It discribes about what is unit plan, definition of unit plan, Characteristics of a Good Unit, Steps in Unit Planning - i. Content analysis, ii. Objectives and specifications, iii. Learning activities & iv. Testing procedures. MODEL UNIT PLANNING, Advantages of Unit Planning & CONCLUSION.
This model guides teachers to go to the depth of the content. And helps students to attain new concepts. So the model has a great attribute on teaching -learning process.
"Lecture cum demonstration Method" is one of the Teacher centered approach. this PPT is useful for B.Ed, M.Ed and Dl.Ed students & also useful for teacher educators as a reference
CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION(CCE)Sani Prince
CCE was made mandatory in National Policy on Education,1986 (NPE 1986) to introduce Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in schools as an important step of examination reform and for the qualitative improvement in the education system.
It discuss about Lesson planning in details. In this introduction, definition, Herbartian Formal steps. with the components - 1. Preparation or Introduction, 2. Presentation, 3. Comparison or Association, 4. Generalization, 5. Application & 6. Recapitulation . t also discuss on STRUCTURE OF A FOUR FOLD LESSON PLAN , Criteria of a Good Lesson Plan, writing & STRUCTURE OF A FOUR FOLD LESSON PLAN with conclusion.
This model guides teachers to go to the depth of the content. And helps students to attain new concepts. So the model has a great attribute on teaching -learning process.
"Lecture cum demonstration Method" is one of the Teacher centered approach. this PPT is useful for B.Ed, M.Ed and Dl.Ed students & also useful for teacher educators as a reference
CONTINUOUS AND COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION(CCE)Sani Prince
CCE was made mandatory in National Policy on Education,1986 (NPE 1986) to introduce Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation in schools as an important step of examination reform and for the qualitative improvement in the education system.
It discuss about Lesson planning in details. In this introduction, definition, Herbartian Formal steps. with the components - 1. Preparation or Introduction, 2. Presentation, 3. Comparison or Association, 4. Generalization, 5. Application & 6. Recapitulation . t also discuss on STRUCTURE OF A FOUR FOLD LESSON PLAN , Criteria of a Good Lesson Plan, writing & STRUCTURE OF A FOUR FOLD LESSON PLAN with conclusion.
Project method, Steps involved in project method, Criteria of a good project, Role of teacher in project method, Merits of project method, Demerits of project method
Advance Organizer Model is given by David P. Ausubel who is one of the educational psychologist. Advanced organizer is a conceptual bridge between new material and a students’ current knowledge. It discuss on three concerns. It also discuss on teachers role, learners role, material role
Students come into our courses with knowledge, beliefs, and attitudes gained in other courses and through daily life. As students bring this knowledge to bear in our classrooms, it influences how they filter and interpret what they are learning. If students’ prior knowledge is robust and accurate and activated at the appropriate time, it provides a strong foundation for building new knowledge. However, when knowledge is inert, insufficient for the task, activated inappropriately, or inaccurate, it can interfere with or impede new learning. To apply this principle, consider the following teaching techniques:
Administer a diagnostic assessment or have students assess their own prior knowledge (See “Selected Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs) for Getting Feedback on Student Learning”).
Use brainstorming to reveal prior knowledge.
Identify discipline-specific conventions explicitly.
Ask students to make and test predictions (See “Teaching for Retention in Science, Engineering & Mathematics”).
Administer a diagnostic assessment or have students assess their own prior knowledge (See “Selected Classroom Assessment Techniques (CATs) for Getting Feedback on Student Learning”).
Use brainstorming to reveal prior knowledge.
Identify discipline-specific conventions explicitly.
Ask students to make and test predictions (See “Teaching for Retention in Science, Engineering & Mathematics”).
A curriculum Plan is the advance arrangement of learning opportunities for a particular population of learners.
Curriculum guide is a written curriculum.
Curriculum Planning is the process whereby the arrangement of curriculum plans or learning opportunities are created.
GALLOWAY’S SYSTEM OF INTERACTION ANALYSIS.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discuss about Galloway's system of interaction analysis in details. It also explains what is interaction, analysis, class room interaction, importance of interaction analysis, Category wise verbal & non-verbal behaviour, rules and regulations, advantages and disadvantages of it.
