Immigrants and Countries of Origin, 1891-1920 and 1921-1940 Percentage of Population Foreign Born, 1850-1990
Other Demographics Employers turned to Mexican and Canadian immigrants to work. As a result: barrios created(Spanish speaking neighborhoods)
Ku Klux Klan Colonel William J Simmons ● Revived organization in 1915 ● 1922: enrollment 4 million “The New Klan”- Widened attacks to include Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others. ● By night, whipped, beat and even killed. ● By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.
Growth of the KKK ● Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSaC-l7B35w ● “new” Ku Klux Klan ● “American-ism” (Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
Ku Klux Klan Colonel William J Simmons ● Revived organization in 1915 ● 1922: enrollment 4 million “The New Klan”- Widened attacks to include Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others. ● By night, whipped, beat and even killed. ● By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.
Growth of the KKK ● Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSaC-l7B35w ● “new” Ku Klux Klan ● “American-ism” (Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
Ku Klux Klan Ku Klux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, 1926
1920s Culture The Jazz Age
Consumerism Unprecedented wealth in 1920s postwar world gave citizens more disposable income (not needed for expenses). That coupled with beginning of the 40 hour workweek, innovation of house appliances gave people the time and money to spend on entertainment and luxury goods.
Consumerism Need to own (thanks to advertising) these goods led to growing personal debt as people began buying on credit. Because of the prosperity, banks and credit companies began to overextend themselves in making sure Americans could afford the many goods and services in 1920s. Materialism- excessive concern with material possessions defined the decade “Roaring 20s” Consumer Debt, 1920–1931
Henry Ford Using assembly line production, able to make car faster and more affordable 2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z3xJJxOx6E Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928 (From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village) “Trying out the new assembly line“ Detroit, 1913 Henry Ford (1835-1947) effect? 1913: 14 hours to build a new car=2 years wages 1928: 93 minutes (84 separate jobs)=3 mon wages
Automobile ● Replaced the railroad as the key promoter of economic growth (steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highways) ● Daily life: commuting, shopping, traveling, “courting” Increase in sales: 1913 - 1.2 million registered; 1929 - 26.5 million registered (=almost one per family) Passenger Car Sales, 1920-1929 Filling Station, Maryland in 1921
Impact of the Automobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980 Jones, Created Equal
Automobiles & Consumerism Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved < Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own." “Every family should have their own car. . .You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?" (Library of Congress) Dodge advertisement photo, 1933
July 4, Nantasket Beach, Massachusetts, early 1920s
THE TWENTIES WOMAN After the tumult of World War I, Americans had the time and money to spend on luxury and entertainment. ❑ Many women were independent and achieving greater freedoms. ❑ ie. right to vote, more employment, freedom of the auto Chicago 1926
THE FLAPPER A Flapper was an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes. ➢ challenged traditional role of women outside the home (anti- “cult of domesticity”) ➢ fought gender expectations (short bobbed hair, short skirts), social customs (drink and smoke) in company of men, sexual expectations ➢ 5min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc0Jo2xxOe8
Characteristics of the “Flapper”: • Short hair (ear bob) • Legs showing with shorter skirts • Single women entertained male friends at home without a chaperone • Smoking • Dancing • “Party girls” • Rebellious • Fun-loving • Modern • Liberated
NEW ROLES FOR WOMEN ❑Many women entered the workplace as nurses, teachers, librarians, & secretaries. ❑Earned less than men and were prevented from obtaining certain jobs (“glass ceiling”) Early 20th Century teachers
THE CHANGING AMERICAN FAMILY American birthrates declined for several decades before the 1920s. Trend continues in 1920s with development of birth control. Margaret Sanger ❑ Birth control activist ❑ Founder of American Birth Control League ❑ ie. Planned Parenthood Margaret Sanger and other founders of the American Birth Control League - 1921
"When motherhood becomes the fruit of a deep yearning, not the result of ignorance or accident, its children will become the foundation of a new race.“ - Margaret Sanger
The Darker Side of Sanger The birth control movement was largely influenced by the Eugenics Movement which became popularized during this time. Sought to eliminate those people who were considered “undesirable stock” which included mentally handicap, immigrants (who were having larger families) and rebellious African Americans. On blacks, immigrants and indigents: "...human weeds,' 'reckless breeders,' 'spawning... human beings who never should have been born." Margaret Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, referring to immigrants and poor people On the extermination of blacks: "We do not want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population," she said, "if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members."
