The respiratory system of goats consists of the upper respiratory tract including the nostrils, nasal cavity, and pharynx, and the lower respiratory tract including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and lungs. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries and carbon dioxide diffuses out, in a process called external respiration. Inspiration is driven by the diaphragm and intercostal muscles expanding the lungs, while expiration is driven by relaxation of these muscles and contraction of other muscles compressing the lungs. The brain controls respiration rates through inspiratory and expiratory nerves in response to carbon dioxide levels, body temperature, and other factors.
ANATOMY OF SENSE ORGANS BY WINCY THIRUMURUGAN.pptxthiru murugan
Sensory organs or Special senses:
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
SKIN is the largest organ of our body. It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception. The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer: Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis layer: functions Protection, Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury; Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous layer: functions
Structural support for the skin,
Insulation - maintaining temperature, The storage of energy
Accessory structures of the skin
Include hair , nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Eye: It helps in the sense of sight, These are sensitive to light images. The eyes vary in color depending upon the amount of melanin present in our body.
Visible parts: Eyelid, Pupil, Sclera, Iris; Internal parts: Cornea , Lens, Aqueous humour, Ciliary muscle, Retina,Choroid,Macula.,Optic nerve,Vitreous humour; Eye muscles: very strong and efficient, they work together to move the eyeball in many different directions. The main muscles of the eye are Lateral rectus, Medial rectus, Superior rectus and inferior rectus.
Ear:Ears are the auditory sense organs of our body.
Anatomy of ear:The ear is divided into 3 main regions:The external ear, which collects sound waves and channels them inward;The middle ear, which conveys sound vibrations to the oval window;The internal ear, which houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.
External ear:consist of auricle (or pinna), the external acoustic meatus & the tympanic membrane; Middle ear consists of auditory bones, auditory muscles & Eustachian tube.
Auditory ossicles (bones): Malleus, Incus & Stapes.
Internal ear: It consists the sense organs of hearing and equilibrium. Sense organ for hearing is the cochlea and the sense organ for equilibrium is the vestibular apparatus.
Nose: The nose is an olfactory organ. Our olfactory system helps us to perceive different smells. PARTS: external nose, Nasal cavity, 3 bony shelves & 3 regions; Para nasal sinuses
The two nasal cavities communicate with four bony recesses called the paranasal sinuses
Tongue: The tongue helps in perceiving various tastes and flavours. The sense of taste is also known as gustaoception. Taste buds: Sensory organs involved in sense of taste
There are five gustatory sensations: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami. TONGUE NERVE :
Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve.
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
I use this presentation to discuss the parts of the respiratory system to my Grade 9 students. This presentation only shows the major parts and does not discuss everything in great detail. Hope it helps!
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...Maryam Fida
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
ANATOMY OF SENSE ORGANS BY WINCY THIRUMURUGAN.pptxthiru murugan
Sensory organs or Special senses:
Skin, eye, ear, nose & tongue (taste buds) are called sensory organ or special senses.
Sensory organs have special receptors that allow us to smell, taste, see, hear, touch and maintain equilibrium or balance.
SKIN is the largest organ of our body. It is related to the sense of touch. The sense of touch is also referred to as tactioception. The skin contains general receptors which can detect touch, pain, pressure & temperature.
They are present throughout the skin.
Skin receptors generate an impulse, and when activated, is carried to the spinal cord and then to the brain.
skin is composed of 3 major layers of tissue:
Epidermis layer: Main functions: protection, absorption of nutrients and homeostasis.
Dermis layer: functions Protection, Cushioning the deeper structures from mechanical injury; Providing nourishment to the epidermis;
Playing an important role in wound healing
Subcutaneous layer: functions
Structural support for the skin,
Insulation - maintaining temperature, The storage of energy
Accessory structures of the skin
Include hair , nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous glands.
Eye: It helps in the sense of sight, These are sensitive to light images. The eyes vary in color depending upon the amount of melanin present in our body.
Visible parts: Eyelid, Pupil, Sclera, Iris; Internal parts: Cornea , Lens, Aqueous humour, Ciliary muscle, Retina,Choroid,Macula.,Optic nerve,Vitreous humour; Eye muscles: very strong and efficient, they work together to move the eyeball in many different directions. The main muscles of the eye are Lateral rectus, Medial rectus, Superior rectus and inferior rectus.
Ear:Ears are the auditory sense organs of our body.
