This document discusses different levels of planning for instruction - year plan, unit plan, and lesson plan. It provides details on each type of plan: a year plan covers instruction for the whole academic year; a unit plan is for a segment of the course and breaks it into meaningful parts; and a lesson plan focuses on the objectives and activities for a single class period. Effective planning at each level helps ensure a systematic approach to teaching and learning goals.

1. Topic
Planning instructions
 Year Plan
 Unit Plan
 Lesson Plan
Introduction
Planning is very essential for the successful completion of any activity. It
holds good for instruction too, as instruction is a systematic activity to be
carried out by a teacher successfully. Planning for instruction involves planning
at three levels. First level is Year plan. It includes planning the instruction for
the whole year. Second level is Unit plan. It includes the planning of instruction
for a unit. Last and third level is Lesson plan. It includes planning the
instruction of a topic or lesson.
Year Plan
Year planning is done by the teacher in the beginning of the year for the entire course.
For example, a teacher who teaches a course in mathematics for a particular class plan the
curricular and co-curricular activities as per the syllabus for the entire academic year. The
teacher has to prepare the year plan keeping in mind the following points.
 The objective to be achieved.
 The number of units to be covered as per the syllabus during the academic year.
 The number of periods required to cover each unit; the number of periods allotted for
mathematics per week.
 The number of days allotted for projects, revision test and examinations.
 The number of holidays during the academic year.
 The resource available.
 The potential of the students.
 The social and psychological needs of students.
The Year plan entails the teacher to consider the time available and makes the
optimum use of it, by planning per week, per month, per term and so on before the
commencement of the academic session. The Year plan help the teacher in taking the
decisions regarding when to teach, what to teach, how much time assigned for each
unit/topic, how many hours of laboratory or field work can be allotted to students, how much
time can be allotted to revision test and examinations etc. The number of periods to be
allotted for each unit depend upon (i) the scope and the extent of the content to be covered,
(ii) the extent of the objectives to be realized and (iii) the time and other resources necessary
for the realization of the objectives. Therefore, year plan ensures smooth instruction
throughout the year and helps the teacher to carry out all the curricular and co-curricular
activities in time without haste and anxiety, A year plan is a tentative plan for the
instructional programme and the teacher may make changes in the plan as required by the
situation.
Advantages of Year plan
 Year planning keeps the teacher on the right track.
 Year planning helps the teacher in planning for the entire course for the whole
academic year well in advance.
 It enables the teacher to cover the syllabus within the allotted time, as planning saves
waste of timing and energy.
 It helps the teacher in orderly and systematic teaching.
 It enhances the self confidence of the teacher as she is sure of what is expected of her
during each period/week/month/term etc.
 It helps the teacher in making optimum utilization of the available resources.
 It enables the teacher to analyse the depth and extent of the content to be covered in
each unit.
While preparing the year plan relative importance of each unit is to be assessed based
on the content to be covered. Accordingly, the teacher can decide about the number of
periods to cover each unit. However, the year plan prepared by the teacher should be in
agreement with the syllabus prescribed by the State/Board. Generally, in the syllabus itself it
will be indicated as the number of periods necessary to cover each unit and in which calendar
month each unit has to be covered.
Unit Plan
Unit planning is a part of year planning and is a middle ground between course
planning and lesson planning. It is longer than lesson planning, but shorter than course
planning. A variety of meanings have been assigned to the term unit. Some of them are (i) the
lesson for the day, (ii) it is a block of work, (iii) as a chapter in a textbook, a project and (iv)
as a method of instruction rather than a method of organization of instructional materials etc.
Definition of a Unit
“A unit is a large block of related subject matter as can be over-viewed by a learner”.
__ Preston
“A unit is an outline of carefully selected subject matter which has been isolated because of
its relationships to pupil’s needs and interest”.
__ Samford
A unit is not just a block of subject matter, but it is a large subdivision of well-
organized subject matter. Unit of instruction break up a course into meaningful segments that
are larger than lesson plans. They are organized around specific topics, which are neither
block of subject matter nor a series of independent lessons. A unit represents a careful
organization of subject matter and learning experiences around a unifying principle or
property.
Characteristics of a Good Unit
 A unit should be meaningful segment of well-organized subject matter.
 A unit can be broken up into interrelated sub units or topics.
 The segment in the unit should be linked together by a unifying idea or principle or
property.
 A unit should not be too lengthy or too short.
 The length of the unit should be such as retain the interest of the students.
 A good unit should be part of a unit that permits growth from year to year.

