The document discusses cellular manufacturing and group technology. It defines cellular manufacturing as grouping dissimilar machines into cells dedicated to producing parts with similar design and manufacturing attributes. It describes methods for forming part families, including visual inspection, coding systems, and production flow analysis. The document also covers machine cell design and layout, quantitative analysis methods like rank order clustering, and techniques for arranging machines in a GT cell, including the Hollier method.

1. UNIT 3
CELLULAR MANUFACTURING
 Group Technology(GT), Part Families – Parts Classification and
coding – Simple Problems in Opitz Part Coding system –
Production flow Analysis – Cellular Manufacturing – Composite
part concept – Machine cell design and layout – Quantitative
analysis in Cellular Manufacturing – Rank Order Clustering Method
- Arranging Machines in a GT cell – Hollier Method – Simple
Problems.

2. GROUP TECHNOLOGY
❧It’s the manufacturing philosophy to increase the
production efficiency by grouping a variety of parts
having similarities of shape, dimension, and/or
process route.
❧It justifies batch production by capitalizing on design
and/or manufacturing similarities among
components parts.

3. Role of GT in
CAD/CAM
❧ For closer dimensional tolerances
❧ More economical in higher accuracy
❧ Increased variety of materials , by manufacturing needs.
❧ Lowering scrap rates

4. Important Elements of
CAD/CAM Integration
❧ It provides a common data base for effective integration of
CAD & CAM for successful implementation of CIM
❧ GT provides a common language for users
❧ It gives a information about Design, Manufacturing
Attributes, Processes & Capabilities

5. Part Families
❧ A part family is a collection of parts which are similar in
geometric shape and size or processing steps are required in
their manufacture.
❧ It may be a similar in their Design, Manufacturing
characteristics are grouped and referred as Design part
family & Manufacturing part family
❧ The characteristics used are known as Attributes

8. Similar manufacturing
process

9. METHODS FOR PART
FAMILY FORMATION
1.Visual inspection
2. part classification & Coding Methods
3.production flow analysis

10. 1.Visual inspection
❧This is a simplest & least expensive
method
❧Here all are arranged in a similar groups

11. Visual Inspection
Method

12. 2. Part classification &
Coding Methods
❧ Coding is systematic process by establishing an alpha-
numeric value for parts based on selected part features.
❧ Classification is the grouping of parts based on code values.
❧ Here parts are identified , listed and assigned as per the code
numbers both in Designing & Manufacturing.

13. Design & Manufacturing
Attributes
1.System based on Part Design Attributes
2.System based on Manufacturing Attributes
3.System based on Both Design & Manufacturing
Attributes

14. Coding System
Structure
❧A Group Technology is a string of
characteristics capturing information's about
an item.
❧A part coding scheme consists of a sequence
of symbols that identify the part’s Design /
Manufacturing attributes

15. Types of Basic Code
Structures
❧1. Hierarchical codes
(Mono codes or tree structure)
❧2. Attributes codes
(Poly code or chain type structure)
❧3. Decision tree codes
(hybrid code or mixed codes)

16. Hierarchical codes
❧The interpretation of each successive symbols
depends on the value of the preceding symbols
❧Each symbols amplifies the information contained in
the preceding digit, so that the digits in the symbols
cannot be interrupt alone.
❧The structure is like a tree.

19. Attribute Code
❧The interpretation of each symbols in the
sequence does not depend on the value of
preceding symbols.
❧Here each digit in this code represents
information in its own right and does not
directly qualify the information provided by
the other digits.

21. Decision-Tree Code
❧A hybrid code captures the best features of the
hierarchical & poly code Structures.
❧This system is also known as decision-tree coding
❧In this both the attributes are combined.
❧This is the mostly commonly used coding systems
with combined hybrid constructions.

23. Reason for using
Coding Scheme
❧ Design Retrievals
❧ Automated Process Planning
❧ Machine Cell Design

24. Coding Systems
 Through more than 100 coding systems are available, the
following coding systems are widely recognized in industries:

25. Opitz Classification Systems
❧ The opitz system was developed by H.Optiz of the university of
Aachen in Germany.
❧ It was the most popular and one of the first published
classification and coding scheme for mechanical parts
❧ This system uses alpha numeric symbols to represent the various
attributes of a part.
❧ The following digits sequence are:

26. ❧ FORM CODE (12345) :This code is for
design attributes
❧ SUPPLEMENTARY CODE (6789): This
code is for Manufacturing related attributes
❧ SECONDARY CODE (ABCD): This code is
for production operation and sequence.

