This document discusses learning resources and their importance in the teaching and learning process. It begins by defining learning resources as devices and procedures that help make teaching and learning more engaging, stimulating and effective. It then outlines some key principles for selecting and using learning resources, such as ensuring they are learner-centered, interesting and help achieve learning objectives. The document also notes some limitations and types of learning resources, including print resources like newspapers, journals and books, as well as visual, audio and ICT resources. Overall, the document emphasizes that learning resources can enhance and support teaching when used appropriately.

1. Dr. A. Krishnarathi
Assist. Prof. in Pedagogy of Science
Unity college of Teachers education
Dimapur, Nagaland.
rathiphd@gmail.com,
krishnarathiphd@gmail.com,
9442488277, https://youtu.be/bLhquCJxb2M ,

2. Resources
Pedagogy of Science

3. Learning resources
Learning is a process of bringing changes in behaviour of the learner
through experience. It results in the acquisition of knowledge, skill,
interests, attitudes etc.
Learning resources are those devices and procedures that help to make
teaching and learning more interesting, more stimulating, more
reinforcing and more effective.
A resource is a source from which benefit is produced. It is acquired to
accomplish activity or to achieve desired outcomes.

4. The psychology of learning
We learn -
1.0% through Taste
1.5% through Touch
3.5% through Smell
11.0% through Hearing
83.0% through Sight

5. The psychology of learning
We Remember -
20% of what we Hear
30% of what we See
50%of what we See & Hear
80% of what we Say
90% of what we Say & Do

6. Need and importance
 Help the facilitator to deliver his/her lesson successfully and easily.
 LR are things and ideas which are usually familiar to the learners.
 Application of the learning resources makes teaching and learning effective.
 Learning resources help the learners achieve the learning objectives more
effectively and efficiently.
 Learning resources help in clarifying, interpreting and appreciating concepts. They
provide clarity, precision and accuracy in processing information.
 They help students learn faster, remember longer, gain more accurate information.

7. Need and importance
 Some of these resources are used to create readiness in the learners for acquiring
learning experiences.
 They create visual images, which help retention of the learnt concepts.
 They also have the capacity to provide real (direct) or almost real experiences.
 Some resources provide the learners opportunity to learn individually at their own
pace.
Make lessons interesting and make learning easy
 Help learning (i.e. what has been learnt) to remain in the minds of the learners for a
longer time.

8. Principle Of learning Resources

9. Principle Of Selection
Appropriate and wise selection of learning resources are required from teachers side as these
resources are helpful for achieving teaching objectives.
1.Principle Of Learner Centredness
2. Principle Of Interest and motivation
3.Principle Of Educational Value
4.Principle of Realization of objectives
5. Principle of Simplicity
6. Principle of Relevency and Suitability
7. Principle of Accuracy
8. Principle of availability of Resources

10. 1.Principle Of Learner Centredness
Learning resources should suitable for :
Age
Maturity
Intellectual level
Motives
Social environment of the learners

11. 2.Principle Of Interest and motivation
Learning Resources must be :
Interesting
Attention catching
Motivating for the learners for getting
fully absorbed in learning

12. Principle of Learning resources
3.Principle Of Educational Value: Learning resources should recreate or provide variety in
teaching learning situations. They should not be employed for the name sake.
4.Principle of Realization of objectives: Learning resources must be capable and meaningful
for the proper realization of teaching learning objectives.
5.Principle of Simplicity: Learning resources should be simple enough so that a student can
understand it and enhance his learning.
6.Principle of Relevancy and Suitability :Relevant ,suitable and appropriate learning resources
makes topic easy to understand for the students.it serve the purpose of teaching in most
effective
7.Principle of Accuracy: This principle states that learning resources should be accurate and
properly maintained in order to provide better learning.
8.Principle of availability of Resources: It depends on Financial Budget, Trained teacher ,
Ability and skills in a teacher to handle aid material.

