A concise class lecture for veterinary students, practitioners, and researchers covering the functional anatomy of reproductive organs of domestic animals and pet animals.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
This document discusses abomasal displacements and volvulus in cattle. It begins with the normal anatomy of the abomasum and surrounding structures. It then discusses left displacement of the abomasum (LDA), including risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment options such as medical techniques and surgical procedures like right paralumbar fossa omentopexy. Right displacement of the abomasum (RDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) are also covered, explaining their clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment approaches. The document provides detailed descriptions of surgical techniques like proximal and distal paravertebral nerve blocks, omentopexy procedures, and abomasopexy. It concludes with advantages
This document discusses perineal hernia in dogs. It begins by defining hernia and classifying hernias based on location, functional alterations, and contents. It then describes perineal hernia specifically, noting that it is abnormal protrusion of pelvic or abdominal viscera through the pelvic diaphragm. Causes include straining, congenital weakness, trauma, and breed disposition. Diagnosis involves palpating a perineal swelling and signs like constipation. Treatment is usually surgical herniorrhaphy to repair the hernial ring. The document concludes by presenting a case study of surgical repair of a left perineal hernia in a dog.
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. It has four stages based on how far the cervix protrudes. Causes include difficult births, weak pelvic muscles, surgery, and excessive calf size. Treatment involves manually pushing the uterus back into place, applying disinfectants, sutures to prevent reoccurrence, and antibiotics. The condition has a better prognosis if treated early, and survival rates depend on the cow's posture and presence of other complications like milk fever. Fertility can be impacted after uterine prolapse.
1) Cystic ovarian degeneration is a condition in dairy cows where ovarian follicles fail to ovulate, continuing to grow into cysts. It commonly occurs 30-60 days after calving and can impair fertility.
2) Ovarian cysts are diagnosed using history, palpation, ultrasound to detect enlarged follicles over 17mm in the absence of a corpus luteum, and progesterone assays.
3) Common treatments include a single injection of GnRH or hCG to induce luteinization and ovulation, followed by a prostaglandin injection 9 days later if needed to induce estrus. This summary effectively captures the key details about cystic ovarian degeneration in cattle.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
Uterine torsion in cattle occurs when the pregnant uterus rotates around its longitudinal axis, obstructing the birth canal and preventing the calf from entering the cervix. It is more common in multiparous cows and can result from sudden movements that cause the fetus to move violently within the uterus. Left untreated, it can lead to fetal death from reduced blood flow and oxygen. Veterinarians diagnose uterine torsion based on symptoms like pain and straining, as well as physical exams that reveal a twisted vagina and evidence of broad ligament twisting seen rectally. Treatment methods include manually rotating the fetus and uterus if slight, rolling the cow, using a plank to roll the cow and fix the uterus, or a cesare
This document discusses abomasal displacements and volvulus in cattle. It begins with the normal anatomy of the abomasum and surrounding structures. It then discusses left displacement of the abomasum (LDA), including risk factors, clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment options such as medical techniques and surgical procedures like right paralumbar fossa omentopexy. Right displacement of the abomasum (RDA) and abomasal volvulus (AV) are also covered, explaining their clinical signs, diagnosis, and surgical treatment approaches. The document provides detailed descriptions of surgical techniques like proximal and distal paravertebral nerve blocks, omentopexy procedures, and abomasopexy. It concludes with advantages
This document discusses perineal hernia in dogs. It begins by defining hernia and classifying hernias based on location, functional alterations, and contents. It then describes perineal hernia specifically, noting that it is abnormal protrusion of pelvic or abdominal viscera through the pelvic diaphragm. Causes include straining, congenital weakness, trauma, and breed disposition. Diagnosis involves palpating a perineal swelling and signs like constipation. Treatment is usually surgical herniorrhaphy to repair the hernial ring. The document concludes by presenting a case study of surgical repair of a left perineal hernia in a dog.
Uterine prolapse occurs when the uterus slips from its normal position into the vaginal canal. It has four stages based on how far the cervix protrudes. Causes include difficult births, weak pelvic muscles, surgery, and excessive calf size. Treatment involves manually pushing the uterus back into place, applying disinfectants, sutures to prevent reoccurrence, and antibiotics. The condition has a better prognosis if treated early, and survival rates depend on the cow's posture and presence of other complications like milk fever. Fertility can be impacted after uterine prolapse.
1) Cystic ovarian degeneration is a condition in dairy cows where ovarian follicles fail to ovulate, continuing to grow into cysts. It commonly occurs 30-60 days after calving and can impair fertility.
2) Ovarian cysts are diagnosed using history, palpation, ultrasound to detect enlarged follicles over 17mm in the absence of a corpus luteum, and progesterone assays.
3) Common treatments include a single injection of GnRH or hCG to induce luteinization and ovulation, followed by a prostaglandin injection 9 days later if needed to induce estrus. This summary effectively captures the key details about cystic ovarian degeneration in cattle.
Angels presenting chronic patellar luxation in cattle.by pavulPavulraj Selvaraj
Patellar luxation is a non-inflammatory disorder of the femoropatellar articulation in cattle and dogs where the patella is displaced from its normal position. In cattle, it causes jerky limb movements and an extended limb stance. Surgical treatment involves cutting the medial patellar ligament to allow the patella to move freely. In dogs, it causes intermittent lameness and abnormal gaits. Surgical options aim to deepen the trochlear groove or reinforce the lateral soft tissues to stabilize the patella.
Tracheotomy, By Dr. Rekha Pathak, Senior scientist IVRIRekha Pathak
1. The document describes the surgical techniques for cervical oesophagotomy and tracheotomy/tracheostomy in animals.
2. It provides details on the anatomical landmarks, indications for surgery, surgical procedures including incision sites and suturing techniques, and post-operative care.
3. The key steps for cervical oesophagotomy include exposing the oesophagus, making an incision, extracting any obstructions, and closing the incision in two layers. For tracheotomy/tracheostomy, the trachea is exposed at the neck, incisions are made in tracheal rings, and a tracheal tube is inserted and sutured.
The document summarizes traumatic reticular perforation (TRP) in cattle. TRP occurs when a sharp foreign body penetrates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, and fever. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy to detect foreign bodies. Treatment involves surgical removal of foreign bodies via rumenotomy. Complications can include peritonitis, abscesses, and traumatic pericarditis if the foreign body penetrates the diaphragm. Prognosis is poor if complications like pericarditis develop.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
The document discusses buffalo follicular dynamics, covering topics such as fetal development, the pre-pubertal period, puberty, the estrous cycle, anoestrus, superovulation, and hormonally intervened cycles. Some key points include:
1) Follicular growth occurs in waves in buffaloes, similar to cattle.