It discuss on safety and first aid in schools, home & play field. It also discuss on the qualities & responsibilities required for the first aider
1. TO SAVE LIFE
• 2. TO PREVENT FUTHER INJURY / To limit worsening of the situation
• 3. TO PROMOTE RECOVERY
It discuss about what is health, health education, aim, objectives, need, areas, scope, functional objectives, importance and new dimensions of health education.
It discuss on what is tissue, simple & compound animal tissue, it also disscusses on animal tissue structure and function of
a. epithelial
b. muscular
c. connective &
d. nervous
in detail.
Policies and programmes of inclusive education.pdfBeulahJayarani
It discusses on what are the policies and programmes helps to combine the special students with main stream of education. It also talks about old to new policies
It discuss on what is micro teaching, different skill of micro teaching, teaching & learning, importance of stimulus & variation - meaning, components of skill of variation, need & importance, INCREASE THE RETENTTION POWER OF STUDENTS…Some factors which influence students attention…..evalution sheet
It discuss on major skill of micro teaching, what is teaching & learning. Meaning and definition of skill of non verbal cues, components of non verbal cues, 1. FACIAL EXPRESSIONS, 2.BODY MOVEMENT AND POSTURE 3. GESTURES 4. EYE CONTACT 5. TOUCH / HAPTICS & DIFFERENCE BETWEEN VERBAL & NON VERBAL COMMUNICATION, OBSERVATION CODING SHEET
It talks about what is learning resources. Principles of learning resources. Need and significance of learning resources. Limitations of learning resources
Under Learning resources it discuss on science laboratory. It also discuss on Science Express, Mobile Science Lab, activities OF Mobile Science Laboratory, Virtual Lab. COMPONENTS OF VIRTUAL LAB, BENEFITS & LIMITATIONSOF VIRTUAL LABS,ROLE OF TEACHERS, Field Trip or Excursion - INTRODUCTION, benefits of field trips, Science Fair, Exhibition and Talk on Science & major activities in the science fairs
B.F. Skinner (1904-1990) chose to study behaviour through the use of what he called a Skinner box. Versions were created for rats and pigeons. It discuss about Types of behaviours - Respondent, operant,: Positive, negative, stimulus & punishment, and 6 elements also.
Robert Glaser developed this model in 1962. It explains the relationship between teaching and learning. Assumptions of Basic Teaching Model, Components. Step 1: Instructional objectives, Step 2: Entering behaviour, Step: 3 Instructional procedures, Step: 4 Performance assessments, Description of Glaser’s Basic Training Model, Principles of reaction
BRYON MASSIALS AND BENJAMIN COX SOCIAL.pdfBeulahJayarani
The social enquiry model is the outcome of the efforts of Benjamin Cox and Byron Massials. It also discuss on elements, Principles of reaction in detail
“Concept Attainment ( indirect instruction strategy) Model” by Jerome Bruner. It also discuss on Descriptions of Bruner’s Concept Attainment Model. Merits, limitations and applications of Concept Attainment Model
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
1. UNIT PLAN
DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI
M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D (Edn)
ASST. PROFESSOR,
LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34
2. INTRODUCTION
• “A unit may be defined as a means of organizing
materials for instructional purposes which
utilizes significant subject matter content,
involve pupils learning activities through active
participation intellectually and physically and
modifies the pupils behavior to the extent that
he is able to cope with new problems and
situations more competently”.
H.C. Morrison
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 2
3. INTRODUCTION
• A unit is a large subdivision of subject matter with a common fabric of
knowledge.
• The unit is not just blocks of subject matter, but is composed of both method
and content.
• Thus, a unit organizes instruction and increases the probability that
instruction will be presented in a cohesive, meaningful and logic way.
• A properly planned unit integrates many type of activities, some of which
provide new information and others help pupils evaluate and retain this
information.
• Units of break up a course into meaningful segments that is larger than
lesson plans
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 3
4. Contd.,
• They are organized around specific topics so they are neither a block of subject
matter nor a series of independent lessons, but represent a careful organization
of subject matter and learning experiences.
• So a unit can be treated as a ‘compound’ of lessons and not a ‘mixture’ of
lessons.
