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ANIMAL TISSUE - 2 (1).pdf

The document discusses different types of animal tissues, including their structures and functions. It covers four main types of tissues - epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscular tissue, and nervous tissue. Connective tissue is further divided into fibrous, supportive and fluid connective tissues. Specific tissues discussed in detail include areolar tissue, adipose tissue, bones, cartilage, blood, and nerves. The key roles of different tissues in the structure and functioning of the body are also summarized.

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ANIMAL TISSUE: PART-2 DR. C. BEULAH JAYARANI M.Sc., M.A, M.Ed, M.Phil (Edn), M.Phil (ZOO), NET, Ph.D ASST. PROFESSOR, LOYOLA COLLEGE OF EDUCATION, CHENNAI - 34
What is Tissue? 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 2 An assemblage of one or more types of specialized cells held together with extracellular material constitute the tissue.
What is Animal tissues? The animal cells are grouped together to form animal tissues. These tissues vary in their structure, function, and origin. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 3
ANIMAL TISSUE SIMPLE TISSUE COMPOUND TISSUE TYPES OF ANIMAL TISSUE A group of cells that are similar in origin, form, structure and work together to perform a specific function is called a simple tissue A group of cells different in their structure and function but co-ordinate to perform a specific function is called a compound tissue. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 4
Animal tissues (structure and functions) 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 5 ANIMAL TISSUES (structure and functions) a. Epithelial tissue b. Connective tissue c. Muscular tissue d. Nervous tissue All these tissues originate in the embryonic stages from the three primary germ layers namely ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm.
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CONNECTIVE TISSUE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE SUPPORTIVE CONNECTIVE TISSUE FLUID CONNECTIVE TISSUE Areolar fibrous connective tissue Adipose tissue Yellow & white fibrous tissue Cartilage Bone Lymph Blood 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 7
AREOLAR FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE OCCURS • Occurs beneath the skin and most epithelial layers connecting organs together. • Filling the spaces between organs and muscles, around muscles and blood vessels DESCRIPTION • Loosely arranged tissue • In jelly-like matrix there are 4 types of living cells and two types of non-living cells. Macrophages Mast cells Fat cells Fibroblasts Collagen fibres Elastic fibres FUNCTIONS Areolar tissue binds organs or organ components together and supports structures. Allows for movement between structures. The matrix allows for diffusion of substances like gases, nutrients, hormones and wastes to and from the blood. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 8
Fibroblasts They secrete the matrix, release histamine during inflammation, produce heparin (anticoagulant). Synthesis and storage of fats. strengthen the tissue secrete collagen and produce elastic fibres. Engulf foreign particles by means of phagocytosis to defend the body against infection. Mast cells Fat cells Collagen fibres Elastic fibres Allows for expansion and contraction. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 9
FIBROBLASTS FIBROBLASTS DENDE WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 10
DENDE WHITE FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE DESCRIPTION Consist of mainly white collagen non- elastic fibres. The collagen fibres are non-elastic, densely packed, arranged in parallel bundles, and has a shiny appearance. Fibroblasts are elongated cells and occur parallel in rows & minimum amount of matrix. FUNCTIONS In dermis of skin, tendons Attach muscle to bones 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 11
YELLOW FIBROUS CONNECTIVE TISSUE DESCRIPTION Consist of white collagen fibres and a network of yellow elastic fibres. Ligaments are strong and flexible FUNCTIONS In ligaments Attach bone to bone Hold bones of a joint in place. Restrict movement of bones and prevent dislocation during normal movement. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 12
ADDIPOSE TISSUE DESCRIPTION Found beneath the skin, around heart and other organs. Large round cells filled with fat or oil. COLLAGEN FIBRES AND ADIPOSE CELLS FUNCTIONS  Insulation Stores fat 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 13