2) Puberty is delayed in buffaloes, typically occurring between 18-46 months when buffaloes reach 55-60% of adult body weight.
3) Estrous cycles typically involve 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth, with the dominant follicle of the last wave ovulating.
4) Continuous waves occur during ano
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
This is the case study of pyometra in bitch encountered in Central Veterinary Hospital.You will find the complete detail about the pyometra and related literature.
Dog vaginal cytology by Dr.mehdi moradimehdi moradi
This document provides instructions for preparing and analyzing canine vaginal smears to examine the epithelial cells and determine the stage of the female dog's estrous cycle. It describes how to take a vaginal sample using a cotton swab, make a smear on a microscope slide, and stain it. The stages of the estrous cycle - anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus - are characterized by the types of epithelial cells seen (parabasal, intermediate, superficial). Analyzing changes in these cells over multiple smears allows determining the cycle stage and fertility window.
The document discusses infertility in male animals, defining it as delayed or irregular reproduction or inability to conceive. It identifies several causes of infertility including hereditary, congenital, genetic, infectious, nutritional, hormonal, and miscellaneous factors. Specific conditions that can cause infertility are then outlined relating to the testes, epididymis, sperm defects, and other anatomical abnormalities. Genetic factors involved in meiotic defects, spermatogenic arrest, sperm-egg interaction, and structural defects are also reviewed.
This document discusses the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of guttural pouch diseases in horses. It describes the guttural pouch as a mucous sac located in the cranial cavity that connects the pharynx to the eustachian tube. Common guttural pouch diseases include empyema (accumulation of exudate), emphysema (abnormal filling with air), and impactions. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, radiography, or ultrasound imaging of the pouch. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, flushing the pouch, or surgical drainage and removal of debris through approaches like Viborg's triangle or hyovertebrotomy. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, analgesics
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
The document discusses various methods for fracture fixation in animals, including external coaptation, splinting, casting, pinning, plating, and intramedullary nailing. The methods vary in their advantages and disadvantages depending on the location and type of fracture. Proper technique and design are important for achieving stability and preventing complications.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology help to determine the stage of estrus, is very simple method, cost-effective and comparatively accurate test for predicting the she dogs fit for breeding.
This document describes various surgical procedures performed on bovine eyes, penises, and reproductive organs. It discusses eye ablation, prepucial prolapse repair, penile amputation, dropped ovary spay technique, and rumenotomy. For each procedure it provides indications, anesthesia and restraint methods, surgical steps, and post-operative care considerations. Images are included to illustrate nerve blocks, surgical techniques, and anatomical structures involved.
This document appears to be notes from a veterinary sciences university on bovine estrus cycles. It lists cell types seen during different stages, including large and small internal cells, superficial cells, and red blood cells. It also outlines the stages of the bovine estrus cycle: anestrus, proestrus, estrus, diestrus. Early, mid and late phases are indicated for some stages.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
This document discusses vaginal and uterine prolapse in cattle. It defines prolapse as the downward displacement of an organ from its normal position. It describes the types and signs of simple, moderate, and severe vaginal prolapse and provides their causes, clinical signs, and treatments. Uterine prolapse is defined as the falling of the uterus from its normal position, often occurring after difficult calving. Its causes, signs, and treatments involving reduction and replacement or amputation are summarized. Surgical techniques for correcting vaginal prolapse like trusses, sutures, and Caslick's operation are also briefly outlined.
The female reproductive organs consist of the ovaries (generative organs), oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries contain follicles that release eggs and produce hormones. The oviduct receives eggs from the ovaries and provides an environment for fertilization and early embryo development. The shape and structure of the uterus varies between species but generally consists of a body, cervix, and uterine horns where the fetus develops during pregnancy. The female reproductive tract develops from the Müllerian ducts and urogenital sinus during embryogenesis. Key structures like the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus are suspended in the abdominal cavity by the broad ligament.
ndejje reproductive system anatomy-1.pptxisingoma anatomies studyTimothyIsingoma
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It begins by defining reproduction and explaining that the ability to reproduce distinguishes living from non-living things. It then describes the determination of sex and the main parts and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. For females, it outlines the external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, their locations, structures, and roles in the menstrual cycle and reproduction.
Tracheotomy, By Dr. Rekha Pathak, Senior scientist IVRIRekha Pathak
1. The document describes the surgical techniques for cervical oesophagotomy and tracheotomy/tracheostomy in animals.
2. It provides details on the anatomical landmarks, indications for surgery, surgical procedures including incision sites and suturing techniques, and post-operative care.
3. The key steps for cervical oesophagotomy include exposing the oesophagus, making an incision, extracting any obstructions, and closing the incision in two layers. For tracheotomy/tracheostomy, the trachea is exposed at the neck, incisions are made in tracheal rings, and a tracheal tube is inserted and sutured.
The document summarizes traumatic reticular perforation (TRP) in cattle. TRP occurs when a sharp foreign body penetrates the wall of the reticulum, causing acute local peritonitis. Clinical signs include abdominal pain, anorexia, and fever. Diagnosis involves abdominal ultrasound or laparoscopy to detect foreign bodies. Treatment involves surgical removal of foreign bodies via rumenotomy. Complications can include peritonitis, abscesses, and traumatic pericarditis if the foreign body penetrates the diaphragm. Prognosis is poor if complications like pericarditis develop.
A common disease of cattle and may also in dog, cat, sheep, goat, mare, Buffalo. The slides contain an introduction, causes of torsion, clinical signs and symptoms, torsion causes, treatment.
Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where incisions are made through a woman's abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more babies. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, obstructive dystocia, rupture of the uterus, animal in compromised condition, twin pregnancy in mares, and incomplete cervical dilation. The ideal conditions for surgery include a clean area with minimal airborne contamination to prevent post-operative complications. The incision site varies by species, with dogs receiving a ventral midline incision and cattle receiving a left lower flank incision. During the procedure, the fetus is removed, the umbilical cord is ligated and
The document discusses buffalo follicular dynamics, covering topics such as fetal development, the pre-pubertal period, puberty, the estrous cycle, anoestrus, superovulation, and hormonally intervened cycles. Some key points include:
1) Follicular growth occurs in waves in buffaloes, similar to cattle.