2. Steps in Unit Planning
Unit planning involves the following stages.
Content Analysis
After choosing the unit the teacher has to do a detailed analysis of the contents of the
unit to get an in-depth knowledge of the terms, concept, principles, and generalizations,
constituting the unit. This help the teacher to break up the unit into meaningful sub units and
lessons retaining the continuity throughout the unit.
Starting the General and Specific Objectives
The teacher should identify the general objectives and state the specific objectives or
learning outcomes to be achieved as a result of learning the unit.
Planning the Learning Activities
The third step is to select suitable learning experiences that may lead to the realization
of the started objectives. Keeping in mind individual differences, the psychology of learning,
the content and objectives. Suitable learning activities can be planned, to which the student
will be exposed to during the instruction of the unit. The teacher also has to plan specific
teaching strategies that will be employed for each segment (sub unit) of the unit.
Evaluation Procedure
The last step of unit planning is to select appropriate evaluation tools and technique to
assess the content coverage, the realization of the selected objectives and the effectiveness of
teaching strategies.
Uses of Unit Plan
Unit planning contributes to the educational process in the following ways.
 Unit plan breaks up a lengthy unit into smaller sub-units or topic so that pupils can
easily grasp the scope of these during a brief overview.
 It helps the teacher to present the various principles and concepts constituting the unit
is an orderly and systematic manner, without losing their continuity.
 It enables the pupil to see clearly the relationship between various facts, processes and
principles that make up the unit.
 It helps the pupils to appreciate the unifying principles linking all the information
together in the unit. This guides pupil to view the sub-units as part of a whole and not
independent segments of information.
 It helps the teacher to plan a variety of learning experiences, keeping in mind the
individual differences, the nature of content and objectives to be achieved.
 It provides frequent opportunities for the students to review and recognize to be
achieved.
 It provides frequent opportunities for the students to review and recognize their
learning.
 It helps the teacher to plan definite outcomes of learning so that they are clear not
only to the teacher, but also to the students.
 The study outline of the unit plan provides the students with directions as to what to
study, and how to do it most effectively.
Lesson Plan
A Lesson plan is the title given to a statement of the objectives to be realized and the
specific means by which these are to be attained as a result of the activities engaged during
the period.
Basic Considerations for Preparing the Lesson Plan
 Selection of suitable subject matter.
 Presentation of the selected material in an organized, orderly and effective manner.
 Starting the objectives to be realized in a clear and specific terms.
 Assessing of the pupil’s capacities, capabilities, interest, background and previous
knowledge.
 Careful estimation and selection of those activities which are most appropriate for
realizing the objectives.
 Arrangement of these activities into a properly ordered schedule.
 Evaluating the attainment of the stated objectives.
Functions of a Good Lesson Plan
 Lesson planning makes the teacher’s work more regular, organized and systematic.
 It delimits the teacher’s field work and thus enables him to define his aims and
objectives more clearly.
 It forces consideration of goals and objectives, the selection of subject matter the
selection of procedure, the planning of activities and the planning of evaluation
devices.
 It prevents waste of time, as every step has been planned with forethought.
Unnecessary repetition is thus avoided.
 It enhances self-confidence of the teacher as it paves the way for the teacher to enter
the class without anxiety.
 It organizes and systematizes the learning process. As the hierarchy of lesson
becomes well-knit, inter-connected and associated, the learning process takes a
definite shape and its continuity is assured.
 It provides opportunities for manifestation of creative and constructive urges.
 It facilitates appropriate use of teaching aid at appropriate places.
 It helps to develop reasoning, thinking and imagination powers of the students.
 It helps to sustain student’s interest in learning by providing interesting and relevant
learning experiences suitable to the student’s level.
 Lesson planning helps in budgeting of time according to the requirement of the
children and syllabus.
 It helps to pick and choose particular aspects that need emphasis.
 Lesson planning helps in establishing proper correlation between the different
branches of mathematics.
 It helps in providing drill and practice in mathematical principle and formulae.
 It keeps the teacher in the right track as she is conscious of every step that she has to
take.
 It helps the teacher in selecting and using more relevant and appropriate illustrative
material to make the abstract mathematical concepts concrete.
 Planning helps the teacher to visualize student’s difficulty and plan for remedial
programs.
Important Features of a Good Lesson Plan
 All the objectives of the lesson both general and specific should be stated clearly in
the lesson plan.
 A good lesson plan should outline in detail the various steps that the teacher proposes
to take in the class.
 A good lesson should not remain at the oral or mental stage, it should be preferably
written.
 A good lesson plan should have its basis on the previous knowledge and experience of
the learner and the present knowledge should be well integrated with the previous
knowledge.
 Ample provisions should be made in the lesson plan for arousing the curiosity and
sustaining the interest of the students.
 The subject matter presented, the material used, and the teaching aids selected should
cater to the individual needs and abilities of the students.

3.  The lesson plan should reveal the development of the topic.
 The good lesson planning requires that the lesson unit must be finished within the
allotted time.
 A good lesson plan should contain the questions to be asked, illustrations to be used,
the assignment to be done and the activities to be carried out.
 The teaching technique to be used by the teacher should be clearly explained in the
lesson plan.
 A good lesson plan should indicate the list of AV aids to be used and should specify
when and how to use them.
 Application stage for applying the learned rules and formulae should find a place in
the lesson plan.
 A good lesson plan should stimulate reflective thinking, independent thinking and
originality of expression on the part of the student.
 A good lesson plan should be flexible, and not rigid. It should make the presentation
more effective.
 A lesson plan should provide for consolidation and recapitulation of ideas.
 References should be clearly given.
 It should suggest activities to meet individual differences.
 It should provide intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.
 A good lesson plan should provide the basis for further learning.
Conclusion
A teacher’s most important trait is confidence. Planning can help the
teacher to be well prepared and be aware of what they intend on teaching the
students. It can help the teacher to focus more on the basic knowledge first then
take the students to the next step. The planning process is a disciplined and time
taking process produces fundamental decision and actions that shape the
organization.
Reference
1. Teaching of Mathematics
__ Mujibal Hasan Siddiqui
APH Publishing Cooperation
2. Method of Teaching Mathematics
__ Dr. Anice James
Neel Kamal Publication Private Limited
3. Teaching of Mathematics
__ Sudhir Kumar
D.N. Ratnalikar