Anatomy of ear:The ear is divided into 3 main regions:The external ear, which collects sound waves and channels them inward;The middle ear, which conveys sound vibrations to the oval window;The internal ear, which houses the receptors for hearing and equilibrium.
External ear:consist of auricle (or pinna), the external acoustic meatus & the tympanic membrane; Middle ear consists of auditory bones, auditory muscles & Eustachian tube.
Auditory ossicles (bones): Malleus, Incus & Stapes.
Internal ear: It consists the sense organs of hearing and equilibrium. Sense organ for hearing is the cochlea and the sense organ for equilibrium is the vestibular apparatus.
Nose: The nose is an olfactory organ. Our olfactory system helps us to perceive different smells. PARTS: external nose, Nasal cavity, 3 bony shelves & 3 regions; Para nasal sinuses
The two nasal cavities communicate with four bony recesses called the paranasal sinuses
Tongue: The tongue helps in perceiving various tastes and flavours. The sense of taste is also known as gustaoception. Taste buds: Sensory organs involved in sense of taste
There are five gustatory sensations: sweet, salty, sour, bitter, umami. TONGUE NERVE :
Facial nerve, glossopharyngeal nerve, vagus nerve.
Specialities in Birds respiratory system: Air sacs, specialized parabronchi , Unidirectional flow
Benifits of air sacs, Benefit of 2 respiratory cycles
Bird-like respiratory systems in dinosaurs
Rate of breathings in birds
I use this presentation to discuss the parts of the respiratory system to my Grade 9 students. This presentation only shows the major parts and does not discuss everything in great detail. Hope it helps!
Introduction to respiration and mechanics of ventilation (the guyton and hall...Maryam Fida
Respiration is the process by which oxygen is taken in and carbon dioxide is given out.
Respiration is classified into two types:
1. External respiration
It involves exchange of respiratory gases, i.e. oxygen and carbon dioxide between lungs and blood.
2. Internal respiration
It involves exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
Respiration occurs in two phases:
Inspiration during which air enters the lungs from atmosphere.
2. Expiration during which air leaves the lungs.
During normal breathing, inspiration is an active
process and expiration is a passive process.
Respiratory tract is divided into two parts:
1. Upper respiratory tract that includes all the
structures from nose up to vocal cords; vocal cords are the folds of mucous membrane within larynx that vibrates to produce the voice
2. Lower respiratory tract, which includes Larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs.
RESPIRATORY UNIT
Respiratory unit is defined as:
“The structural and functional unit of lung”. Exchange of gases occurs only in this part of the respiratory tract.
STRUCTURE OF RESPIRATORY UNIT
1. Respiratory bronchioles
2. Alveolar ducts
3. Alveolar sacs
4. Antrum
5. Alveoli
Between the trachea and alveoli airways divide 23 times
Out of 23 divisions first 16 are just to conduct air and these divisions of airways are up to terminal bronchioles.
The last 7 divisions are for the exchange of gases and these divisions which are for exchange of gases includes respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts and alveoli.
There are 300 million alveoli in the lungs and the alveolar surface form s an area of 70-100 square meters
Hahnemühle manufactures and offers absorbent filtration media with high quality and
highest purity. These media provide excellent performance and consistent reproducibility
for the manufacture of reliable In vitro Diagnostic Devices (IVDD).
Special materials have been developed for immunodiagnostic device platforms, which must
give consistent, fast and accurate results. A variety of cotton linters, cellulose and glass
fibre filters are the first choice for device manufacturers for over 30 years related to Lateral
Flow and Flow Through assays, as well as dip sticks, such as critical “Point of Care” devices.
Mit der Entwicklung der Rezepturen der Filterpapiersorten 589/1 bis 589/3 legte Hahnemühle den Grundstein ihres Filtrierpapiersortiments. Nach und nach erfolgte die
Produktion der Sorten 2992, 595, 604 sowie der hochreinen Hartfiltrierpapiere 1573 bis 1575; jede für sich bis heute ein Inbegriff für Qualitätspapier.
Das Sortiment der Hahnemühle mit den “drei roten Streifen” wuchs stetig und wurde bis zum Jahr 2004 erfolgreich durch Schleicher & Schuell konfektioniert und vertrieben. Seit 2008 bietet Hahnemühle diese Filtrierpapiere unter eigenem Namen an.