2) Puberty is delayed in buffaloes, typically occurring between 18-46 months when buffaloes reach 55-60% of adult body weight.
3) Estrous cycles typically involve 2 or 3 waves of follicular growth, with the dominant follicle of the last wave ovulating.
4) Continuous waves occur during ano
1. Caesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure where an incision is made through the abdomen and uterus to deliver one or more fetuses.
2. Indications for a C-section include uterine inertia, fetal issues like malpresentation or oversized fetus, uterine rupture, and medical issues in the mother.
3. The procedure requires strict aseptic technique to prevent post-operative complications like infection. Incision sites vary by species, such as a ventral midline incision for dogs and left flank incision for cattle.
This is the case study of pyometra in bitch encountered in Central Veterinary Hospital.You will find the complete detail about the pyometra and related literature.
Dog vaginal cytology by Dr.mehdi moradimehdi moradi
This document provides instructions for preparing and analyzing canine vaginal smears to examine the epithelial cells and determine the stage of the female dog's estrous cycle. It describes how to take a vaginal sample using a cotton swab, make a smear on a microscope slide, and stain it. The stages of the estrous cycle - anestrus, proestrus, estrus, and diestrus - are characterized by the types of epithelial cells seen (parabasal, intermediate, superficial). Analyzing changes in these cells over multiple smears allows determining the cycle stage and fertility window.
The document discusses infertility in male animals, defining it as delayed or irregular reproduction or inability to conceive. It identifies several causes of infertility including hereditary, congenital, genetic, infectious, nutritional, hormonal, and miscellaneous factors. Specific conditions that can cause infertility are then outlined relating to the testes, epididymis, sperm defects, and other anatomical abnormalities. Genetic factors involved in meiotic defects, spermatogenic arrest, sperm-egg interaction, and structural defects are also reviewed.
This document discusses the anatomy, diagnosis, and treatment of guttural pouch diseases in horses. It describes the guttural pouch as a mucous sac located in the cranial cavity that connects the pharynx to the eustachian tube. Common guttural pouch diseases include empyema (accumulation of exudate), emphysema (abnormal filling with air), and impactions. Diagnosis involves endoscopy, radiography, or ultrasound imaging of the pouch. Treatment involves systemic antibiotics, flushing the pouch, or surgical drainage and removal of debris through approaches like Viborg's triangle or hyovertebrotomy. Post-operative care includes antibiotics, analgesics
This document describes the procedure for ovariohysterectomy (spaying) in dogs. It discusses the indications for spaying, including birth control, uterine diseases, and reducing risks of certain cancers. It outlines the pre-anesthetic drugs commonly used like atropine, xylazine, ketamine and diazepam. The steps of the surgical technique are explained, including making a midline incision, exteriorizing the uterus, clamping and ligating the ovarian pedicles, and closing in layers. The required equipment is also listed.
Pregnancy diagnosis in dogs is important for owners and veterinarians to allow appropriate care and scheduling. The most reliable methods are abdominal palpation between 24-35 days, ultrasound from 24 days which is 99% accurate by 28 days, and radiography after 45 days when bones have mineralized. Less reliable methods include hormone assays, metabolic changes, and physical exams. Ultrasound allows assessment of viability while radiography determines fetal positioning and number. Hormonal relaxin assays confirm pregnancy but not litter size.
The document discusses various methods for fracture fixation in animals, including external coaptation, splinting, casting, pinning, plating, and intramedullary nailing. The methods vary in their advantages and disadvantages depending on the location and type of fracture. Proper technique and design are important for achieving stability and preventing complications.
Exfoliative vaginal cytology help to determine the stage of estrus, is very simple method, cost-effective and comparatively accurate test for predicting the she dogs fit for breeding.
This document describes various surgical procedures performed on bovine eyes, penises, and reproductive organs. It discusses eye ablation, prepucial prolapse repair, penile amputation, dropped ovary spay technique, and rumenotomy. For each procedure it provides indications, anesthesia and restraint methods, surgical steps, and post-operative care considerations. Images are included to illustrate nerve blocks, surgical techniques, and anatomical structures involved.
This document appears to be notes from a veterinary sciences university on bovine estrus cycles. It lists cell types seen during different stages, including large and small internal cells, superficial cells, and red blood cells. It also outlines the stages of the bovine estrus cycle: anestrus, proestrus, estrus, diestrus. Early, mid and late phases are indicated for some stages.
The document discusses horn anatomy and affections in cattle. It notes that horns are formed by the frontal bones and become hollow. The base is thin and the horn thickens towards the apex. Blood and nerve supply are described. Major horn affections include avulsion, fracture, and horn cancer. Treatment for fractures may include amputation. Dehorning involves removing the horn at the base through elliptical incision and sawing. Disbudding young calves removes small horn buds using a caustic compound or hot iron. Procedures are done with local anesthesia and analgesia.
This document discusses vaginal and uterine prolapse in cattle. It defines prolapse as the downward displacement of an organ from its normal position. It describes the types and signs of simple, moderate, and severe vaginal prolapse and provides their causes, clinical signs, and treatments. Uterine prolapse is defined as the falling of the uterus from its normal position, often occurring after difficult calving. Its causes, signs, and treatments involving reduction and replacement or amputation are summarized. Surgical techniques for correcting vaginal prolapse like trusses, sutures, and Caslick's operation are also briefly outlined.
The female reproductive organs consist of the ovaries (generative organs), oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina. The ovaries contain follicles that release eggs and produce hormones. The oviduct receives eggs from the ovaries and provides an environment for fertilization and early embryo development. The shape and structure of the uterus varies between species but generally consists of a body, cervix, and uterine horns where the fetus develops during pregnancy. The female reproductive tract develops from the Müllerian ducts and urogenital sinus during embryogenesis. Key structures like the ovaries, oviducts, and uterus are suspended in the abdominal cavity by the broad ligament.
ndejje reproductive system anatomy-1.pptxisingoma anatomies studyTimothyIsingoma
The document discusses the human reproductive system. It begins by defining reproduction and explaining that the ability to reproduce distinguishes living from non-living things. It then describes the determination of sex and the main parts and functions of both the male and female reproductive systems. For females, it outlines the external genitalia, internal reproductive organs, their locations, structures, and roles in the menstrual cycle and reproduction.
This document provides an overview of the female reproductive system, including descriptions of key structures like the uterus, vagina, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. It discusses the functions of the female reproductive system in formation of ova, reception of sperm, fetal development, childbirth, and lactation. Diagrams are included to illustrate the anatomy.
