The document summarizes the anatomy and functions of the goat urinary system. It describes how the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra work together to maintain homeostasis by filtering blood and producing urine, which removes waste and regulates water balance. Key functions of the nephrons within the kidneys include filtering blood in the glomerulus and reabsorbing nutrients and water at different points along the tubules to produce concentrated urine.

1. Urinary System Of Goat
• Presented To:
• Sir Zeeshan Akbar Sb.
• Presented By:
• 14-Arid-2022
• FAISAL SHAZAD SOMROO
DVM 1st (Evening)

2. Homeostasis
• The urinary system maintains homeostasis in
several ways:
▫ Removal of urea (nitrogenous waste) from the
bloodstream.
▫ Control of water and salt balance in the
bloodstream.
▫ Involved in blood pressure regulation.

3. Renin
• Renin is an enzyme released by the kidneys in
response to a drop in blood pressure.
• Renin catalyzes the production of angiotensin,
a hormone that causes arterioles to constrict,
raising blood pressure. This also causes water
retention. How does this maintain homeostasis
of blood pressure?

4. Erythropoietin
• A second response to low blood pressure is the
release of erythropoietin, another hormone.
• Erythropoietin travels to the bone marrow and
stimulates the production of new blood cells.
How does this maintain homeostasis?

5. Amino acid metabolism
• Amino acids are the
building blocks of
protein. If not needed
for building protein,
then can be
metabolized for
energy, or broken
apart and the carbon
chains used to make
fat.
• Metabolism requires
removal of the amine
unit (NH3).

6. Regulating water
• Antidiuretic hormone (ADH, also called
vasopressin) is part of a negative feedback
system that regulates water in the mammalian
body.
• ADH increases the permeability of the distal
tubule, allowing greater water recovery.

8. Ammonia and Urea
• Ammonia is toxic and highly water soluble.
• The liver turns ammonia into urea, which is
less toxic and less soluble.

9. Urinary system anatomy
• Main structures of the urinary system:
• kidneys
• ureters
• bladder
• urethra

10. Anatomy of the Kidney
• Main structures of the mammalian kidney:
• renal cortex
• renal medulla
• renal pelvis
• nephrons

11. Outline
• Uriniferous tubule (anatomical unit for forming
urine)
▫ Nephron
 Renal corpuscle (in cortex)
 Glomerulus (tuft of capillaries)
 Glomerular (Bowman’s) capsule
 Tubular section
 Proximal convoluted tubule
 Loop of Henle
 Distal convoluted tubule
▫ Collecting duct
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12. Anatomy of the Nephron
• Glomerulus
• Proximal tubule
• Loop of Henle
• Distal tubule

13. Glomerulus• This is the only
place in the system
where the blood is
actually “filtered.”
• Blood pressure is
used to push
plasma through
capillary walls and
into the Bowman’s
capsule.

14. Proximal tubule
• Nutrients (salts, vitamins, etc.) are moved out
of the tubule through active transport.
• Water follows the nutrients by osmosis.

15. Loop of Henle• Tissue around
the Loop of
Henle is salty,
from active
transport and
diffusion of
sodium chloride.
• The salty
conditions allow
water to diffuse
out of the loop.

16. Distal tubule • Active transport
is used to move
more nutrients
out of the
concentrated
urine.
• Some ions,
drugs, and
toxins are
actively pumped
into the tubule.

17. Collecting Duct • More water
leaves the tube
by osmosis,
since the tube
is surrounded
by salty tissue.
• Some urea
leaves by
diffusion, and
may be cycled
through the
system.

19. Vessels
• Afferent and efferent arterioles associated with glomerular capillaries
▫ Allows high pressure for forcing filtrate out of blood
▫ About 20% of renal plasma flow is filtered each minute : this is the glomerular
filtration rate (GFR), an important clinical measure of renal function
 This is about one liter every 8 minutes (only 1% ends up as urine)
• Peritubular capillaries arise from efferent arterioles
▫ Absorb solutes and water from tubule cells
19

20. 20

21. The Vasa recta is a
portion of the
peritubular capillary
system which enters the
medulla where the
solute concentration in
the interstitium is high.
It acts with the loop of
Henle to concentrate
the urine by a complex
mechanism of counter
current exchange using
urea. If the vasa recta
did not exist, the high
concentration of solutes
in the medullary
interstitium would be
washed out.
21
____vasa recta
(vessels, continued)
The Vasa recta

22. For studying
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Parts of the kidney:
1. Renal pyramid
2. Efferent vessel
3. Renal artery
4. Renal vein
5. Renal hilum
6. Renal pelvis
7. Ureter
8. Minor calyx
9. Renal capsule
10. Inferior renal capsule
11. Superior renal capsule
12. Afferent vessel
13. Nephron
14. Minor calyx
15. Major calyx
16. Renal papilla
17. Renal column

23. The Ureters
• Slender tubes leaving
each renal pelvis
• One for each kidney
carrying urine to the
bladder
• Run medially within
posterior bladder wall
before opening into
interior
• This oblique entry helps
prevent backflow of urine
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24. Ureters play an active
role in transporting
urine (it’s not just by
gravity)
Three basic layers
• Transitional
epithelium of mucosa
stretches when ureters
fill
• Muscularis
▫ Inner longitudinal,
outer circular layers
▫ Inferior 3rd with extra
longitudinal layer)
▫ Stimulated to contract
when urine in ureter:
peristaltic waves to
propel urine to bladder
• Adventitia (external)
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25. Urinary Bladder • Collapsible muscular
sac
• Stores and expels
urine
• When full it become
ovoid.
• In male it is dorsaly
related to the rectum,
ductusdeference and
acessary sex glands
• In female it is related
with body of uterus
and vagina.
25

26. Urethra
• Extends to the tip of the penis,
where it exit the body.
• Used to empty the urinary
blader.
• Surrounded by smooth muscle
crucial for ejaculation.

27. Thank You