MINING OPINIONS ABOUT TRAFFIC STATUS USING TWITTER MESSAGESIAEME Publication
In this paper, we have described system for mining opinions from traffic status tweets. The
opinions are categorized as positive (p) and negative (n). We collected a corpus of around
5000 traffic related tweets using twitter API. These tweets were then cleansed from unwanted
contents and processed. The processed tweets were converted into a bag of words and
manually labeled as “p” or “n” appropriately. This labeled dataset was then split into
training and test set in the ratio of 80:20. Various classifier algorithms were trained on this set
and validated. Based on the performance of the algorithms the top 7 among them were chosen
to form an ensemble model. This ensemble model was then used to classify the test set. We
obtained an F-measure of 87.15 which indicates that our system is quite competitive in mining
opinions about traffic status from tweets
a biological system consisting of specific organs and structures used for the process of respiration in an organism, intake and exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between an organism and the environment, explore anatomy of the upper and lower respiratory tracts, from nasal passages to the lungs
Anatomy of respiratory system with special reference to anatomy of lungs,
mechanism of respiration, regulation of respiration
Lung Volumes and capacities transport of respiratory gases, artificial respiration,
and resuscitation methods.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2. THE RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM OF GOAT
Submitted to
Dr Zeeshan Akbar
Submitted by
14-arid-2022
Faisal shahzad somroo
3. Introduction
Respiration is the process of
inhaling and exhaling air, including
oxygen and carbon dioxide.
Oxygen is the most critical
requirement of life support for an
animal, which can only survive a
few minutes without it.
4. Major functions of the respiratory
system:
• Providing oxygen to tissues and
cells;
• Removing carbon dioxide from the
body;
• Controlling body temperature;
• Eliminating water (as vapor); and
• Aiding in voice production.
5. The respiratory system consists of
the nostrils, nasal cavity (chamber),
pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial
tubes, and lungs.
6. Anatomy of the
Respiratory System
The organs of the respiratory system
are divided into two parts:
• Upper respiratory tract - extends
from the nasal opening to the
pharynx, and
• Lower respiratory tract - extends
from the larynx to the lungs.
8. The muzzle, which holds the
nostrils, is made up of the nose
and lips on most domestic animals.
The nostrils are the external
openings of the respiratory tract
through which air passes during
the breathing process.
9. Cattle and sheep muzzles do not
contain oil glands, but do contain
sweat glands.
Cattle with dry muzzles are often
feverish.
Photo by M. Jasek.
10. A hard palate and a soft palate
separate the nasal cavity from the
mouth.
The nasal cavity is divided into two
halves by cartilage and connects
the nostrils to the pharynx.
11. The nasal passages are lined with a
membrane of epithelial cells which
are covered by thousands of cilia.
Mucous coats the epithelial cells
and cilia to create an air-filtering
system that also moistens and
warms the air to protect the other
respiratory structures.
12. The nasal passages contain olfactory
receptors in the turbinate bones.
These olfactory receptors are
involved with the sense of smell.
13. Sinuses, which are air-filled cavities
in the forehead bones, are connected
to the nasal cavity.
The frontal sinuses extend to the
horn cores in cattle and may become
exposed to the atmosphere when
mature cattle are dehorned.
If foreign materials fall into these
openings, sinus infections may occur.
14. Air flows from the nasal cavity to
the pharynx, which is a short,
funnel-shaped tube.
The nasal cavity, mouth, eustachian
tubes (from middle ear), esophagus
and larynx empty into the pharynx,
which is lined with a mucous
membrane and ciliated cells.
15. Both food and air pass through the
pharynx, but the epiglottis keeps
them from passing through at the
same time.
The epiglottis is a valve-like flap of
tissue, above the trachea, that
closes the air passage when the
animal swallows feed or water to
prevent them from entering the
trachea and lungs.
16. Lower Respiratory Tract
The lower
respiratory
tract includes
the larynx,
trachea,
bronchial
tubes, and
lungs.
17. The larynx, commonly known as
the “voice box,” is responsible for
voice production, control of
breathing, and preventing
inhalation of foreign objects into
the lungs.
The larynx is composed of five
cartilage structures.
18. The parts of the larynx are:
• Thyroid cartilage – commonly
called the “Adam’s Apple,”
• Arytenoid cartilages – two
cartilages that assist in closing the
epiglottis and control the pitch of
the voice by tightening or loosening
the vocal chords, and
19. • Cricoid cartilage – helps maintain
shape of the larynx and is a site of
muscle attachment.