The reproductive organs in female are those which are concerned with copulation, fertilization, growth anddevelopment of the fetus and its subsequent exit to the outer world. the organs are broadly divided into:• External genitalia • Internal genitalia
The female reproductive system has several key functions:
- Carrying babies during a normal 40-week gestation period
- Releasing 400 eggs total between puberty and menopause, with 400,000 at puberty
- Having a normal 28-day menstrual cycle over 280 days of gestation
The internal organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The external organs are involved in sexual arousal and protection. At puberty, girls develop breasts in preparation for possible lactation.
The document summarizes the internal female reproductive organs. It describes the vagina as a fibromuscular sheath communicating the uterus with the exterior. It maintains an acidic pH through lactobacillus bacteria. The uterus is a hollow muscular organ located in the pelvis between the bladder and rectum. It has a dome-shaped fundus, a main body, and a cervix that protrudes into the vagina. The uterine tubes transport eggs and semen to facilitate fertilization.
ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM.pptxSwetaba Besh
Explore the fundamentals of the human reproductive system in this concise presentation, suitable for medical students and professionals alike. Covering anatomy, physiology, and Pregnancy, it offers essential knowledge for understanding reproductive health.
The document describes the external and internal female genitalia. The external genitalia, or vulva, includes the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, vestibule, openings of the urethra and Bartholin's glands. The internal organs include the vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries, and accessory reproductive organs. The vagina connects the uterus to the exterior and its walls are lined with squamous epithelium. The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ located in the pelvis and supported by ligaments.
The male and female reproductive systems develop initially embryonically "indifferent", it is the product of the Y chromosome SRY gene that makes the "difference".
♂ - Male ♀ - Female
The reproductive organs are developed from the intermediate mesoderm.
The permanent organs of the adult are preceded by a set of structures which are purely embryonic, and which with the exception of the ducts disappear almost entirely before the end of fetal life.
These embryonic structures are the mesonephric ducts (also known as Wolffian ducts) and the paramesonephric ducts, (also known as Müllerian ducts). The mesonephric duct remains as the duct in males which gives rise to seminal vesical, epididymes and vas deferens, and the paramesonephric duct as that of the female.
Importantly its sex chromosome dependence, late embryonic/fetal differential development, complex morphogenic changes, long time-course, hormonal sensitivity and hormonal influences make it a system prone to many different abnormalities.
Gonads:
Gonads Produce eggs and sperm cells, transport and sustain egg and sperm cells, nurture developing offspring, and produce hormones.
The gonads, ovary or testis, also develop in the intermediate mesoderm.
They originally form as swellings that lie just ventral to the anterior mesonephric kidney.
A mullarian duct also develops in the intermediate mesoderm near the mesonephric duct.
Due to fusion or failure of 1st ridge to differentiate, some vertebrates (agnathans, some female lizards & crocodilians, & most female birds) have a single testis or ovary.
Hormones cause differentiation of early gonads into either testes or ovaries.
As males develop the mesonephric duct makes connection with the testis as the primary sperm conducting duct, and the mullerian duct is lost.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. It begins with an introduction to the external and internal genitalia. It then describes each organ in detail, including its anatomy, layers, functions, and role in reproduction. The document also discusses pelvic anatomy, types of pelvises, and complications that can arise from a contracted pelvis. In summary, it provides a comprehensive review of the structures and functions of the female reproductive system.
The female reproductive system functions to produce eggs and hormones. It includes both external genital organs like the vulva and internal organs like the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones, the fallopian tubes help eggs reach the uterus, and the uterus supports pregnancy and childbirth. The system goes through monthly changes in a menstrual cycle regulated by hormones, culminating in ovulation when an egg is released for possible fertilization.
The document provides information on the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external and internal structures of both systems in detail. The female reproductive system includes the vulva, vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries and breasts. The male reproductive system includes the scrotum, testes, seminal vesicles, prostate gland, urethra and penis. The functions of reproduction such as gamete formation, fertilization, gestation and lactation are enabled by these reproductive organs.
The uterus is pear-shaped and located in the pelvis. It has three layers - endometrium, myometrium, and perimetrium. The uterus contains the fundus, corpus, cervix, and cervical canal. It is supported by ligaments and maintains an anteverted and anteflexed position. The fallopian tubes receive eggs from the ovaries and provide a site for fertilization. The fertilized egg implants in the endometrium and develops into an embryo and fetus, causing the uterus to enlarge during pregnancy.
Once the egg has left the ovary it can be fertilized and implant itself in the lining of the uterus. The main function of the uterus is to nourish the developing fetus prior to birth.
The female reproductive system consists of two ovaries, two uterine tubes, a uterus, a vagina, and external genitalia. The ovaries contain primordial follicles which mature into graafian follicles that release eggs. The uterine tubes transport eggs and allow for fertilization to occur. The uterus allows for implantation and fetal development. The vagina is the birth canal. The broad ligament supports the uterus and contains vessels and ligaments connecting the ovaries and uterus.
The document summarizes the key structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems. It describes the external genitalia, internal organs like the uterus and ovaries, and their roles in reproduction. The female system produces eggs, receives sperm, supports fetal development, and enables childbirth and lactation. The male system produces sperm and transfers it to the female during intercourse. Both systems work together for sexual reproduction and development of offspring.
The document summarizes the anatomy and development of the female reproductive system. It describes the ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix, vagina, vulva, and their structure and function. It also discusses the embryonic development of the gonads, genital ducts, and external genitalia in both males and females. Key hormones produced by the hypothalamus and pituitary glands that regulate the reproductive system are also outlined.
The female reproductive system has both external and internal organs that work together to produce eggs, secrete hormones, provide a site for fertilization and gestation, and enable childbirth. The external organs include the vulva and internal organs include the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The ovaries produce eggs and female hormones, the fallopian tubes transport eggs to the uterus, and the uterus nourishes a fetus and enables birth. Together these organs allow for reproduction and continuity of the human species.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. It describes the external genitalia including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, hymen, and urethral opening. It then details the internal genitalia such as the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. For each organ, it outlines their structure, position, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions in the reproductive cycle.
Anatomy & Physiology of Female Reproductive System 1Dr. Sarita Sharma
The document summarizes the anatomy and physiology of the female reproductive system. It describes the internal structures including ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina. It discusses their locations, layers, functions, and relationships to surrounding structures. It also describes the external female reproductive structures including the mons pubis, labia majora and minora, clitoris, and vestibule. Finally, it briefly discusses the bony pelvis and other supporting structures that protect the internal reproductive organs.
