PRELUDE OF MAMMARY GLAND and Teat
SUSPENSORY SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
DUCTS AND CISTERNS OF UDDER and Teat
NEURAL SYSTEM OF UDDER and Teat
BLOOD SUPPLY OF UDDER and Teat
AFFECTIONS OF UDDER and Teat
ANATOMY OF UDDER and Teat
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
This slide share revolves around the anatomy and physiology of an udder including the mechanism of milk production in cows and the hormones involved with their role in milk synthesis.Hope its helpful.
The anatomy of female reproductive organs of domestic animals is described in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations
This lecture on veterinary obstetrics describes the placenta formation and its types in domestic animals. The lecture would be useful for students, practitioners, and researchers.
Internal and External features of mammary gland.pptxsristybhattarai
Here are some the things that should be known about mammary gland of dairy animal while studying dairy science. The internal and external features of mammary gland are described briefly in this presentation slide.
The anatomy of female reproductive organs of domestic animals is described in this lecture useful for students, practitioners and aspirants of examinations
This lecture on veterinary obstetrics describes the placenta formation and its types in domestic animals. The lecture would be useful for students, practitioners, and researchers.
Internal and External features of mammary gland.pptxsristybhattarai
Here are some the things that should be known about mammary gland of dairy animal while studying dairy science. The internal and external features of mammary gland are described briefly in this presentation slide.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
Human reproduction - A detailed study ( medical information)martinshaji
Human reproduction is any form of sexual reproduction resulting in human fertilization. It typically involves sexual intercourse between a man and a woman. During sexual intercourse, the interaction between the male and female reproductive systems results in fertilization of the woman's ovum by the man's sperm.
By the end of this section, you will be able to:
Describe human male and female reproductive anatomies
Describe spermatogenesis and oogenesis and discuss their differences and similarities
Describe the role of hormones in human reproduction
Describe the roles of male and female reproductive hormone
The reproductive events in humans include formation of gametes (gametogenesis), i.e., sperms in males and ovum in females, transfer of sperms into the female genital tract (insemination) and fusion of male and female gametes (fertilisation) leading to formation of zygote.
this is a long study on all aspects of human reproduction & most asked questions about human reproductive system ( medical information ).
please comment
thank u
Introduction to anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive systemKaramo Sanneh
Female reproductive system (summary of the external and internal structures). A reference lecture note for nursing students and graduate nurses in clinical practice.
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These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
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Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
NVBDCP.pptx Nation vector borne disease control programSapna Thakur
NVBDCP was launched in 2003-2004 . Vector-Borne Disease: Disease that results from an infection transmitted to humans and other animals by blood-feeding arthropods, such as mosquitoes, ticks, and fleas. Examples of vector-borne diseases include Dengue fever, West Nile Virus, Lyme disease, and malaria.
Basavarajeeyam is an important text for ayurvedic physician belonging to andhra pradehs. It is a popular compendium in various parts of our country as well as in andhra pradesh. The content of the text was presented in sanskrit and telugu language (Bilingual). One of the most famous book in ayurvedic pharmaceutics and therapeutics. This book contains 25 chapters called as prakaranas. Many rasaoushadis were explained, pioneer of dhatu druti, nadi pareeksha, mutra pareeksha etc. Belongs to the period of 15-16 century. New diseases like upadamsha, phiranga rogas are explained.
3. Prelude تمہيد
• The mammary gland is a modified sweat gland that nourishes the
young. It consists of the mamma and the teat
• Undeveloped in both the male and female at birth
• The female mammary gland begins to develop as a secondary sex
characteristic at puberty
• With the birth of the first young, and first lactation, the mammary
gland attains its full size and function.
• When suckling by the young stops, milk production ceases and the
gland regresses. Shortly before the next and subsequent
parturitions, the gland is stimulated by hormonal changes to
produce milk.
3
5. Suspensory System
• Required to maintain
proper attachments of
the gland to the body
• Skin gland therefore
external to the body
cavity.
5
6. 7 Structures
1. Skin
2. Superficial fascia or Areolar subcutaneous tissue
3. Coarse areolar or cordlike tissue
4. Subpelvic tendon
5. Superficial layers of lateral suspensory ligament
6. Deep lateral suspensory ligament
7. Median Suspensory Ligament
6
7. Minor supports
1. Skin covering the gland is only of very minor
support.