MODERN FAMILY EMERGES ❑ Marriage was based on romantic love. ❑ Women managed the household and finances. ❑ Children were not considered laborers/ wage earners anymore. ❑ Seen as developing children who needed nurturing and education
PROHIBITION What amendment Made it illegal to make, distribute, sell, transport or consume liquor? Volstead Act made it a federal crime to transport across state lines (meaning federal agents could procecute)
SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION ❑ Reformers had long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents ❑ Supporters were largely from the rural south and west ❑ 3min- http://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties /videos#america-goes-dry-with-prohibition ❑
Poster supporting prohibition
SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS Many Americans (especially immigrants and eastern city-dwellers) did not believe drinking was a sin and began to flaunt the law ❑ drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies ❑ People also bought liquor from bootleggers who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies ❑ All of these activities became closely affiliated with … Speakeasies
ORGANIZED CRIME Prohibition contributed to the growth of organized crime in every major city ❑ Al Capone – ❑ Chicago, Illinois ❑ famous bootlegger ❑ “Scarface” ❑ 60 million yr (bootleg alone) Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition ❑ Talent for avoiding jail ❑ 1931 sent to prison for tax-evasion. Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion charges in 1931
St. Valentine’s Day Massacre Valentines Day – February 14, 1929 ● Rival between Al Capone and Bugs Moran ● Capone – South Side Italian gang ● Moran – North Side Irish gang Bloody murder of 7 of Moran’s men. ● Capone’s men dressed as cops
Racketeering Illegal business scheme to make profit. ● Gangsters bribed police or gov’t officials. ● Forced local businesses a fee for “protection”. ● No fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bits
GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROL LIQUOR Prohibition failed: ❑ Why? Government did not budget enough money to enforce the law Although there were some success by men like Elliot Ness and the Untouchables (group of Chicago Officers who tried to take down Capone), The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task! Federal agents pour wine down a sewer
SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED ❑ By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition ❑ Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved ❑ crime, corruption of police, government inefficiency ❑ The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933
SCOPES TRIAL In March 1925, Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution ❑ The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law – John Scopes did Scopes was a biology teacher who dared to teach his students that man derived from lower species
SCOPES TRIAL ❑ Trial opened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation ❑ In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible – key question: Should the bible be interpreted literally? ❑ Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways ❑ Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 ❑ 3min summary- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlKRkz7NM5o Bryan Darrow
William Ashley “Billy” Sunday Preacher led religious revival called Evangelical Christianity which emphasize a return to traditional values and rejection of secularism. Sunday was popular in the Mid-West and among the middle-upper class Courtesy of billysunday.org
EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE ❑ John Dewey, progressive educator, argued that teachers needed to provide lifelong education practices. ❑ Enrollment in high schools quadrupled between 1914 and 1926. ❑ Public schools met the challenge of educating millions of immigrants
Mass Media Print and broadcast methods of communication included increase in newspaper, magazines, radio, and movies. Newspapers: 27 million to 39 million Increase of 42% Motion Pictures: 40 million to 80 million Increase of 100% Radios: 60,000 to 10.2 million Increase of 16,983%
EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE By the end of the 1920s… ❑ 10 American magazines -- including Reader’s Digest, Saturday Evening Post,Time – boasted circulations of over 2 million a year. ❑ Tabloids created
RADIO COMES OF AGE Although print media was popular, radio was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920s. ❑ News was delivered faster and to a larger audience. ❑ Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the World Series live. ❑ Advertising- 1min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcUdEEOTHrY
MASS CULTURE: Radio ● New mass medium ● 1920: First commercial radio station ● By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios ● Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927) The Spread of Radio, to 1939
Movies First sound movies: Jazz Singer (1927) 2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Djd1Xfw DAQs The Kid (1921)- Charlie Chaplin “The Tramp” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeW-9k USfjc Metropolis (1927) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSExdX0 tds4 By 1930 millions of Americans went to the movies each week http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=XZGHR7J1lUQ
1920s DANCING Heavily influenced by jazz ● Charleston (Dance Craze) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR78tfjJVew ● Swing (white jazz) ● Dance Marathons
THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE ❑ Great Migration saw hundreds of thousands of African Americans move north to big cities ❑ 1920: ❑ 5 million of the nation’s 12 million blacks (over 40%) lived in cities ❑ 3min- http://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twentie s/videos#the-harlem-renaissance ❑ Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence
HARLEM, NEW YORK ❑ Harlem, NY became the largest black urban community ❑ Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment and poverty ❑ Home to literary and artistic revival known as the Harlem Renaissance
LANGSTON HUGHES ❑ Missouri-born Langston Hughes was the movement’s best known poet ❑ Many of his poems described the difficult lives of working-class blacks ❑ “Thank you Ma’am” ❑ Some of his poems were put to music, especially jazz and blues
A Dream Deferred What happens to a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?