33. The MICLASS System
 MICLASS stands for Metal Institute Classification System.
This system was developed by Netherlands organization for
Applied Scientific research.
 MICLASS system is also referred as Multiclass system.
 The MICLASS classification number can range from 12 to 30
digits. The first 12 digits are universal codes that can be
applied to any part. The next 18 digits are called
supplementary digits.

35. DCLASS Coding System
 DCLASS stands for Design and Classification Information
system. It was developed at Brigham young university.
 The DCLASS part family code is comprised of eight digits
partitioned into five code segments, as shown in figure.

36. The KK-3 system
 The KK-3 system is a general purpose classification and
coding system for parts that are to be machined or ground.
 It is developed by the Japan Society for the Promotion of
Machine Industry in the late 1970s.
 It uses a 21 digit decimal system. The structure of a KK-3
system for rotational components is shown in figure

38. The CODE system
 The CODE system was developed by manufacturing data
system.
 The code number has eight digits. For each digit there are 16
possible values (0 to 9 and A to F) which are used to describe
the parts design and manufacturing characteristics.

39.  It is the method for identifying part families and associated
machine groupings that uses the information contained on
production route sheets rather on part drawings.
 In PFA, work parts with identical or similar routing are
classified into part families.
PRODUCTION FLOW
ANALYSIS

40. Data collection
Sorting of process routings
Preparation of PFA chart
Cluster analysis
Steps involved in PFA

41. Data Collection
 The step in the PFA procedure is to collect the necessary data.
 The route sheets of all components to be manufactured in the
shop are prepared. The route sheet should contain the part
number and operation sequence.

42. Sorting of process routings
 The second step in the PFA is to arrange the parts into groups
according to the similarity of their process routings.
 A typical card format is required for organising the data such
as the part number, sequence of code, and lot size.

43. Machines
Parts
P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9
M1 1 1 1 1
M2 1 1
M3 1 1 1
M4 1 1 1
M5 1 1
M6 1 1
M7 1 1 1
PFA CHART

44. Re Arranged PFA Chart
Machines
Parts
P1 P8 P2 P4 P6 P7 P9 P3 P5
M1 1 1 1 1
M5 1 1
M4 1 1 1
M7 1 1 1
M3 1 1 1
M6 1 1
M2 1 1

45. Re Arranged PFA Chart
Part Families
 PF1 = P1,P8
 PF2 = P2,P4,P6,P7
 PF3 = P3,P5,P9
Cell groups
 C1 = M1,M5
 C2 = M4,M7
 C3 = M2,M3,M6

47. Facility Design Using Group
Technology

48. Line layout
Functional layout
Group layout
3 basic ways to arrange machines in
a shop

53. Cellular Manufacturing
 Cellular Manufacturing (CM) is an application of group
technology in which dissimilar machines have been
aggregated into cells, each of which is dedicated to the
production of a part family.

56.  A composite part is the hypothetical part which includes all of the
design and manufacturing attributes of a family.
 The composite is a single hypothetical part that can be completely
processed in a manufacturing cell.
 If a new part is loaded in a machine group and if the degree of
dis-similarity of the part from the hypothetical composite part is
minimum, then the new part can be processed in the same
manufacturing cell.
Composite Part Concept

59.  It simplifies the identification of groups
 It provides a basis for the design of group tooling.
 It helps to develop the optimized process plan for the parts
Uses of composite concept

60. Machine cell design
 The important aspect of cellular manufacturing is the design
of the machine cell, because the cell design influences
significantly the performance of the cell.

61. Types of Machine cells and
Layouts
 Based on the number of machines used and the degree of
mechanisation of material handling involved, the manufacturing cells
can be classified into the following four categories.
Single machine cell
Group machine cells with manual handling
Group machine cell with semi integrated handling
Flexible manufacturing cell or flexible manufacturing system

62. Single machine cell
 The single machine cell consists of one machine with
supporting fixtures and tooling organized to produce one or
more part families.

64. Group machine cells with manual
handling
 A group machine cell with material handling is an
arrangement of more than one machine employed to produce
one or more part families.
 The human operator performs the material handling.

66. Group machine cell with semi
integrated handling
 A mechanised handling system is used in group machine cell
with semi-integrated handling.
 In this type of cell design, mechanised conveyors are
generally used to move components between machines.
 For a group machine with semi integrated handling, any of
the following three machine layouts can be used
In line layout
Loop layout
Rectangular layout

70. Flexible manufacturing cell or
flexible manufacturing system
 FMS employs a fully integrated handling system with
automated processing stations.
 Out of all four types of machine cells, the FMS is the highly
automated GT machine cell.