13. Principles to give direction to a teacher
I.PRINCIPLE OF PREPARATION
THINGS TO BE KEPT IN MIND:
1.Awareness of the nature of learning resources.
2.Way to use it
3.Consultaion of different resources like, information bulletin, intruction book etc.
4.Check interest & attitude of the students
5.Clear objectives before teaching
II. PRINCIPLE OF PHYSICAL CONTROL
Need of physical control is required in order to :
1.Safe guard learning resources
2.Provide economy of time, labour and money
3.Generate and cause optimum teaching learning conditions

14. Principles to give direction to a teacher
III. Principle Of Proper Presentation : Things To Be Kept In Mind:
1.Caerfull plan and visualization of learning resources.
2.Techniques of the showman
3.Care for maximum utilization
4.Minimisation of errors or no errors.
iv. Principle of action : Teacher should instruct:
1.To remain quite alert and attentive while listening or observing the displayed
resources.
2.Encouragement to respond actively
3.Utilize experiences efficiently

15. Limitations of learning resources

16. Limitations of learning resources
 INEFFECTIVENESS  FINANCIAL DIFFICULTIES

17. Limitations of learning resources
Dependency On Electricity
 learning resources like PPT,
e books or other
computerized material need
electricity supply ,
 But in Indian conditions it is
not favorable everywhere
Lack Of Facilities In Training
 One of the drawback of
learning resource is that it lacks
in teacher training.
 Even teachers are not efficient
enough to optimaly utilise
these resources in effective

18. Types of learning resources
 Print Resources
 Visual Resources
 Audio Resources
 ICT Resources and
 Community resources

19. Print Resources
There are various forms of print resources that can use in the science classrooms.
Printed materials are essential part of science Curriculam play a vital role in
teaching and learning.
There are various print resources in science such as
Newspapers
Journals
Magazines
Encyclopedia etc.,
Books

20. Newspapers
A newspaper is a serial publication containing news, other informative articles (listed below), and
advertising. A newspaper is usually but not exclusively printed on relatively inexpensive, low grade
paper such as newsprint. Newspapers are typically published daily or weekly.
Advantages
Best method to reach a large group
Pictures will help in easy understanding
Attractive and easy to understand
Lot of information can be obtained in various fields
Disadvantages
Useful for literates only
Detailed information cannot be produces

21. Journals and magazines
Journals
 A science journal is one of the best ways to introduce writing into science class. It helps
students stretch their thinking and make sense of new that can sometimes leave them
confused.
 The journal thus becomes a great learning tool for the students.
 Journaling involves students writing about their learning in science.
 A "journal" is a scholarly periodical aimed at specialists and researchers.
 Articles are generally written by experts in the subject, using more technical language.
They contain original research, conclusions based on data, footnotes or endnotes, and
often an abstract or bibliography.
 The Journal of Physical Chemistry, The Chaucer Review, The Milbank Quarterly, and
Labor History are examples of journals.

22. Journals and magazines
Magazines
 A "magazine" is a periodical with a popular focus, i.e. aimed at the general public,
and containing news, personal narratives, and opinion.
 Articles are often written by professional writers with or without expertise in the
subject; they contain "secondary" discussion of events.
 Magazines use vocabulary understandable to most people, and often have lots of
eye-catching illustrations. Time, Newsweek, U.S. News & World Report, and
Psychology Today are magazines.
 A number of magazines also publish articles on scientific issues. These materials can
be helpful for the enrichment of teaching-learning of science.
 Some of the science journals are international journal of science education,
Education in science, journal of chemical education, Physics education, Science and
culture, science education etc.

23. Benefits of Journals and magazines
 Promoting understanding
 Promoting a sense of involvement withscience
 Promoting better informed teaching
 Promoting teacher student relationships
 Establish connections between science ideas. For instance, by asking students to
explore and write about various strategies for solving similar problems
 Focus on what they do and do not know
 Develop more precise ways of communicating,Clarify, organize, and refine their
thinking

24. Encyclopedia
 An encyclopedia is a type of reference work or compendium holding a comprehensive summary of
information from either all branches of knowledge or a particular branch of knowledge.
 Encyclopedias are divided into articles or entries, which are usually accessed alphabetically by
article name.
 Encyclopedia entries are longer and more detailed than those in most dictionaries. Encyclopedia
articles focus on factual information concerning the subject for which the article is named.
 Encyclopedias can be general, containing articles on topics in every field. Example Encyclopedia
Britannica and German Brockhausare.
 General encyclopedias often contain guides on how to do a variety of things, as well as embedded
dictionaries and gazetteers. There are also encyclopedias that cover a wide variety of topics but from
a particular cultural, ethnic, or national perspective, such as the Great Soviet Encyclopedia.