2. Superficial fascia or Areolar subcutaneous
tissue - This attaches the skin to underlying
the tissue. It, too is only of minor support for
the cow's udder.
7
8. 3.Coarse areolar or cordlike tissue
• This tissue forms a loose bond between the dorsal
surface of the front quarters and abdominal wall.
• Referred to as the fore-quarter attachments
dairy cattle conformation.
• Function/Purpose :Keep the fore quarters closely
attached to the body wall
• Weakening the udder to break away from
abdominal wall.
8
9. 4. Subpelvic tendon
• Not actually part of the suspensory apparatus
but gives rise to the superficial & deep
lateral suspensory ligaments.
• It is not a continuous tissue sheet but is
attached to the pelvis at several points.
Prefix “SUB” means “under,” “below,” “beneath”
9
10. 5.Superficial layers of lateral
suspensory ligament
• Arises from the subpelvic tendon (fibrous
tissue with some elastic tissue)
• They extend downward and forward from the
pubic area. When it reaches the udder it
spreads out, continuing downward over the
external udder surface beneath the skin and
attaching to the areolar tissue.
10
12. 6.Deep lateral suspensory ligament
• Arises from the subpelvic tendon thicker than the
superficial layer
• fibrous tissue they do not stretch as the gland fills with
milk )
• It extends down over the udder and almost enveloping it.
The ligament attaches to the convex lateral surfaces of the
udder by numerous lamellae (divide parenchyma into lobe
and lobule)
• The left and right lateral suspensory ligaments do not join
under the bottom of the udder
12
13. 7.Median Suspensory Ligament
• This is the most important
part of the suspensory system
in cattle.
Composition :two adjacent heavy
yellow elastic sheets of tissue
Origin :the abdominal wall
Insertion: medial flat surfaces of
the two udder halves.
Location: the center of gravity of
the udder
13
14. Median Suspensory Ligament
• Even if rest of the layers
are cut away except for
the median suspensory
ligament, the gland
stays balanced under
the animal.
14
15. Median Suspensory Ligament
Properties
1. Great tensile strength.
2. Able to stretch somewhat ( the gland fills with milk to allow for
the increased weight of the gland)
3. Balanced suspension
4. Partially separates the left and right halves of the udder.
5. Front and rear quarters are separated by a thin membrane and is
not recognizable to the eye.
6. There is NO internal crossover of the milk duct system of the
quarters (glands).
15
17. Teats - (papilla mammae)
• The teat functions as the
only exit for the secretion
from the gland and the only
means for the calf to
receive milk.
• One teat drains one gland.
• No hair
• No sweat glands
• No sebacious glands
Length
(inch)
Diameter
(inch)
Fore teat 2.6 1.1
Rear teat 2.1 1.0
17
18. Streak canal - (ductus papillaris)
• Functions as the only orifice of the gland between
internal milk secretory system and the external
environment.
• It is the main barrier against intramammary infection.
• It is lined with a skin-like epidermis that forms the
keratin material that has antibacterial properties.
• The streak canal is kept closed by sphincter muscles
around the streak canal
• Canal patency decreases and streak canal length
increases with increasing lactation number
18
20. Furstenburg's rosette
• Mucosal folds of the streak canal lining at the
internal end of the canal.
• It may fold over the canal opening due to
pressure when the udder is full
• It may be a major point of entry for leukocytes
leaving the teat lining and entering into the teat
cistern
20
21. Cricoid rings - (Annular folds)
• Region at the proximal end of the teat cistern
that marks the boundary between the teat
cistern and the gland cistern.
• These are not always recognizable in the
dissected gland.
21
22. Ducts and Cisterns
• Between the teat and the large ducts are open
areas called cisterns.
• A cistern is a large cavity where milk can
collect between milkings.
22
23. Teat cistern (Sinus papillaris)
• The cavity within the teat.
• Continuous with the gland cistern.
• Lined with numerous longitudinal and circular folds in
the mucosa, which form pockets on the inner lining of
the teat.
• During milk letdown, the teat cistern fills with milk. It is
this milk, and some of the milk in the gland cistern just
above the teat cistern, that is removed with each
sucking action of the calf.
23
24. Gland Cisterns - (sinus lactiferus)
• Also called the udder cistern.
• It opens directly into the teat cistern.
• The cisterns function for milk storage (holds
~100-400 ml).
• The gland cistern varies greatly in size and shape.