Similar to Anatomy of female reproductive organs in domestic animals (20)
The mechanism of action of reproductive hormones and their clinical use is explained as useful for students, practitioners, and aspirants of competitive exams.
The document discusses the reproductive anatomy of female animals, focusing on the tubular structures and external genitals. It describes the embryonic origin, structure, and features of the oviducts, uterus, cervix, and vagina in various species. Key points covered include the layers of the uterus, shapes and attachments of the uterus and uterine horns, cervical rings and folds, and differences in reproductive anatomy between species like cows, sheep, sows, mares, bitches and camels. Diagrams and images supplement the detailed explanatory text.
The document discusses the anatomy and embryonic origin of female reproductive organs, specifically the ovaries. It describes how ovaries form from the embryonic genital ridges and migrate to different locations in different species during fetal development. The structure of ovaries is explained as having an outer epithelial layer, inner cortex and medulla layers, and a connective tissue stroma. Functional ovarian structures like primordial and primary follicles are also discussed. Location of ovaries in various animal species is outlined.
The document discusses optimizing dog mating for pregnancy. It recommends checking dogs for hereditary health problems before breeding and preparing them by ensuring they are the right age, weight, and temperament. The ideal environment for mating is outside at the stud's home without distractions. Supervision is important to ensure safety, and multiple matings may be needed over the bitch's estrus cycle, which can be determined through vaginal cytology. Proper timing of breeding in relation to the bitch's ovulation cycle is important for achieving pregnancy.
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Abstract:
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Learning to control and direct conversations takes understanding and practice.
We can combine our innate empathy with our analytical skills to gain a deeper understanding of complex situations at work. Join this session to learn how to prepare for difficult conversations and how to improve our agile conversations in order to be more influential without power. We will use Dave Gray’s Empathy Mapping, Argyris’ Ladder of Inference and The Four Rs from Agile Conversations (Squirrel and Fredrick).
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Come learn more on how to become a real influencer!
Suzanne Lagerweij - Influence Without Power - Why Empathy is Your Best Friend...
Anatomy of female reproductive organs in domestic animals
1. ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE
ORGANS IN DOMESTIC ANIMALS
Prof G N PUROHIT
Head, Department of Veterinary Gynecology and
Obstetrics, College of Veterinary and Animal
Science, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and
Animal Sciences, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India
3. Embryonic Origin
• The male and female reproductive systems develop initially embryonically
"indifferent", it is the product of the Y chromosome SRY gene that makes the
"difference".
• The paired mesonephric ducts (Wolffian ducts) and paramesonephric
ducts (Müllerian ducts) contribute the majority of male and female internal genital
tract respectively.
• The ovaries, oviducts, uterus, cervix and the cranial
• portion of vagina arise from the primitive Mullerian or
• the Paramesonephric ducts
• The vulva, vestibule and the caudal portion
of the vagina develop from the urogenital sinus.
4.
5. • Female reproductive tracts of various
farm animals are similar to the cow, but
differ primarily in the shape of the
different structures like uterus, cervix,
ovaries etc.
6. Attachments
• The genital tract is held in place on one side by the muscles
and ligaments of vagina, vestibule and vulva (constrictor
vestibuli, constrictor vulvae etc,) and suspended in the pelvic
cavity by the broad ligament.
• Broad ligament The broad ligament is the suspensory
connective tissue attachment that originates from the
peritoneum (containing blood vessels, lymphatic's and nerves)
that hold the uterus, ovaries and oviduct. Parts of the broad
ligament attached to the ovaries, oviduct and uterus are called
meso-ovarium, mesosalpinx and mesometrium respectively.
7.
8. Broad ligament
• Structural characteristics
• Meso-ovarium Houses vascular supply, lymphatic's, and nerves to
ovary. Forms hilus or attachment to ovary
• Mesosalpinx Thin tissue that supports the oviduct and helps orient
infundibulum around ovary to direct oocytes into oviduct. In the
bitch, the mesosalpinx encloses the ovary forming a bursa around
the ovary.
• Mesometrium The largest part of the broad ligament that supports
the uterine horns and (or) uterine body. It is continuous with the
dorsal peritoneum and hangs from the dorsal body wall.
9. • Peritoneal pouches form between the suspensory ligaments
of the rectum, uterus, and urinary bladder and the roof and
the floor of the pelvic cavity, respectively. Cranially, these
pouches open into the peritoneal cavity, and they end
caudally in cul-de-sacs in the pelvic cavity against the pelvic
diaphragm. The rectogenital pouch is formed by reflection of
the peritoneum from the rectum onto the vagina. The
reflection of peritoneum from the urinary bladder onto the
vagina forms the vesicogenital pouch
10. Mesometrium attaches dorsal surface of the uterine horns
in mare therefore in the mare the
free (unattached) surface of the uterus is
ventral to the broad ligament whereas in
cattle the free surface is dorsal to the
broad ligament
ventrolateral surface in cow and sheep.
Bitch mesometrium has fat and rest on
the coils of jejunum and there are
round ligaments additionally.
11. In the bitch the ovarian attachments include the proper and
suspensory ligaments (which originate from the last rib). The
broad ligaments are wide serosal sheets containing much fat in the
bitch, even if poorly nourished, but little fat in the cat. They are
attached on the mesometrial border of the uterine horns, which in
the non-gravid animal rest on the coils of the jejumum.
13. Generative organs
• The Ovaries are the generative organs
• Almond-shaped in most species - Bean-shaped in horse –
Mulberry-shaped in the sow
Ovaries are the primary reproductive organs
performing both exocrine and endocrine functions.
Each ovary has two surfaces (medial and lateral)
2 borders (attached and free border) and 2 poles
(uterine and tubal) The ovary consists of the
cortex (outer layer) and medulla (inner layer).
The ovaries are attached by
the broad ligament and the proper ligaments
14. Ovarian migration during development
• In the dog and cat, ovaries do not migrate in development.
They remain in the dorsal part of the abdomen, caudal to
the kidneys at the tip of the uterine horns.
• In other domestic species, the ovaries migrate during
development.
• The greatest degree of migration occurs in ruminants. Here,
the ovaries come to lie close to the ventral abdominal wall,
cranial to the pelvic inlet.
• In the pig, they descend to the middle of the abdomen.
15. • The ovaries consist of a stroma or network of connective tissue and blood
vessels surrounded by a covering of peritoneum except at the attached border or
hilus where the vessels or nerves enter.