25. Books
Textbooks: You must be using textbooks in the instructional process in social
sciences. At the national level, textbooks are brought by the NCERT, whereas at
the state level we have state text bureaus or SCERT for development of
textbooks. It is essential that course related standard textbooks, frequently
referred to and used during training, are always available with the student and
teachers.
Reference books and manuals: These are usually expensive resources which
the learners refer to during instructional process. These books and manuals
must not be taken out of the resource center. These supplementary books can be
dictionary, encyclopedias, yearbooks, statistical abstracts, government reports,
journals, magazines etc.

26. Audio Resources
Audio resources that is free for you to use to support your learning, teaching
or research. Computer based audio resources equipment is often used in education
with may be in school and university.
Examples:
Hearing a audio (in whole or in part ) from a DVD tape
Listening to music from a CD, tape, or record
The various audio resources are:
Radio Talk
Tape
Compact Disc / DVD

27. Radio talk
 Radio talk is a radio format containing discussion about topical issues and consisting
entirely or almost entirely of original spoken words content rather than outside music.
 Radio broadcast and audio recordings are the sources of audio learning experiences for the
children. In order to provide learning experience beyond the school syllabus and to relate
it to the real life outside the classroom.
 There are various types of programmes, such as discussion forums, question- answers,
debates, quizzes, speeches, dramas. The All India Radio has regular programmes for
school children.
 Programmes generally include talks on educational, scientific, current topics, etc. The
topic, date and time of broadcast of such talks are given in advance. The school can take
advantage of such talks.

28. AUDIO TAPES
The major advantage of a magnetic audio tape over a disc is that one can record
programmes easily and economically. When the material becomes outdated, or is no
longer useful, it could be erased and the tape can be reused. Tapes are not as easily
damaged as discs, and they can be easily stored. Records of talks on interesting science
topics by eminent scholars can be easily reproduced in the classroom. These talks
provide an inspiration to the students. These devices are seldom used these days.

29. DVD/CD
The disc recording has a number of attributes that makes it an attractive medium of
teaching learning. It can reproduce the audio spectrum even beyond the limits of human
hearing. A major advantage of audio CDs (andotheropticaldiscs) is that the user can quickly
access any part of the disc. Standard CDs have a diameter of 120 millimetres (4.7 in) and
can hold up to about 80 minutes of uncompressed audio or about 700 MB of data.
DVDs offer higher storage capacity than compact discs while having the same
dimensions. DVDs are used in DVD-Video consumer digital video format and in DVD-
Audio consumer digital audio format as well as for authoring DVD discs written in a
special AVCHD format to hold high definition material (often in conjunction with AVCHD
format camcorders). DVDs containing other types of information may be referred to as
DVD data discs.

30. Advantage of Audio Resources
 Audio visual aids improve student’s critical and analytical
thinking.
 Helps keep mistakes at a minimum
 Get the attention of the participants
 To follow easier to explain
 Easier to remember
 Participants feel more engaged

31. Visual Resources
Types of visual resources
Charts
Pictures
Flash Cards
Posters
Models
Photographs

32. CHARTS
The most commonly used learning resources in class are charts.
Charts are a valuable tool for use in sciences. A chart is a simple
flat pictorial display material and, if used appropriately conveys
the displayed information in a highly effective manner. They
help summarize and simplify complex ideas which students face
during reading.