There are often pockets formed in the cistern at
the end of the larger ducts.
24
26. Connective tissue
• Connective tissue
– fibrous connective tissue of the parenchymal
tissue
– the fatty tissue of the fat pad
– capillary bed
26
27. Cont…
• The fat pad is required
for correct
development of the
parenchymal
components as the
ducts branch and grow
into the fat pad.
27
28. Alveoli - (acini)
• An alveolus is the discrete milk producing unit
• surrounded by contractile myoepithelial
cells hormone oxytocin squeeze alveolar
lumen
• A group of alveoli can be visualized as a clump
of grapes, with the stems acting as the small
ducts leading from the alveoli
28
30. Neural system
Innervation inside of the udder is sparse compared with other tissues.
• Sympathetic nerves
– These are the nerves that associate with the arteries.
– They do not innervate the alveoli.
• Sensory nerves present in teats and skin.
– Initiating the afferent pathway (neural pathway) of the milk ejection
reflex
• No parasympathetic innervation to the gland similar to other skin
glands.
30
31. Cont…
• No innervation of the secretory system.
• Mypepithelial cells are not innervated.
– Myoepithelial cells do not contract in response to
direct innervation, but rather contract in
response to the blood-borne hormone, oxytocin.
• Few nerves go to the interior of the udder.
That means that performing a biopsy of the gland to collect tissue can be
done with only local anesthetic administered to the skin. 31
32. Blood vascular system
• On avg.400 - 500 units of blood passes through
the udder for each unit of milk synthesized by a
high producing dairy cow; that is ~280 ml per
sec.
• Total udder blood volume of total body blood
volume
– for lactating cows about 8%
– for a non-lactating cow it is about 7.4%
32
34. Heart abdominal aorta
Towards the rear
of the cow
Pubic area
common iliac
arteries
Internal iliac External iliac
femoral artery
(supplies leg
muscles)
caudal epigastric
artery
Artery external
pudic
External pudic
vein
(2-3 cm dia.).
Venous flow
34
36. Venous flow
Anterior end
of the front
quarters
Subcutaneous
abdominal
vein (milk
vein)
abdominal
wall
(1-2.5 cm dia)
Enter body at
xiphoid
Vena cava
36
41. Congenital anomalies
1- Absence of the udder:
Is exceedingly rare and only met with in cases
of hermaphrodism.
2- Supernumarary glands:
Occurs only in multi - parous animals.
3- Absence of the teat.
41
42. 1.Supernumerary teats
• This may occur and can be present anywhere on
the udder but are most frequently seen posterior
to the last two normally - placed teats.
• These additional number teats may or may not
have adjacent glandular tissue that will become
functional.
• If there is a glandular tissue that has a functional
potential, it will atrophy if not milked.
42
43. Problems
• Cosmetic reasons
• Some may be so close to normally placed
teats that they interfere with milking
procedures.
43
44. Treatment & Procedure:
• Amputate young heifer (before the gland
becomes active)
• 1 % local anesthetic elleptical incision
including the necessary teat Crush tissue
suture skin (interrupted pattern)
44
45. 2.Contracted sphincter or teat orifice
"hard milker"
• May be congenital
• May be acquired result of trauma to the
end of the teat
• There is a small stream of milk, and the
stenotic teat orifice prolonged milking
time.
45
46. Problems
• There may be loss of milk due to incomplete
milking
• Trauma to the teat due to attempts to obtain
more rapidly by sternuous milking methods
46
47. Treatment
• Local infiltration anesthesia or instillation of 5 ml of 2 % xylocain or
similar local anesthetic into the teat canal will provide anesthesia.
• The orifice should be cleansed, antiseptic applied, and the orifice
enlarged.
• The enlarging procedure may be accompalished by the inserting of
a lichty teat knife, ringed teat slittr or stoll teat bistoury.
• The opening in the sphincter is maintained at the desired size by
inserting a Larson teat tube and leaving it in place for 5 - 7 days.
Milking is accompalished by removing the cap of the tube.
47
50. 3.Enlarged teat orifice
"Free Milker" or (Leaker)
• This condition is due to a relaxed or a
traumatized sphincter.
• Milk leaks from the teat at times other than
milking and result in milk loss.
50
51. Treatment
• The condition may be helped by injecting minute
amounts of sterile mineral oil or lugol's solution
around the orifice to reduces its size to the
desired effect.
• This may have to be done more than once to
obtain the optimal size for milk flow.