MARCUS GARVEY - UNIA ❑ Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society (Africa) ❑ In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association ❑ Garvey claimed a million members by the mid-1920s ❑ Powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and Pan-Africanism Garvey represented a more radical approach
Icons of 1920s
LINDBERGH’S FLIGHT Charles Lindbergh ❑ Nickname: “Lucky Lindy” ❑ May 27, 1927: first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic flight. ❑ Spirit of St. Louis ❑ NYC - Paris ❑ 33 ½ hours later – (no auto pilot) ❑ $25,000 prize http://www.biography.com/people/charles-lindbergh-9382609/v ideos/charles-lindbergh-pioneering-pilot-20613699776 ❑ 2yr old Son Charley kidnapped in 1932 ❑ $50,000 ransom ❑ murdered
Amelia Earhart 3min bio- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k3CeW7v9fQ 1932: First female to fly solo across the Atlantic 1935: First person to fly from California to Hawaii 1937: Attempt to fly around the world; 2/3 completed and went missing, presumed dead.
AMERICAN HEROES OF THE 20s ❑ In 1929, Americans spent $4.5 billion on entertainment. (includes sports) ❑ People crowded into baseball games to see their heroes ❑ Babe Ruth was a larger than life American hero who played for Yankees ❑ He hit 60 homers in 1927. ❑ 3min http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=bXLzWVdtLns ❑
Jazz Jazz is a music genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th century, within the African-American communities of the Southern United States. Its roots lie in the fusion by African-Americans of certain European harmony and form elements, with their existing African-based music (i.e. spirituals). Use of deep blue notes, off-beat improvisation, country riffs, blues singing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhiSgi_9Yvo
MUSIC OF THE 1920s Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz. ❑ Someone to Watch Over Me ❑ Embraceable You ❑ I Got Rhythm ❑ Raphsody in Blue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U40xB Sz6Dc Gershwin
MUSIC OF THE 1920s Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz. ❑ Someone to Watch Over Me ❑ Embraceable You ❑ I Got Rhythm ❑ Raphsody in Blue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U40xB Sz6Dc Gershwin
EDWARD KENNEDY “DUKE” ELLINGTON ❑ In the late 1920s, Duke Ellington, a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous Cotton Club. ❑ Band: “The Washingtonians” ❑ Ellington won renown as one of America’s greatest composers.
LOUIS ARMSTRONG ❑ Jazz was born in the early 20th century ❑ In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis Armstrong joined the Creole Jazz Band. ❑ Armstrong is considered the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz ❑ 3min bio- http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=sIILBeUrYLk ❑
BESSIE SMITH ❑ Bessie Smith, blues singer, was perhaps the most outstanding vocalist of the decade ❑ She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the highest- paid black artist in the world ❑ 3min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4z847-hyc
BILLIE HOLIDAY One of the most recognizable voices of the 20s and 30s. ● Embraceable You ● God Bless the Child ● Strange Fruit ● Summertime ● http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=vAITYPTTh3I
Walt Disney ● Walt Disney only attended one year of high school. ● He was the voice of Mickey Mouse for two decades. ● As a kid he loved drawing and painting. ● He won 32 Academy Awards. ● 3min bio- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hXsLTcgmLQ ●
ART OF THE 1920s Georgia O’ Keeffe captured the grandeur of New York using intensely colored canvases Radiator Building, Night, New York , 1927 Georgia O'Keeffe
WRITERS OF THE 1920s ❑ Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase “Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s ❑ Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby ❑ The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society and materialism of 1920s ❑ http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=iPDTSYR853U
WRITERS OF THE 1920s ❑ Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase “Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s ❑ Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby ❑ The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society and materialism of 1920s ❑ http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=iPDTSYR853U
WRITERS OF THE 1920 Ernest Hemingway, became one of the best-known authors of the era ❑ Wounded in World War I ❑ In his novels, The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war ❑ part of the “Lost Generation” (Gertrude Stein)- Group of people disconnected from their country and its values. ❑ His simple, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard Hemingway - 1929

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These here slides are about the Roaring 20s

  • 1.