• The ovary is an ovoid structure in the cow that can be divided into the outer
cortex and the inner medulla.
• In the mature mare, these areas are reversed. The cortical tissue in this case
remains on the surface only in the ovulation fossa that is the location of all
ovulations.
• The bovine ovaries are located on the cranial border of the broad ligament. They
lie on both sides of the uterine horns parallel to the cervix over the pelvic floor.
In some older cows they may have a abdominal location. They are round to
almond shaped. Ovaries of sheep, goat and buffalo are similar except with
differences in size
Ovarian location and layers
16. • The right ovary is slightly larger than the left in cattle
since the right ovary is physiologically more active.
• The location of the ovaries becomes abdominal during
pregnancy.
• The pocket formed by the utero-ovarian ligament and
mesovarium is called the ovarian bursa.
18. • In the mare the ovaries are located in the sublumbar area (ventral to the
fourth or fifth lumbar vertebra) craniolateral to the iliac wings and
several centimeters behind the kidneys.
• The ovaries of the mare are kidney shaped and the surface is smooth.
• The ovaries are suspended in the abdominal cavity by the mesovarium
of the broad ligament.
• Follicles can be identified by transrectal palpation, but Corpora Lutea
cannot. Identification of Corpora Lutea requires ultrasonography
Mare
19.
20.
21.
22. Sow
• In the sow the ovaries are located behind the kidneys near the
lateral margins of the pelvic inlet.
23. Bitch
• In the bitch the ovaries are located 1-3 cm behind the
caudal pole of kidneys opposite 3rd lumbar vertebra
between the last rib and crest of ileum.
• They are concealed in a bursa with a 0.6-2.0 cm slit.
Ovaries are elongated and flat.
• The ovary is attached cranially to the diaphragm in the
region of the last rib by suspensory ligament and the
uterine end is attached by a very short proper ligament
to the tip of the uterine horn
24. In a sexually mature, 11.4-kg dog, the left ovary
is located approximately 12 cm caudal to the
middle of the 13th rib and 1 to 3 cm caudal to
the corresponding kidney. The right ovary is
located approximately 10 cm caudal to the last
rib of the right side.
25.
26.
27. Structure of ovary: The ovary is composed of 4 layers
a. Epithelium – surface layer
b. Tunica albuginea – connective tissue covering the
entire ovary
c. Cortex – beneath tunica albuginea
i. contains follicles in various stages of development
d. Medulla – loose connective tissue, blood vessels,
lymphatics, and nerves
28. • The surface of the ovary is covered by a low cuboidal
epithelium, the germinal epithelium.
• In spite of its name, this epithelium is not involved in the
production of germ cells and thus the term surface epithelium
appears to be more appropriate.
Immediately beneath the surface epithelium is a layer of
connective tissue called the tunica albuginea.
29. Ovarian Structures
• Cortex --- In this zone are ovarian follicles in various stages of
development and corpora lutea are located (parenchyma). These
structures are embedded in a loose connective tissue the stroma.
The canine ovary has narrow channels lined by cuboidal
epithelium that may be continuous with the surface epithelium.
These structures are called cortical tubules.
Medulla --- This zone contains connective tissue and blood
vessels. It is continuous with the mesovarium.
33. Cow Mare Ewe/
goat
Sow Bitch Buffalo Camel
Length 1.3-1.5 cm 4-8 cm 1.25 cm 1.5-2.5 cm 2.27 cm 2.5-6 cm
Width 1.3-3.2 cm 3-6 cm 0.5-0.7 cm 0.7-1.25 cm 1.08 cm 2,2 cm
Thickness 0.6-1.9 cm 3-5 cm 0.5-0.75 cm 1.56 cm 1 cm
Weight 5-15 gm 40-80 gm 3-4 gm 3.5-10 gm 0.3 gm 3.83 g 2-5 -4.0 g
Follicle 1-2 cm 3.5-6.0 cm 0.5-0.7 cm 7-8 mm 7-14 mm 15-30mm
CL 1.0-3.2 cm 0.5-0.75
cm
0.5-1.5 cm 12-15 mm 1.40 cm 4-12 mm
Shape Oval or
almond
Bean Almond Mulberry Oval Oval Oval,
flattened
Table 1. Ovarian dimensions in domestic animals
34. In the camel the ovaries are dorsoventrally flattened located
on the pelvic floor and contain hemorrhagic follicles.
35. Vasculature of the ovary.
The ovarian artery (a branch of the Aorta) and ovarian branches
of the uterine artery form anastomoses in the mesovarium and
the broad ligament.
From this arterial plexus ~10 coiled Helicine arteries enter the
hilus of the ovary.
Smaller branches form a plexus at the cortico-medullary
junction, giving rise to straight Cortical arterioles, which
radiate into the cortex.
Here they branch and anastomose to form vascular arcades,
which give rise to a rich capillary network around follicles.
36. Venous Drainage
Venous drainage follows the course of the arterial system.
Medullary veins are large and tortuous.
The Ovarian Artery is closely associated with the Uterine Vein.
This is important for the transfer of luteolytic PGF2α from
the Uterus to the Ovary.
37. Innervation.
Sympathetic fibres of the autonomic nervous system supply
blood vessels and terminate on smooth muscle cells in the
stroma around follicles.
May play a role in follicular maturation and ovulation, but the
main control is via the endocrine system.
38. The oviduct (Fallopian tube)
• The oviduct can be divided into four functional segments: the
finger like fimbriae; the funnel shaped abdominal opening
near the ovary-the infundibulum; the more distal dilated
ampulla; and the narrow proximal portion of the oviduct
connecting the oviduct with the uterine horn- the isthmus.
39. Oviductal Dimensions
• The oviduct is 20-30 cm long and has a diameter of 1-3
mm in the mare and cow.
• The oviduct of the sow is 15-30 cm long and that of the
bitch and cat is 4-7 cm.
• The uterine end of the oviduct in the dog and mare
opens into the uterine lumen through a small slit on a
mound or papilla
40.
41.
42.
43. • The oviductal mucosa is made up of primary, secondary
and tertiary folds. The mucosa consists of one layer of
columnar epithelial cells which are either ciliated or
non-ciliated. The ciliated cells of the oviduct mucosa
have slender motile cilia (kinocilia) that extend into the
lumen.