33. CHARTS
Visual illustrative media for depicting the relation between main idea and
supporting facts.
The pictures used should be of reasonable size, so that it is visible to the whole
class. They should not be overload with information to avoid distraction of the
learners to unnecessary parts.
purposes of charts
 for showing relation by means of facts and figures
To show the continuity of process
For presenting abstract idea
For showing the development of structure
To stimulate thinking

34. Types of charts
Narrative chart : Narrating the idea and the facts
Cause and effective chart :relationship between rights and responsibilities
Chain chart: expressing idea and facts in the form of cycles
Evolution chart: for expressing changes in specific item from beginning
Strip tease chart : expressing information step by step. it has Great suspense
value, holding attention and building interest, Increases interest and
imagination of audience
Pull chart
Flow chart
Time or table chart
Tree chart
Flip chart
Pie chart

35. Pictures
Pictures are used for the expression of idea. They are more attractive and are easily
understandable. Pictures should be considered as short & language of the idea presented
picture are only 2-d but should be carefully planned. This can be prepared by any
teacher using simple material. They convey the expected message by combination of
visual aids by suitable information effectively.

36. Flash cards
Flash cards are a set of pictured paper cards of varying sizes
that are arranged one by one in a logical sequence. Flash cards can be
self-made or commercially prepared and are made up of chart or drawing
paper, plain paper using colors or ink on them for drawings.
Purposes:
To teach the students about new words, properties etc.
Useful for small group
Used in group discussion
Advantage of Flash card:
They are inexpensive,
They are portable
They are efficient
They make learning easier

37. Posters
 Posters are the graphic aids with short quick and typical messages with attention
capturing paintings.
 Printed posters on various science concepts and life history of scientists are
available from science publishers.
 These can be used as are source in teaching scientific concepts covered in the
school syllabus. For example, a good large-size poster of Periodic Table and
Electromagnetic Spectrum will be of good help in teaching-learning of physical
science.
Purposes
 To provide general motivation
 To create an esthetic or atmospheric effect
 To communicate a more general idea
 To thrust the message for leading to action

38. Advantage of Posters
 A poster speaks for itself; the presence of its author is not necessary. It is
therefore possible to reach a broader audience when compared to a presentation
limited in time.
 It is also possible to present several posters in the same room and at the same
time; visitors can have a look at those posters they are interested in.
 Sometimes as the author you have the possibility to present a poster while giving
a short introduction. An interactive situation evolves while having a close contact
to the audience, closer than when delivering a speech.

39. MODELS
A model is a recognizable representation of a real thing three dimensionally, that is height,
width and depth is felt as reality.
Types of models
1. Solid models: It is the replica of an original thing made with suitable material like clay,
plaster of Paris, wood, iron etc. to show internal parts of the things. Ex: globe, clay model
of human and animal.
2. Cutaway and X-ray models: These are the replicas of the original things to show internal
parts of a thing. Cross sectional models are difficult to make in the classroom or
institutions as they require expertise to construct them. Ex. Cross sectional model of
human body.
3. Working models: These models are either actual working things or their miniature
replicas. For illustrating an operation. Ex: a motor, a generator.
4. Sand models: It is made by using sand, clay, saw dust, ex: a tribal village, a forest area.

40. Advantages of Models
1. People create a patristic view in their mind after viewing a model of particular thing and
hence can explore it better.
2. And it's scientific that one can understand the concept only after he/she get chance to
observe it and that chance is provided by models.
3. One cannot understand the thoughts of a person if these are in his/ her mind but chances
increases when those thoughts are presented in the shape of working models.
4. Models can tell about the consequences of some experiments so that we can sort them out.

41. Photographs
 This is one of the most common types of visual aids. The photo helps the extended
work to get across an idea and pass on to the audience. It is visual which has to
catch the attention of the audience and pass on to them a simple message at a
glance.
 The audience should become aware of the event, practice or idea we want to
communicate.

42. Internet
Internet With the recent development of our country and the world at large, the
internet is one of the best, fastest and up-to-date source of conveying information
be it in a real life picture form or in text (written) form. It is a computer based
learning resource. This is highly advanced source of learning sciences. The
NCERT textbooks based on NCF2005 had also listed various websites which can
be of great help to the teachers and students.

43. Movies
Most of our schools may not be well equipped with
infrastructural facilities like Television, Over Head Projector,
Slide projector and Multimedia. Even if these facilities are
been provided , teachers hardly used them due to one or the
other reasons but movies can be a very good source for not
only motivation and elaboration of points in the text but also
for providing review and overview of the people, processes
and phenomena. Teachers can even show films based on the
learning objectives.