    LIFE & CULTURE INAMERICA IN THE 1920S THE ROARING TWENTIES
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    America at the Startof the Decade ● Victorious in World War I ● Treaty of Versailles defeated ● Period of isolationism ● Republican ascendancy Returning WWI soldiers parading in Minneapolis
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    The Election of1920 ● Republicans nominated Ohio Sen. Warren G. Harding ● “Return to Normalcy” ● Democrats ran Ohio Gov. James M. Cox ● Coolidge as GOP VP candidate ● FDR as Democratic VP candidate ● Republican landslide Warren G. Harding
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    Why did HardingWin? Wilson’s idealism and Treaty of Versailles led many Americans to vote for the Republican, Warren Harding… http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z2JYy5 R_d8U US turned inward and feared anything that was European…
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    Pres. Warren G.Harding-1920 Gone were the days of Wilson and Idealism, replaced by pragmatic approach to government (marked the beginning of a conservative movement similar to post-War of 1812, Civil War) Harding promised: • Lower Taxes • Higher Tariffs • Restrictions on immigration • Aid to farmers “A return toNORMALCY”
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    FAILURE OF HARDING Appointedsome very qualified people to his administration, nicknamed the Ohio Gang because of ties to state. Harding trust in these experts led to widespread corruption which tainted his administration. “OHIO GANG”
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    The Ohio Gang:President Warren Harding (front row, third from right), Vice-President Calvin Coolidge (front row, second from right), and members of the cabinet. The 1920 Election
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    The Teapot DomeScandal Cause: In the early part of the 20th century large oil reserves were discovered in Elk Hills, California and Teapot Dome, Wyoming.
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    In 1912 PresidentWilliam Taft decided that the government owned the land and its’ oil reserves should be set aside for the use of the United States Navy. On June 4, 1920, Congress passed a bill that stated that the Secretary of the Navy would have the power "to conserve, develop, use and operate the same in his discretion, directly or by contract, lease, or otherwise, and to use, store, exchange, or sell the oil and gas products thereof, and those from all royalty oil from lands in the naval reserves, for the benefit of the United States."
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    In March of1921, President Warren Harding appointed Albert Fall as Secretary of the Interior. Pres. Warren Harding Secretary of the Interior Albert Fall
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    TEAPOT DOME SCANDAL Secretary ofthe Interior Albert Fall accepted a $100,000 bribe from Sinclair for rights to drill in Teapot Dome. Fall was found guilty and became the first cabinet member to be convicted of a crime. http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/cabinet-member-guilty-i n-teapot-dome-scandal There was no evidence to that Harding was involved in any way. Harry Sinclair (Mammoth Oil Corp.)
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    In 1923, Hardingdied of a heart attack. Vice-President Calvin Coolidge took over.
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    The 1924 Election CalvinCoolidge ▪“Silent Cal” ▪slogan: “keep cool with Cal”
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    The 1924 Election Despitethe corruption under Harding, Coolidge was able to repair the image of executive branch and benefited from unprecedented material prosperity and economic growth in 1920s America. Because of this, Coolidge easily won the 1924 Election.
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    Pres. Calvin Coolidge ConservativePresidency- less government activity • laissez faire (“hands-off”) economic policy • lower taxes • high tariffs Effect? Between 1921 and 1929 the output of industry nearly doubled
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    The new president, CalvinCoolidge, fit the pro-business spirit of the 1920s very well http://www.youtube.co m/watch?v=J7jEaqOqc B4 His famous quote: “The chief business of the American people is business . . .the man who builds a factory builds a temple – the man who works there worships there” President Calvin Coolidge 1924-1928
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    BUSINESS – FRIENDLY GOVERNMENT 4min-beliefs on taxation and govt-start at 2min mark http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wwZnExRb8zU President Calvin Coolidge Coolidge throwing out first pitch 1924
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    Americans on theMove Urbanization still accelerating. ❑ More Americans lived in cities than in rural areas (6 million farmers) ❑ 1920: ❑ New York 5 million ❑ Chicago 3 million ❑ growth of transportation systems (subway, trolleys)
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    Demographical Changes African Americanmigration (13% shift from South to North ➔ push: Jim Crow laws pull: jobs in north ➔ struggled with low wages (hatred of white workers), de facto segregation
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    Post-WWI: European refugeesto America to escape religious, political persecution or economic opportunity. Call from nativists, unions, middle class to limit the influx of European immigrants who could be seen as radicals or threats to democracy