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 4
5. DefINITIONs Of A UNIT
• ‘The important thing to provide a combination of subject matter and
processes which will have real meaning for the learner which will aid him
in continuously integrating his learning is through a unit’.
- Burton
• ‘A unit is as large a block of related subject matter as can be over viewed
by the learner’.
- Preston
• ‘A unit is an outline of carefully selected subject matter which has been
isolated because of its relationship to pupil’s need’s and interests’.
- Stanford
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 5
6. ChARACTeRIsTICs Of A GOOD UNIT
• It should keep in view, the needs, the capabilities and the interest of the pupil
• It should take into account the previous experience and background of the pupil
• It should provide for new experiences which the students have not done before.
• The length of the unit should maintain interest of the pupil till the last
• The material of the unit should consist of familiar and related topics and not as
remote and strange one
• It should be related to social and physical environment of the pupil
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 6
7. Contd.,
• It should help to anticipate and satisfy some of the future needs of the pupil
• It should be a part of the sequence that permits growth from year to year
• It should be a results of the co-operative planning of the teacher as far as
possible
• It should provide the basis for its evaluation
• It should be flexible enough to provide individual differences
• It should permit a variety of field trips, experiments, demonstrations, and
projects etc.
• It should be practicable in the given setting
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 7
8. sTePs IN UNIT PLANNING
4. Testing procedures (evidence of achievement)
3. Learning activities (the How of the unit)
2. Objectives with specifications (the Why of the unit)
1. Content analysis (the What of the unit)
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 8
9. I. CONTeNT ANALysIs
• In unit planning emphasis is placed on
analyzing the content into terms, facts,
concepts, situations, processes,
generalizations, principles, laws etc.
• The analysis helps the teacher to get a
thorough in-depth of the subject
understanding and this also increases the
confidence of the teacher.
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 9
10. II. ObjeCTIves AND sPeCIfICATIONs
• After analyzing the content,
teacher should identify the
general and specific objectives
of the content
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 10
11. III. LeARNING ACTIvITIes
• Learning is not a pouring in process, but a gradual process that comes
about as a result of experience.
• Activities like field trips, experiments, demonstrations and projects can
be used in different settings.
• The experience can be backed up with reference books films and slides.
• Keeping in mind of the individual differences, the psychology of learning,
the content and objectives, suitable learning activities can be planned to
which the students will be exposed during the course of the unit.
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 11
12. Iv. TesTING PROCeDURes
• The last step is the choice of suitable
evaluation tools and techniques
through which teacher can evaluate
the content coverage and teaching
method used.
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 12
13. MODeL UNIT PLANNING
Sl. No. Concepts Process
skills
Activities/
strategies
Learning
materials
Product Evaluation No. of
Periods
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 13
14. ADvANTAGes Of UNIT PLANNING
• 1. It is establishes general as well as specific aims of teaching.
• 2. It breaks up the entire work into smaller sections, small enough so that pupils can
easily grasp the scope of these during a brief overview. Short tasks are easily completed
than long ones.
• 3. It helps to cater the needs, nature and aptitude of the students.
• 4. It is economical in terms of time.
• 5. Since several activities are involved it helps to develop the skills in the students.
• 6. It develops self confidence among students because it provides opportunities for
meaningful experience wherein they can organize and review their learning.
• 7. It gives an overall view to handle each and every lessons as the unit structure
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 14
15. CONCLUsION
• Effective unit planning requires the knowledge of the functional developments and the
logical maturity of the particular class students.
• It also requires information about the desires, interests and capacities of the students.
• The knowledge of psychology of learning, principals of teaching, previous knowledge of the
students, and effective mastery of the subject matter are essential for planning a unit.
• Unit plan demands sufficient experience of the teacher to plan classroom activities to
develop understanding, interest, aptitude and skill of students in addition to the scientific
knowledge in all its aspects- scientific terms, facts and principals ideas and concepts for
the whole academic year.
• In unit plan, there should be scope for creative activities by the students and should
provide opportunity for critical thinking for the educational year.
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 15
16. RefeReNCe
TNTEU – Study Material
Ram Publications
Sri Krishna Publications
Kaviyamala Publications
Google Images
03-08-2021 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 16