• Has both circular and longitudinal muscles which also
aid in transport of oocytes and spermatozoa
44. Functions of the oviduct
Receiving the ovum Fimbriae
Transport of ovum towards uterus cilia plus contractions
Capacitation of sperms
Fertilization ampulla of oviduct
45. The Uterus
• The uterus is the tubular hollow structure where fetus grows and
pregnancy continues. In other words The uterus is the organ of
pregnancy as this is where implantation and development of the
fetus occurs.
• It consists of a corpus (body), cervix (neck) and two cornua
(horns).
• The shape of the uterus varies
between species
46.
47. Uterine Horn Appearance
Species Mare Cow Ewe Sow Bitch Camel
Uterine Horn
Appearance
Straight and
divergent ‘T”
shaped.
Uterine body
equal to
uterine horn
Round parallel
to each other
Round
Intestinal loop
appearance
Straight and
divergent
Straight and
divergent ‘T”
or “Y” shaped
Length of
uterine horns
15-20 cm long
4-7.5 cm wide
20-40 cm long
1.25-5 cm
diameter
10-12 cm long
Uterine body
5 cm long. In
pregnant
animals
uterine horns
4-6 feet long
12-15 cm long
0.5-1.0 cm
diameter
48.
49. Anatomical types of uterus
• Duplex Uteri (Uterus duplex)
Completely separate uterine horns each with their own cervical
canal. Duplex uteri are seen in rabbits and marsupials.
Along with having 2 uterine horns and cervical canals
marsupials also have two vaginas.
• Simplex Uteri (Uterus simplex)
Complete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts forming a single
uterine body with no uterine horns. This is seen in primates
and especially humans
50. Bicornuate Uteri
• (Previously Bipartite Uteri) Bicornuate uteri have a relatively
small uterine body and two uterine horns of varying development.
• A relatively large uterine body and short, poorly developed uterine
horns, as seen in the mare, are due to a high degree of
paramesonephric duct fusion.
• Moderately developed uterine horns as in the cow, ewe and goat
arise due to an intermediate degree of fusion.
• Long uterine horns and a small uterine body as seen in the sow,
bitch and queen arise due to a low degree of fusion of the
paramesonephric ducts.
• This varying degree of paramesonephric duct fusion reflects the
species differences in litter sizes, monotocous species having short
horns and polytocous animals having much longer uterine horns.
51.
52. Tissue layers of uterus
• 1)Tunica serosa (perimetrium)
a. Outermost layer
b. Connective tissue
• 2) Tunica muscularis (myometrium) Both circular (inner) (1 layer)
and longitudinal (outer) (2 layers) muscles are present in the
uterus. The two uterine horns are joined by the intercornual
ligaments. There are no intercornual ligaments in the bitch
and sow. The uterine horns in the mare lie ventral to the
intercornual ligaments.
53. • 3) Tunica mucosa (endometrium) Provides point of placental
attachment and glands provide secretions for
embryo development and is highly secretory.
a. Consists of mucosa and sumucosa and the
endometrial glands. The endometrium is highly
glandular over the entire lining except in
ruminants
b. Ruminants have mushroom-shaped projections called
caruncles where fetal membranes attach, the
fetal sides are called cotyledons. The caruncles
are convex in cow and concave in sheep
c. In the Sow and Mare - uterine folds are present.
59. Vasculature
• Uterine branch of the Ovarian artery supplies the cranial parts
of the Uterine horns.
• Uterine artery supplies the rest of the uterine horns and the
uterine body. This is a branch off the Internal Iliac artery in
most domestic species, except the Mare where instead it is a
branch off the External Iliac artery. The Uterine artery and the
Ovarian artery anastomose within the Broad ligament.
60.
61.
62. Innervation
• The uterus is innervated by both Sympathetic and
Parasympathetic fibres which play a part in the regulation of
uterine activity. This is highlighted by iatrogenic manipulation
of parturition using β-Adrenoreceptor agonists for delaying
parturition and antagonists for inducing parturition. However,
uterine activity and normal parturition can be achieved when
these nerves are severed.
63. Cervix
Cervix is a sphincter that connects the uterus and vagina. The cervix opens anteriorly into
the uterine body. About an inch long, the body of the uterus serves as a connection
between the two uterine horns and the cervix.
The cervix is a fibrous organ composed predominantly of connective tissue with only
small amount of smooth muscle tissue.
The lumen of the cervix is the cervical canal.
The canal is formed by, and often almost occluded by mucosal folds.
The cervix has mucus secreting cells.
Nabothian glands line the cervix and release mucus. If skin cells in the cervix cover
the glands, they can block the glands and prevent them from releasing mucus. When
mucus builds up in the blocked glands, it forms a smooth bump called a nabothian cyst
64. • The cervical canal has many prominences(mucosal folds). In
ruminants these are present in the form of transverse or spirally
interlocking ridges known as annular rings.
• They are prominent in the cow (usually 3-4 rings), buffalo (1-3
rings), goat (4-5 rings) and in the ewe (6-7 rings), in which they fit
into each other to close the cervix securely.
• The cervix in buffaloes is comparatively shorter and narrower
• The annular ring arrangement in the ewe provides curved canal.
• In the sow, the rings are interdigitating in a corkscrew arrangement
that adapts to the spiral twisting of the tip of the boar’s penis.
• The cervix of mare is soft and does not have fibrous tissue or
annular rings.
65. • The mucosal folds are single fold and have a smooth surface
in the queen and bitch.
• The cervical canal opens cranially into the body of
the uterus at the internal uterine ostium.
• The cervical canal opens caudally into the vagina at the
external uterine ostium.
• The opening into the cervix protrudes back into the vagina.
This forms a 3600 blind-ended pocket completely around the
cervical opening. This pocket is referred to as the fornix.
• The fornix is absent in the sow.
• The opening of the cervix towards vagina is called os externus
66. • The cervix of sow and bitch are poorly defined.
• The connective tissue of the cervical stroma is made up of ground
substance, fibrous constituents, and cellular contents. The ground
substance contains proteoglycan and hyaluronic acid dermaten
sulfate and proteins.
• The fibrous constituents include collagen, elastin and reticulin
• Cellular elements comprise mast cells, fibroblasts and wandering cells.
• The patterns of reticulin, elastin, and interfibrous ground substances
facilitate the dilation of cervix at parturition. This is especially possible
by the dissociation of collagen fibers which become widely separated
from one another resulting in loosening of cervical tissues and increases
clear spaces between collagen bundles.
71. • Vaginal protrusions of the cervix in sheep and goat
form different shapes
Appearances of the
vaginal protrusions
in the Angora goat
A. Star, B. Duckbill, C.
Crescent, D. Spiral, E.