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    Fear of Communism CommunistInternational (Comintern)- Bolsheviks believed that it was their duty to export communism to the rest of the world ● 3rd International Goal (1919): promote worldwide communism
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    Fear of Communism- RedScare Fear of the “Red Scare” cause widespread government attacks on suspected radicals (especially foreign born and union leaders) June 2, 1919 coordinated nationwide attack on government officials by radicals led to widespread support for government response to the “Reds”
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    Fear of Communism-Palmer Raids Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer (who had been a target) began process of investigating and targeting suspected “agitators” 2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1zywzzl9AiU A. Mitchell Palmer’s Home bombed, 1920 Police arrest “suspected Reds” in Chicago, 1920
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    • 6,000 immigrants the governmentsuspected of being Communists were arrested and 600 were deported or expelled from the U.S. No due process was followed More- http://www.fbi.gov/news/stories/2007/december/pal mer_122807 Attorney General Mitchell Palmer
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    Sacco and VanzettiCase 2 shoe-factory workers were murdered and robbed of company payroll ● Nicola Sacco, a shoemaker, and Bartolomeo Vanzetti, a fish peddler ● Italian immigrants arrested on flimsy evidence ● Anarchists and immigrants
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    Sacco and Vanzetti HAVEA CHAIR! from The Daily Worker IS THIS THE EMBLEM? from The Daily Worker Found guilty, sentenced to death, executed (worldwide appeal to stop execution) 3min-http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C3SuTTcj2u8 Effect? anti-immigrant sentiments led Congress to change immigration laws
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    Immigration Backlash 1. EmergencyQuota Act - 1921 ● 3% of total number people in ethnic group per year ● Based on 1910 census 2. National Origins Act - 1924 ● 2% of each nationality living here in 1890 ● 1929 limit total immigrants to 150,000/yr with nationality allotment based on 1920 census
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    Number of Immigrants andCountries of Origin, 1891-1920 and 1921-1940 Percentage of Population Foreign Born, 1850-1990
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    Other Demographics Employers turnedto Mexican and Canadian immigrants to work. As a result: barrios created(Spanish speaking neighborhoods)
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    Ku Klux Klan ColonelWilliam J Simmons ● Revived organization in 1915 ● 1922: enrollment 4 million “The New Klan”- Widened attacks to include Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others. ● By night, whipped, beat and even killed. ● By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.
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    Growth of theKKK ● Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSaC-l7B35w ● “new” Ku Klux Klan ● “American-ism” (Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
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    Ku Klux Klan ColonelWilliam J Simmons ● Revived organization in 1915 ● 1922: enrollment 4 million “The New Klan”- Widened attacks to include Catholics, Jews, immigrants and others. ● By night, whipped, beat and even killed. ● By 1927 Klan activity diminished once again.
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    Growth of theKKK ● Birth of a Nation - D.W. Griffith http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSaC-l7B35w ● “new” Ku Klux Klan ● “American-ism” (Picture Research Consultants & Archives) Ku Klux Klan initiation, 1923. The Klan opposed all who were not “true Americans”. (c) 2000 IRC
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    Ku Klux Klan KuKlux Klan parade in Washington, D.C., Sept. 13, 1926
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    Consumerism Unprecedented wealth in1920s postwar world gave citizens more disposable income (not needed for expenses). That coupled with beginning of the 40 hour workweek, innovation of house appliances gave people the time and money to spend on entertainment and luxury goods.
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    Consumerism Need to own(thanks to advertising) these goods led to growing personal debt as people began buying on credit. Because of the prosperity, banks and credit companies began to overextend themselves in making sure Americans could afford the many goods and services in 1920s. Materialism- excessive concern with material possessions defined the decade “Roaring 20s” Consumer Debt, 1920–1931
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    Henry Ford Using assemblyline production, able to make car faster and more affordable 2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-z3xJJxOx6E Ford Highland Park assembly line, 1928 (From the Collections of Henry Ford Museum & Greenfield Village) “Trying out the new assembly line“ Detroit, 1913 Henry Ford (1835-1947) effect? 1913: 14 hours to build a new car=2 years wages 1928: 93 minutes (84 separate jobs)=3 mon wages
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    Automobile ● Replaced therailroad as the key promoter of economic growth (steel, glass, rubber, gasoline, highways) ● Daily life: commuting, shopping, traveling, “courting” Increase in sales: 1913 - 1.2 million registered; 1929 - 26.5 million registered (=almost one per family) Passenger Car Sales, 1920-1929 Filling Station, Maryland in 1921