20. The trachea (windpipe) is a tube
composed of a series of adjacent
cartilage rings, which are rigid to
prevent collapsing of the trachea.
As a single tube, the trachea goes
from the larynx to a level just above
the base of the heart.
21. The trachea divides into two branches
called the primary bronchi.
Each bronchi passes into a lung,
where they branch out even further
into bronchioles.
The trachea, bronchi, and the first few
bronchioles, lined with mucous
membranes and ciliated cells,
contribute to cleansing the passing air.
22. The bronchioles divide many more
times into smaller branches called
intralobular bronchioles, terminal
bronchioles, and respiratory
bronchioles.
The respiratory bronchioles end
with the smallest and final air
passageways of the respiratory
system, the alveoli.
23. Alveoli are tiny air sacs surrounded by
capillaries (tiny blood vessels of the
circulatory system).
Oxygen and carbon dioxide move
through the walls of the alveoli and
capillaries via a process called
diffusion.
Diffusion is also responsible for the
exchange of oxygen and carbon
dioxide between the body cells and
24. Diffusion is a process of passive
transport, whereby particles or
molecules move from areas of high
concentration to areas of low
concentration.
Inhaled air has a high concentration of
oxygen (O2) and a lower concentration
of carbon dioxide (CO2), while the blood
in the capillaries around the alveoli has
high CO2 and low O2 concentrations.
25. O2 diffuses from the alveoli into the
capillaries and attaches to the
hemoglobin in red blood cells.
CO2 diffuses from the blood into the
alveoli.
Illustration by Patrick Lynch courtesy of Wikipedia.
26. Mammals’ lungs are made of
elastic, spongy material that greatly
expands when filled with air.
Lungs are cone-shaped and
incompletely divided into lobes.
The bronchi, pulmonary artery,
pulmonary vein, nerves, and lymph
vessels connect to the lungs at the
same location.
27. When lungs are expanded to total
capacity, they completely fill the
thoracic (chest) cavity.
Once an animal takes its first breath,
the lungs will never completely
collapse and will float in water.
If a newborn’s lungs sink, it was
born dead.
28. Physiology of the
Respiratory System
The primary function of the lungs is
the exchange of gases, O2 and CO2.
The exchange of gases between the
alveoli and capillaries is called
external respiration because it
occurs outside the animal’s body.
29. The exchange of gases between
the capillaries and the body cells is
called internal respiration because
it occurs inside the animal’s body.
30. Inspiration is the inhaling of air.
When the diaphragm contracts
and the thoracic cavity enlarges,
a vacuum is created that expands
the lungs and draws in air.
31. Quiet respiration, which is also
called abdominal or diaphragmatic
respiration, occurs mainly as a
result of the diaphragm contracting
to pull in air.
Labored respiration involves the
contraction of the external
intercostal (rib) muscles, which
increases the capacity of the
thorax.
32. When carbon monoxide is
inhaled, it bonds with the iron in
hemoglobin and prevents the
transport of oxygen.
This carbon monoxide “poisoning”
results in death, caused by the
lack of oxygen.
34. Artificial respiration might be
helpful, if breathing stops,
especially in cases of newborns,
animals struck by lightening, or
animals overdosed with
anesthetics or tranquilizers.
36. Expiration, or exhaling of air, is
accomplished by the relaxation of the
diaphragm muscles and contraction
of the internal intercostal muscles.
The upward movement of the viscera
(due to diaphragm relaxing) and the
down and inward movement of the
ribs (due to intercostals contracting)
reduces the size of the thoracic cavity
and forces air out of the lungs.
37. Nerve cells in the medulla control
respiratory rates.
The inspiratory nerves stimulate
muscle contraction for inspiration
or inhaling.
The expiratory nerves stimulates
relaxation of the muscles for
expiration or exhaling.
38. The pneumotaxic nerves are
stimulated by the inspiratory center
during inspiration and, in turn,
stimulate the expiratory center to
cause expiration.
39. Several factors influence the rate at
which the brain stimulates
breathing, including:
• Carbon dioxide content of the
blood,
• Body temperature, and
• Messages from other parts of
the brain.
40. An increase in the concentrations
of carbon dioxide increases the
acidity of the blood, which causes
the respiration rate to increase.
An increase in body temperature
triggers the respiration rate to
increase.