Cluster, F. Bump
73. Canine cervix
• The canine cervix (cervix uteri) is composed of smooth muscle that contains
the cervical canal and averages 1.5 to 2 cm in length. The cervix may
protrude 0.5 to 1 cm into the vagina but maintains an abdominal position.
The estrogen-stimulated cervix feels firm and lies dorsal to the urinary
bladder. The cranial vagina is limited by the fornix, which extends ventral
and cranial to the cervix.
A dorsal median fold of tissue has been described that extends caudally
from the vaginal portion of the cervix. When viewed through a speculum,
the caudal portion of the fold and constriction of the lateral and ventral
vaginal walls give the appearance of a cervix (i.e., pseudocervix), with a
ventral "fissure“ .
74. • The true vaginal portion of the cervix is cranial to, and often
obscured by, the pseudocervix . The constriction of the
vaginal walls and pseudocervix render intrauterine cannulation
per vagina difficult.
• Additionally, the cervical canal is nearly perpendicular to the
long axis of the vagina and uterine body, further impeding
easy cannulation. Muscular hypertrophy of the dorsal fold of
tissue and cervix begins in proestrus, reaches maximal size in
estrus, and begins to regress in early diestrus.
75. Camel Cervix
• Soft with longitudinal folds 3 or 4 in number
• Consistency of cervix does not differ with that of the uterus
which makes it difficult to identify by rectal palpation
• Cervix projects caudally in the vaginal cavity forming a fornix
(1-1.5 cm)
76. Cervical canal presents longitudinal folds which extend on
annular muscular projections and form the cervical rings
The external cervical orifice is surrounded by 1-2 circular
indented rings of the cranial part of the mucosa of the vagina
77. VAGINA
• This is a musculo-membranous organ connecting the cervix and
external genitals. The vaginal wall consists of surface epithelium,
muscular coat and serosa.
• The muscular coat is less developed compared to the uterine
musculature.
• The muscularis is well supplied with blood vessels, nerve fibres
and loose and dense connective tissue.
• The cow is unique in possessing an anterior sphinchter muscle in
addition to the posterior sphinchter found in other farm animals.
78. • The surface epithelium of the vagina changes in species like bitch
and cat in relation to the stage of the estrous cycle.
• The blood supply in the vagina increases during estrus.
• The vaginal fluid is a transudate through the vaginal wall that is
mixed with vulvar secretions from sebaceous and sweat glands.
• The pH of vaginal mucosa is 5.7 and immunogenic response in the
vagina is maximum.
• A blind pouch of vagina near the cervix is known as fornix. The
fornix of vagina is absent in the sow.
• The urethral orifice opens on the urethral tubercle in the bitch.
79. • The anterior and posterior segments (vestibule) of vagina are
different.
ANTERIOR VAGINA
• The anterior vagina is the site of semen deposition during natural
mating in the cow, buffalo, sheep and goat.
• The luminal epithelium of anterior vagina is acidic with a pH of
5.7 which acts as a bacteriostatic.
• The epithelium of the anterior vagina near cervix is secretory and
secretes mucus.
• On the ventral floor of vagina beneath the mucosa and running the
length of vagina the two Gartners ducts (remnants of primitive
mesonephric ducts or or wolffian ducts are frequently present.
80. POSTERIOR VAGINA (VESTIBULE)
• The posterior vagina starts from the external urethral orifice
and thus forms the region common to urinary and reproductive
and urinary systems.
• It forms a blind pouch near the urethral opening which is
known as sub-urethral diverticulum in the sow, ewe and cow
(2.5-4.0 cm) and this is considered to prevent the entry of
urine in the uterus.
• Hymen is the membranous structure that is a embryonic
remnant sometimes present in the vestibule.
81. Vaginal and vestibular dimensions
Species Cow Mare Bitch Sow Buffalo
Vagina 25-30
cm
18-23
cm
10-14
cm
7.5-11.5
cm
13.0 to
30.0 cm
Vestibule 10-12.5
cm
10-12
cm
8.9 cm
82. • There are two Bartholin glands, one on each side, located in
the constrictor muscles of the vestibule. They are about 1.5 to
3 cm in diameter. In cows, each of these glands open to lateral
wall of the vestibule about 2.5 cm caudal to the vagina by a
single duct.
• The Bartholin glands secrete mucus most actively at estrus,
and have a tubuloalveolar structure.
• The vestibular glands are inconsistent in sheep and different in
the dog.
• Bitch, ewe, mare and some have only minor vestibular glands.
Vestibular glands are small in the bitch, but numerous. Duct
openings are arranged in a linear series.
83.
84.
85.
86. Vestibular Bulbs
• Present in the mare and bitch
• Dark patches on the vestibular walls mark the position of
vestibular bulbs.
• Vestibular bulbs are a concentration of veins forming erectile
tissue, this is the female homologue of the bulb of the penis.
• During the dog's 'tie', the bulbs are erect and press against
the penis, caudal to the enlarged bulb of the glans.
87. External genitals- Vulva
• The vulva is formed by two labia that meet at dorsal and ventral
commissures surrounding the vertical vulvar opening. The dorsal
commissure is rounded in cow and sheep whereas the ventral
commissure is pointed.
• In the mare the dorsal commissure is pointed and the ventral is
rounded.
• The vulva provides anatomical closure to vagina so as to minimize
entry of foreign material into vagina.
88. A, anus; Vs, vestibule;
Uo, urethral orifice; V,
vulva
89. • The vulva is the opening to the reproductive
system. Its functions are the passage of urine,
the opening for mating and as the birth canal.
Included in the vulva's structure are the lips,
vestibule and clitoris. The vulvar lips are
located at the opening and appear wrinkled
and dry when the cow is not in heat.
90.
91. Clitoris
• Partial homologue of the penis.
• Located within the ventral commissure of the vulva.
• Can be divided into two parts:
– Body (corpus)
– Glans (glans clitoridis)
• Has left and right crura that attach to the ischiatic arch.
– Crura come together to form the body.
• Lies within a fossa, largely covered by a mucosal fold which is
the female equivalent of the prepuce.
• The glans is the only exposed part of the clitoris.
92. • The clitoris is composed of erectile tissue covered
by stratified squamous epithelium and is well
supplied with sensory nerve endings. In the cow
the greater part of the clitoris is covered under the
mucosa of the vestibule. In the mare, however it
is well developed and has a fossa (fossa clitoridis)
and in the sow it is long and sinous terminating in
a small cone.