73. Types of Part movements Vs
Machine Layout Types

75. Factors Influencing Cell Layout
 The various factors to be considered during the cell design
includes
Production rate
Number of parts/year
Processing time/part at each station
Type of part
Part Size, Shape and Weight
Routing of the parts.

76. Key Machine Concept
 In a GT machine cell, a certain machine is referred as the key
machine or bottleneck machine:
i) when that machine is more expensive to operate than the
other machines in the cell
ii) when that machine performs certain critical operations in the
shop floor.
 The other machines (expect Key machine) in the cell are
referred to as supporting machines.

78. Quantitative Analysis in Cellular
Manufacturing
 The various quantitative techniques that are developed for
cellular manufacturing system address the following two
problem areas:
 Grouping parts and machines into families
 Arranging machines in a GT cell

79. Grouping parts and machines
into families
 The basic objectives are
Identification of part families
Identification of machine cells

81. Rank Order Clustering (ROC)
Algorithm
 It is also known as Binary Ordering Algorithm (BOA).
 Input: Part-Machine incidence matrix.

82.  Concept:

83. Steps in ROC Algorithm
 Step 0: Input: Total number of parts, part routing (Part sequences)
 Step 1 : i) For each row, assign binary weights and calculate decimal
equivalents.
ii) Rank the rows in order of decreasing value. That is, the rows with the
highest decimal equivalent is considered to have the highest rank 1 among
the rows and so on.
 Step 2: Numbering from top to bottom, check whether the current order
of rows is the same as the rank order obtained in the previous step? If not,
go to step 3 ; if yes, go to step 7.
Step 3: Rearrange the rows of the matrix rank wise (High to Low from
top to bottom)

84.  Step 4 : for each column, assign binary weights and calculate
decimal equivalents.
Rank the columns in order to decreasing value. That is, the
column with the highest decimal equivalent is considered to
have the highest rank among the columns and so on.
 Step 5 : Numbering from left to right. Check whether the
current order of columns is the same as the rank order
obtained in the previous step? If not, go to the step 6; If yes,
go to step 7.
 Step 6: Rearrange the columns of the matrix rank wise
 Step 7: The final part machine incidence matrix. Stop and
print

85. Example: Apply Rank ordering clustering technique to the part-machine
incidence matrix shown in Table to arrange parts and machines into groups.
Table: Initial part machine incidence matrix

97. Arranging Machines in a GT Cell
 After part-machine groupings have been identified (By Rank
Order Clustering Algorithm), the next problem is to arrange
the machines into the most logical sequence.
 Having identified machine cells already, the next issues in the
design of cellular manufacturing system are:
 The determination of the most logical machine sequence in each cell
 The development of a feasible layout plan for each cell

98. Hollier Method
 Hollier method 1 requires many iterations to obtain the
machine sequence.
 Hollier method 2 provides the most logical machine sequence
in a GT cell in a single iteration.

99. Hollier method 2 Procedure
 Step 1 : Develop the from To Chart from part routing data
 Step 2 : Calculate the “From/To ratio” for each machine
 Step 3 : Arrange Machines in a GT Cell in order of decreasing
“From/To ratio”

100. Step 1 : Develop the from To
Chart from part routing data
 The From To chart provides information concerning the
number of part moves between the machines/workstations in
the cell.
 The From To chart is usually developed from the part routing
data.
 It should be noted that the part moves into and out of the cell
are not included in the From To chart.

101. Step 2 : Calculate the “From/To
ratio” for each machine
 Firstly, determine the “From” sum and “To” sum for each
machine.
 Now, calculate the “From/To ratio” for each machine by
dividing the “From” sum for each machine by the respective
“To” sum.

102. Step 3 : Arrange Machines in a
GT Cell in order of decreasing
“From/To ratio”
 Arrange machines in order of decreasing “From/To ratio”.
 Machines are arranged in the order given below:
Machines with high “From/To ratio” are placed at the
beginning of the work flow.
Machines with low “From/To ratio” are placed at the end of the
work flow.
Tie breaker: If a tie occurs, the machine with the higher “From”
sum is placed first.

103. Performance Measures for
Machine Sequences in a GT Cell
 Percentage of In sequence moves
 Percentage of Bypassing moves
 Percentage of Backtracking moves

104. Percentage of In sequence moves

105. Percentage of Bypassing moves

106. Percentage of Backtracking moves