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    Impact of theAutomobile: Trains and Automobiles, 1900-1980 Jones, Created Equal
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    Automobiles & Consumerism Copyright© Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved < Ford ad: “Every family -- with even the most modest income, can now afford a car of their own." “Every family should have their own car. . .You live but once and the years roll by quickly. Why wait for tomorrow for things that you rightfully should enjoy today?" (Library of Congress) Dodge advertisement photo, 1933
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    July 4, NantasketBeach, Massachusetts, early 1920s
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    THE TWENTIES WOMAN Afterthe tumult of World War I, Americans had the time and money to spend on luxury and entertainment. ❑ Many women were independent and achieving greater freedoms. ❑ ie. right to vote, more employment, freedom of the auto Chicago 1926
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    THE FLAPPER A Flapperwas an emancipated young woman who embraced the new fashions and urban attitudes. ➢ challenged traditional role of women outside the home (anti- “cult of domesticity”) ➢ fought gender expectations (short bobbed hair, short skirts), social customs (drink and smoke) in company of men, sexual expectations ➢ 5min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gc0Jo2xxOe8
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    Characteristics of the “Flapper”: •Short hair (ear bob) • Legs showing with shorter skirts • Single women entertained male friends at home without a chaperone • Smoking • Dancing • “Party girls” • Rebellious • Fun-loving • Modern • Liberated
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    NEW ROLES FORWOMEN ❑Many women entered the workplace as nurses, teachers, librarians, & secretaries. ❑Earned less than men and were prevented from obtaining certain jobs (“glass ceiling”) Early 20th Century teachers
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    THE CHANGING AMERICANFAMILY American birthrates declined for several decades before the 1920s. Trend continues in 1920s with development of birth control. Margaret Sanger ❑ Birth control activist ❑ Founder of American Birth Control League ❑ ie. Planned Parenthood Margaret Sanger and other founders of the American Birth Control League - 1921
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    "When motherhood becomesthe fruit of a deep yearning, not the result of ignorance or accident, its children will become the foundation of a new race.“ - Margaret Sanger
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    The Darker Sideof Sanger The birth control movement was largely influenced by the Eugenics Movement which became popularized during this time. Sought to eliminate those people who were considered “undesirable stock” which included mentally handicap, immigrants (who were having larger families) and rebellious African Americans. On blacks, immigrants and indigents: "...human weeds,' 'reckless breeders,' 'spawning... human beings who never should have been born." Margaret Sanger, Pivot of Civilization, referring to immigrants and poor people On the extermination of blacks: "We do not want word to go out that we want to exterminate the Negro population," she said, "if it ever occurs to any of their more rebellious members."
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    MODERN FAMILY EMERGES ❑ Marriagewas based on romantic love. ❑ Women managed the household and finances. ❑ Children were not considered laborers/ wage earners anymore. ❑ Seen as developing children who needed nurturing and education
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    PROHIBITION What amendment Madeit illegal to make, distribute, sell, transport or consume liquor? Volstead Act made it a federal crime to transport across state lines (meaning federal agents could procecute)
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    SUPPORT FOR PROHIBITION ❑ Reformershad long believed alcohol led to crime, child & wife abuse, and accidents ❑ Supporters were largely from the rural south and west ❑ 3min- http://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twenties /videos#america-goes-dry-with-prohibition ❑
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    SPEAKEASIES AND BOOTLEGGERS Many Americans(especially immigrants and eastern city-dwellers) did not believe drinking was a sin and began to flaunt the law ❑ drinkers went underground to hidden saloons known as speakeasies ❑ People also bought liquor from bootleggers who smuggled it in from Canada, Cuba and the West Indies ❑ All of these activities became closely affiliated with … Speakeasies
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    ORGANIZED CRIME Prohibition contributedto the growth of organized crime in every major city ❑ Al Capone – ❑ Chicago, Illinois ❑ famous bootlegger ❑ “Scarface” ❑ 60 million yr (bootleg alone) Capone took control of the Chicago liquor business by killing off his competition ❑ Talent for avoiding jail ❑ 1931 sent to prison for tax-evasion. Al Capone was finally convicted on tax evasion charges in 1931
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    St. Valentine’s DayMassacre Valentines Day – February 14, 1929 ● Rival between Al Capone and Bugs Moran ● Capone – South Side Italian gang ● Moran – North Side Irish gang Bloody murder of 7 of Moran’s men. ● Capone’s men dressed as cops