COMPACT BONE DESCRIPTION The matrix of compact bone consists of collagen fibres together with calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. These components are arranged in circles called lamellae, around the Haversian canal, containing artery, vein and nerve. Contain bone cells called osteocytes FUNCTIONS • Support • Protection • Locomotion • Red blood corpuscles and white blood cells are produced in the red bone marrow. Occur in the bones of the skeleton 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 14
HYALINE CARTILAGE  Occurs at the ends of bones in movable joints.  Parts of the larynx.  In the walls of the trachea and bronchi.  In between the ribs and the sternum.  On the tip of the nose HYALINE CARTILAGE WHITE FIBROUS CARTILAGE YELLOW ELASTIC CARTILAGE BONE 15
HYALINE CARTILAGE DESCRIPTION Contains fine collagen fibres. White translucent matrix. Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the perichondrium with blood vessels for nutrition. It consists of living cells called chondrocytes. They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called lacunae. In the lacunae the cells are arranged singular or in groups. FUNCTIONS Chondrocytes produce a rubber matrix called chondrin. Reduce friction at joints Attach bones firmly to other bones. Keeps tubes open (C-shaped in trachea). Forms permanent structures (nose). Longitudinal growth of long bones. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 16
FIBRO CARTILAGE DESCRIPTION Contain a large number of collagen fibres. White translucent matrix. Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the perichondrium with blood vessels for nutrition. It consists of living cells called chondrocytes. They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called lacunae. In the lacunae the cells are arranged singular or in groups. FUNCTIONS It serves as shock absorbers between adjacent vertebrae. It deepens sockets to make dislocation less easy.  Surrounds the edges of the sockets of ball-and- socket joints, between the pubic bones in front of the pelvic girdle. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 17
ELASTIC CARTILAGE DESCRIPTION Contain collagen fibres and a large network of elastic fibres. Translucent matrix. Cartilage tissue is surrounded by a fibrous capsule called the perichondrium with blood vessels for nutrition. It consists of living cells called chondrocytes. They occur in small fluid-filled spaces called lacunae. In the lacunae the cells are arranged singular or in groups. FUNCTIONS • It maintains the shape and flexibility of the ear lobe and tip of the nose. • It strengthens and supports the ear, nose and epiglottis.  In the ear lobe, at the tip of the nose  In the epiglottis, septum of nose 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 18
BLOOD Matrix in which the blood cells are found. Straw color fluid consisting mainly of water with many substances in solution like nutrients, organic waste, inorganic salts and ions, plasma protein, dissolved gases, hormones, enzymes and antibodies. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 19
BLOOD - FUNCTIONS Transport various formed elements to body parts. Dispersion medium. Transports digested food. Transports cellular waste. Transports hormones. Plays a role in regulation of body temperature. Transports antibodies 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 20
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) FUNCTIONS Transports oxygen in the blood from the lungs to all living cells. Transports some of the carbon dioxide from the body tissues to the lungs. Play a role in the clotting of blood. Play a role in the regulating of pH of body fluids 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 21
ERYTHROCYTES (RED BLOOD CELLS) Small round biconcave disks filled with cytoplasm, but without a nucleus. Contain the red pigment hemoglobin. Hemoglobin contains 4 units, each with the protein globin and a complex iron- containing, structure called heme. The iron form a loose association with oxygen and in this way red blood cells transport oxygen and readily give it up to tissues. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 22
LEUCOCYTES (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) Engulf infections by means of phagocytosis. Produce antibodies. Defense or immunity of body Larger cells with nuclei Without staining they appear transparent Irregular is shape 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 23
types of leucocytes There are 5 types of leucocytes based on differences in size and nuclear shape. Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Monocytes Lymphocytes 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 24
BLOOD PLATELETS DESCRIPTION Fragments of giant cells, present only in bone marrow. They are small discs without nuclei and bounded by a typical cell membrane. A characteristic feature of platelets is their tendency to stick to foreign surfaces and to each other to form clumps. FUNCTIONS • When blood vessels are damaged, platelets form a plug that seals the vessel, and injured tissues release molecules that help the clotting of blood. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 25