44. television
It combines the sound and sight ,thus makes the experience more concrete, real, and immediate
Offers uniformity in communication even the back bench feels the pleasure of front row seat
It offers opportunity for seeing and listening
It can teach large number of students at a time
It provides excellent learning opportunity for both pre service and in-service education of teachers
Helps to make the leisure time more interested

45. television
It combines the sound and sight ,thus makes the experience more concrete, real, and immediate
Offers uniformity in communication even the back bench feels the pleasure of front row seat
It offers opportunity for seeing and listening
It can teach large number of students at a time
It provides excellent learning opportunity for both pre service and inservice education of teachers
Helps to make the leisure time more interested

46. Community Resources
The community in which it is located can be rich resources for teaching and learning
of sciences. Community can be utilized as supplements for classroom learning
experiences. In depth knowledge of the community resource such as activities,
availability of local resources, natural and human will help us in explaining various
concepts of sciences. The examples taken from local community will arouse
interest of the students.

47. Types of community resources
 Fieldtrip
 Zoological garden
 Botanical garden
 Eco park
 Science exhibition/fair
 Aquarium

49. Definition of Field Trip

50. Places for field trip

51. Purpose of Field Trip

52. Advantages of Field Trip
1. Develops clarity of the thought.
2. Creates interest in the subject.
3. Offers learning coupled with entertainment.
4. Reduces boredom and monotony.
5. Helps in application of knowledge to real life.
6. Develops scientific attitude and scientific hobbies.
7. Generates the spirit of cooperation.
8. Develop problem solving attitude.
9. Students get first hand experience.
10.Help to utilize leisure time.

54. Zoological Garden

55. Benefits of Zoological Garden
Enhanced more language is development in the students.
Varieties of animal knowledge is development in students.
Increase Attend special events and activities in students.
Increase wild animals knowledge in the students

56. Botanical Garden

57. Importance of Botanical Garden
1. It provides the study material to the students.
2. It provides first hand experience.
3. It develops aesthetic sense among students.
4. Students can study the life history of the plants and
organisms like insects, butterflies etc.
5. It provide the knowledge of process of photosynthesis
6. Develops the curiosity to know the mystery of nature.

58. Role of Botanical Garden
 availability of plants for scientific research
 display of plant diversity in form and use
 display of plants of particular regions
 plants grown for their seed or rarity
 glasshouse plants of different climates
 all plants accurately labelled
 records kept of plants and their performance

59. Advantages of Botanical Garden
 Enhanced language development
 Promotes family bonding
 Attend special events and activities
 Encourages environmental awareness
 Increase academic knowledge

60. ECO-PARK
Education is a process of recognizing values
and clarifying concepts in order to develop skills
and added tools necessary to understand and
appreciated the inter-relationship among man,
his culture and his bio-physical surrounding.
Eco park play an important role in creating
environmental awareness among the students.

61. ECO-PARK
Eco-park is an eco-industrial park or estate is a community of
manufacturing and service businesses located together on a
common property. By working together, the community of
businesses seeks a collective benefit that is greater than the sum of
individual benefits each company would realize by only optimizing
its individual performance.

62. Science Fairs / Exhibition

63. Science Fairs And Exhibition

64. Purpose of Science Fairs/Exhibition

65. Values of Science Fairs/Exhibition
 They have social, psychological, intellectual and educational values.
 The instincts of curiosity, construction, acquisition etc., among the students get satisfied.
 Students learn and understand much better and in a laid way in these than in the classrooms.
 Students talents and skills are recognized and stimulated.
 Science fairs play an important role in discovering and encouraging science talent.

67.  Visual learning - Children can see how their efforts in tasks carried out affect the
aquarium and it's inhabitants.
 All aspects of science can be taught from the mini eco-system,from water chemistry,
to how fish eat and the nitrogen cycle
 Encourages children to look beyond their everyday life on land, use their imagination
and consider the underwater world evolving in their classroom
 Aquariums have been proven to provide a calming atmosphere for people and studies
have found that there is a loss of tension when fish are present in the classroom.
Benefits of Aquarium

68. Significance of community Resources