• If it is overcorrected result in stenosis
51
52. 4. Occlusion of the teat orifice
• May be CONGENITAL anomaly characterized by the occlusion of the
teat orifice deposit the teat fills with milk at the time of lactation.
• May also be ACQUIRED as a result of trauma at the teat orifice that
result in healing with occlusion.
Treatment:
• Local anestheticInsert a septic hypodermic needle where the
opening should be locatedInsert the needle into the teat canal
until milk flows out then withdraw the needle and enlarge the
opening as described for contracted sphincter
Occlusion =
52
53. 5.Teat Fistula(milk fistula)
• An opening in the wall
of the teat, connecting
the exterior to the pre-
existing channel, the
teat canal is
characterized by
persistant outflow of
milk.
May be congenital or acquired
53
54. 6.Teat Fistula (milk fistula)
Size variation:
• Sometime so tiny
difficult to locate
• large ones through which
the mucous membrane may
be seen.
Symptoms: The outstanding
signs consist of tract and
milk coming through it at
milking time.
54
Fistula: an abnormal or surgically made passage between a hollow or tubular organ and
the body surface, or between two hollow or tubular organs.
55. Treatment
1. Prepared for aseptic surgery by washing the field of the operation
with soap and water, swap with alcohol (Tincture iodine should
never be used because of its marked irritant effect)
2. local infiltration anesthesia of the wound edges a ring block
tournquet
3. rubber tube at the base of the teat much high as possible to
secure hemorrhage during the operation
4. Apply a teat siphon to guard against injuring tissues of the other
side and to avoid excessive trimming.
5. Debride wounded edges suturing (vertical mattress )
6. Dusting the site with an antibiotic powder.
55
56. Cont..
• Siphoning the milk
every now and then (2 -
3 days).
• Intrammary infusion of
terramycine udder
ointment to guard
against mastitis.
• Apply the teat bougie
56
57. 7.Haematoma Of The Udder
• Common in cattle having
pendulous udder
contusion and rupture of
a subcutaneous blood
vessels. The condition is
characterized by its
sudden onset and
fluctuency.
Contusion :a region of injured tissue or skin in
which blood capillaries have been ruptured 57
58. Treatment
• Small haematomas of the udder should never be opened
immediately.
– Opening the haematoma is after a week post occurance.
– The blood clot is removed and the cavity is painted with tincture
of iodine.
– The cavity is then packed tightly to guard against further
bleeding.
• Large haematomas in front of the udder should not be
opened till the blood is clotted, usually after 10 days and
proceed as before.
58
59. 8.Lactiferous Calculi (Milk Stones)
• Milk stones which are found in the udder may result
from accumulation of lime salts of milk over a point of
crystalization.
• May be desquamated epithelium.
• Sometimes, these calculi are freely movable in the teat
canal if their sizes relatively smaller than the diameter
of the canal.
• When being larger in size, they obstruct the lumen of
the teat canal.
59
61. Treatment
• If the calculi are of small size, they can be
removed by manipulation during milking.
• Larger calculi obstructing the teat canal can be
crushed by means of special forceps.
• In other cases of milk stones, it may be necessary
to enlarge the opening at the end of the teat by
cutting through the sphincter of the teat canal
one or more times.
61
62. 9.Abscess Of The Udder
• Generally, abscess formations most commonly occurs secondary to the traumatic
wound.
It may occur as a result of
• infection of a haematoma beneath the skin
• chronic mastitis the paranchyma of the udder
• supramammary lymphadenitis
Treatment:
• Following confirmation of diagnosis, the treatment should be done on the general
principals for treatment of abscesses.
• Multiple abscesses mastectomy (partial or total) according the involvement of
one quarter or more on the entire udder, is then indicated.
• If there is involvement of the supramammary lymph node, lymphadenitis,
purelenta, it should be extirpated(eradicate or destroy completely)
62
64. Teat laceration
• Higher in goats(pendulous udder and long teats)
• Etiology-Direct injury
• Superficial wounds
• Large wounds – involving skin and muscularis but
not mucosa. suture
• Deep lacerations – involve mucosa, a complete
longitudinal tearing.
64
One way to demonstrate this is to infuse a dye into the teat and duct system of one quarter of an udder from a cow that has been culled from the herd and killed. Then when the udder is cut open, the dye will be seen only in the infused quarter and will not be seen in the other quarters