LYMPH DESCRIPTION • It is derived from blood plasma as fluids pass through capillary walls at the arterial end. • As the interstitial fluid begins to accumulate, it is picked up and removed by tiny lymphatic vessels and returned to the blood. • As soon as the interstitial fluid enters the lymph capillaries, it is called lymph. FUNCTIONS The removal of excess fluids from body tissues. ... Absorption of fatty acids and subsequent transport of fat, chyle, to the circulatory system. Production of immune cells (such as lymphocytes, monocytes, and antibody producing cells called plasma cells).  Lymph nodes are in clusters in the neck, armpit, and groin area.  They're also found along the lymphatic pathways in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis, where they filter blood. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 26
types of muscles • Skeletal: As part of the musculoskeletal system, these muscles work with your bones, tendons and ligaments. ... • Cardiac: These muscles line the heart walls. ... • Smooth: These muscles line the insides of organs such as the bladder, stomach and intestines. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 27
SMOOTH MUSCLE DESCRIPTION • Every smooth muscle fibre is an elongated, thin cell with a thick central part and pointed ends. • Every cell has a big nucleus centrally situated. • This muscle is never connected to bone. • Can contract for long with out causing a spasm e.g. Uterus wall during birth. FUNCTIONS • Control slow involuntary movements of organs performing important life processes e.g. Contraction of stomach wall during peristalsis. • Responsible for the movement of substances in internal passages e.g. Blood in blood vessels  Found wide spread in body.  walls of blood vessels, digestive tract, respiratory ducts, urinary ducts and reproductive ducts.  In iris of eye and form small muscles attach to hair follicles 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 28
02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 29
CARDIAC MUSCLE TISSUE DESCRIPTION • Contain many mitochondria, glucose and blood supply. • Consist of branched cells with one or two central nuclei. • Cells are rectangular and connected with muscle bridges. • The ends of 2 cells are attached by intercalated disks. FUNCTION It causes the rythmic beating of the heart so that blood can flow through the whole body. Found only in the heart. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 30
NERVOUS TISSUE • Nervous tissue is composed of highly specialized nerve cells called neurons and supporting cells or neuroglia. • The neurons, which are the basic units of communication, react to stimuli and transmit the impulses (information) from one region of the body to another. • Neurons extend throughout the body and do not act alone. Neurons are the structural and functional unit of the nervous system 31
STRUCTURE OF A NEURON Neurons are usually long, large and complex in shape. It consists of a cell body and several cytoplasmic processes. Processes that transmit impulses to the cell body - are dendrites and usually are multiple. The single process that transmits impulses away from the cell body in the axon. The cell body contains a nucleus, neuro fibrills, Nissl granules, neuro plasma. 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 32
types of neurons TYPES OF NEURONS Unipolar neurons Bipolar neurons Multipolar neurons 33
• Unipolar neurons are the simplest class of neurons that exhibit a single extension that gives rise to branches, • Bipolar neurons, have two processes emerging from the cell body. They are specialised sensory neurons involved in the transmission of special senses. Examples ganglia of the vestibulocochlear nerve & retina. • Multipolar neurons are located in the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) and in autonomic ganglia. Multipolar neurons have more than two processes emanating from the neuron cell body. types of neurons 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 34
types of neurons - functions TYPES OF NEURONS- Function Sensory neuron Motor neuron Inter-neuron 35
• Sensory neurons have dendrites on both ends and are connected by a long axon that has a cell body in the middle. • Motor neurons have a cell body on one end and dendrites on the other end, with a long axon in the middle. • Interneurons are the ones in between - they connect spinal motor and sensory neurons. As well as transferring signals between sensory and motor neurons, interneurons can also communicate with each other, forming circuits of various complexity. types of neurons - functions 36
REFERENCES “SCIENCE READER” Tamil Nadu text books NCERT Books Nabor, Murray W., Introduction to botany Google Images 02-11-2022 Dr. C. Beulah Jayarani 37