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    Racketeering Illegal business schemeto make profit. ● Gangsters bribed police or gov’t officials. ● Forced local businesses a fee for “protection”. ● No fee - gunned down or businesses blown to bits
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    GOVERNMENT FAILS TO CONTROLLIQUOR Prohibition failed: ❑ Why? Government did not budget enough money to enforce the law Although there were some success by men like Elliot Ness and the Untouchables (group of Chicago Officers who tried to take down Capone), The task of enforcing Prohibition fell to 1,500 poorly paid federal agents --- clearly an impossible task! Federal agents pour wine down a sewer
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    SUPPORT FADES, PROHIBITION REPEALED ❑By the mid-1920s, only 19% of Americans supported Prohibition ❑ Many felt Prohibition caused more problems than it solved ❑ crime, corruption of police, government inefficiency ❑ The 21st Amendment finally repealed Prohibition in 1933
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    SCOPES TRIAL In March1925, Tennessee passed the nation’s first law that made it a crime to teach evolution ❑ The ACLU promised to defend any teacher willing to challenge the law – John Scopes did Scopes was a biology teacher who dared to teach his students that man derived from lower species
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    SCOPES TRIAL ❑ Trialopened on July 10,1925 and became a national sensation ❑ In an unusual move, Darrow called Bryan to the stand as an expert on the bible – key question: Should the bible be interpreted literally? ❑ Under intense questioning, Darrow got Bryan to admit that the bible can be interpreted in different ways ❑ Nonetheless, Scopes was found guilty and fined $100 ❑ 3min summary- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlKRkz7NM5o Bryan Darrow
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    William Ashley “Billy”Sunday Preacher led religious revival called Evangelical Christianity which emphasize a return to traditional values and rejection of secularism. Sunday was popular in the Mid-West and among the middle-upper class Courtesy of billysunday.org
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    EDUCATION AND POPULAR CULTURE ❑John Dewey, progressive educator, argued that teachers needed to provide lifelong education practices. ❑ Enrollment in high schools quadrupled between 1914 and 1926. ❑ Public schools met the challenge of educating millions of immigrants
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    Mass Media Print andbroadcast methods of communication included increase in newspaper, magazines, radio, and movies. Newspapers: 27 million to 39 million Increase of 42% Motion Pictures: 40 million to 80 million Increase of 100% Radios: 60,000 to 10.2 million Increase of 16,983%
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    EXPANDING NEWS COVERAGE By theend of the 1920s… ❑ 10 American magazines -- including Reader’s Digest, Saturday Evening Post,Time – boasted circulations of over 2 million a year. ❑ Tabloids created
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    RADIO COMES OF AGE Althoughprint media was popular, radio was the most powerful communications medium to emerge in the 1920s. ❑ News was delivered faster and to a larger audience. ❑ Americans could hear the voice of the president or listen to the World Series live. ❑ Advertising- 1min http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NcUdEEOTHrY
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    MASS CULTURE: Radio ● Newmass medium ● 1920: First commercial radio station ● By 1930: over 800 stations & 10 million radios ● Networks: NBC (1924), CBS (1927) The Spread of Radio, to 1939
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    Movies First sound movies: JazzSinger (1927) 2min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Djd1Xfw DAQs The Kid (1921)- Charlie Chaplin “The Tramp” http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XeW-9k USfjc Metropolis (1927) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZSExdX0 tds4 By 1930 millions of Americans went to the movies each week http://www.youtube.com/watc h?v=XZGHR7J1lUQ
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    1920s DANCING Heavily influencedby jazz ● Charleston (Dance Craze) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YR78tfjJVew ● Swing (white jazz) ● Dance Marathons
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    THE HARLEM RENAISSANCE ❑Great Migration saw hundreds of thousands of African Americans move north to big cities ❑ 1920: ❑ 5 million of the nation’s 12 million blacks (over 40%) lived in cities ❑ 3min- http://www.history.com/topics/roaring-twentie s/videos#the-harlem-renaissance ❑ Migration of the Negro by Jacob Lawrence
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    HARLEM, NEW YORK ❑Harlem, NY became the largest black urban community ❑ Harlem suffered from overcrowding, unemployment and poverty ❑ Home to literary and artistic revival known as the Harlem Renaissance
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    LANGSTON HUGHES ❑ Missouri-born Langston Hugheswas the movement’s best known poet ❑ Many of his poems described the difficult lives of working-class blacks ❑ “Thank you Ma’am” ❑ Some of his poems were put to music, especially jazz and blues
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    A Dream Deferred What happensto a dream deferred? Does it dry up like a raisin in the sun? Or fester like a sore-- And then run? Does it stink like rotten meat? Or crust and sugar over-- like a syrupy sweet? Maybe it just sags like a heavy load. Or does it explode?
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    MARCUS GARVEY -UNIA ❑ Marcus Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society (Africa) ❑ In 1914, Garvey founded the Universal Negro Improvement Association ❑ Garvey claimed a million members by the mid-1920s ❑ Powerful legacy of black pride, economic independence and Pan-Africanism Garvey represented a more radical approach
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    LINDBERGH’S FLIGHT Charles Lindbergh ❑ Nickname:“Lucky Lindy” ❑ May 27, 1927: first nonstop solo trans-Atlantic flight. ❑ Spirit of St. Louis ❑ NYC - Paris ❑ 33 ½ hours later – (no auto pilot) ❑ $25,000 prize http://www.biography.com/people/charles-lindbergh-9382609/v ideos/charles-lindbergh-pioneering-pilot-20613699776 ❑ 2yr old Son Charley kidnapped in 1932 ❑ $50,000 ransom ❑ murdered
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    Amelia Earhart 3min bio- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9k3CeW7v9fQ 1932:First female to fly solo across the Atlantic 1935: First person to fly from California to Hawaii 1937: Attempt to fly around the world; 2/3 completed and went missing, presumed dead.
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    AMERICAN HEROES OFTHE 20s ❑ In 1929, Americans spent $4.5 billion on entertainment. (includes sports) ❑ People crowded into baseball games to see their heroes ❑ Babe Ruth was a larger than life American hero who played for Yankees ❑ He hit 60 homers in 1927. ❑ 3min http://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=bXLzWVdtLns ❑
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    Jazz Jazz is amusic genre that originated at the beginning of the 20th century, within the African-American communities of the Southern United States. Its roots lie in the fusion by African-Americans of certain European harmony and form elements, with their existing African-based music (i.e. spirituals). Use of deep blue notes, off-beat improvisation, country riffs, blues singing. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dhiSgi_9Yvo
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    MUSIC OF THE1920s Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz. ❑ Someone to Watch Over Me ❑ Embraceable You ❑ I Got Rhythm ❑ Raphsody in Blue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U40xB Sz6Dc Gershwin
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    MUSIC OF THE1920s Famed composer George Gershwin merged traditional elements with American Jazz. ❑ Someone to Watch Over Me ❑ Embraceable You ❑ I Got Rhythm ❑ Raphsody in Blue http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1U40xB Sz6Dc Gershwin
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    EDWARD KENNEDY “DUKE” ELLINGTON ❑In the late 1920s, Duke Ellington, a jazz pianist and composer, led his ten-piece orchestra at the famous Cotton Club. ❑ Band: “The Washingtonians” ❑ Ellington won renown as one of America’s greatest composers.
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    LOUIS ARMSTRONG ❑ Jazz wasborn in the early 20th century ❑ In 1922, a young trumpet player named Louis Armstrong joined the Creole Jazz Band. ❑ Armstrong is considered the most important and influential musician in the history of jazz ❑ 3min bio- http://www.youtube.com/wa tch?v=sIILBeUrYLk ❑
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    BESSIE SMITH ❑ Bessie Smith,blues singer, was perhaps the most outstanding vocalist of the decade ❑ She achieved enormous popularity and by 1927 she became the highest- paid black artist in the world ❑ 3min- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CT4z847-hyc
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    BILLIE HOLIDAY One ofthe most recognizable voices of the 20s and 30s. ● Embraceable You ● God Bless the Child ● Strange Fruit ● Summertime ● http://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=vAITYPTTh3I
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    Walt Disney ● WaltDisney only attended one year of high school. ● He was the voice of Mickey Mouse for two decades. ● As a kid he loved drawing and painting. ● He won 32 Academy Awards. ● 3min bio- http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9hXsLTcgmLQ ●
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    ART OF THE1920s Georgia O’ Keeffe captured the grandeur of New York using intensely colored canvases Radiator Building, Night, New York , 1927 Georgia O'Keeffe
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    WRITERS OF THE 1920s ❑Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase “Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s ❑ Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby ❑ The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society and materialism of 1920s ❑ http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=iPDTSYR853U
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    WRITERS OF THE 1920s ❑Writer F. Scott Fitzgerald coined the phrase “Jazz Age” to describe the 1920s ❑ Fitzgerald wrote Paradise Lost and The Great Gatsby ❑ The Great Gatsby reflected the emptiness of New York elite society and materialism of 1920s ❑ http://www.youtube.com/w atch?v=iPDTSYR853U
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    WRITERS OF THE 1920 ErnestHemingway, became one of the best-known authors of the era ❑ Wounded in World War I ❑ In his novels, The Sun Also Rises and A Farewell to Arms, he criticized the glorification of war ❑ part of the “Lost Generation” (Gertrude Stein)- Group of people disconnected from their country and its values. ❑ His simple, straightforward style of writing set the literary standard Hemingway - 1929