This document discusses group technology and computer aided process planning. It defines group technology as identifying and grouping similar parts to take advantage of their common design and production characteristics. The key benefits of group technology are outlined. Implementation involves identifying part families and rearranging production machines into cells dedicated to each family. Various part classification and coding systems used in group technology are also described.
GT Definition,Implementing Group Technology (GT),four methods GT, 1.OPTIZ PARTS CLASSIFICATION AND CODING SYSTEM,2.MICLASS coding system ,CODE MDSI System,BENEFITS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY and limitations.
GT Definition,Implementing Group Technology (GT),four methods GT, 1.OPTIZ PARTS CLASSIFICATION AND CODING SYSTEM,2.MICLASS coding system ,CODE MDSI System,BENEFITS OF GROUP TECHNOLOGY and limitations.
COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS PLANNING (CAPP)KRUNAL RAVAL
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) helps determine the processing steps required to make a part after CAP has been used to define what is to be made. CAPP programs develop a process plan or route sheet by following either a variant or a generative approach.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
The society of manufacturing engineers (SME) Defines CIM is integration of the total manufacturing enterprise through the use of integrated systems and data communications coupled with the new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personal efficiency. CIM combines various technologies like computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to provide an error-free manufacturing process that reduces manual labor and automates repetitive tasks.
Introduction ,FMS Equipment,FMS Layouts ,Analysis Methods for FMS,,advantages of fms,comparison of fms to conventional methods,applications.Benefits of fms.
COMPUTER AIDED PROCESS PLANNING (CAPP)KRUNAL RAVAL
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP) helps determine the processing steps required to make a part after CAP has been used to define what is to be made. CAPP programs develop a process plan or route sheet by following either a variant or a generative approach.
difference of NC and CNC ,Part programming,Methods of manual part programming,Basic CNC input data,Preparatory Functions ,Miscellaneous Functions,Interpolation:Canned cycles:part programming on component,Tool length compensation,Cutter Radius,Task compensation:Types of media of NC
What is process planning .Difficulties in traditional process planning,CAPP Model,Types of CAPP ,1.Retrieval type CAPP (variant) systems.
2.Generative CAPP systems.
3.Hybrid CAPP systems.
Process planning system , Machinability data systems , Benefits of CAPP
The society of manufacturing engineers (SME) Defines CIM is integration of the total manufacturing enterprise through the use of integrated systems and data communications coupled with the new managerial philosophies that improve organizational and personal efficiency. CIM combines various technologies like computer-aided design (CAD) and computer-aided manufacturing (CAM) to provide an error-free manufacturing process that reduces manual labor and automates repetitive tasks.
Introduction ,FMS Equipment,FMS Layouts ,Analysis Methods for FMS,,advantages of fms,comparison of fms to conventional methods,applications.Benefits of fms.
Linking design and manufacturing on a PLM platformiosrjce
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Printing the Future: From Prototype to ProductionCognizant
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Review on GROUP TECHNOLOGY & it’s implementationManoj Gowda K
Manufacturing philosophy which advocates simplification and standardization of similar parts in order to reduce complexity in manufacturing.
GT is a manufacturing concept in which similar parts are grouped together in parts groups families.
Unit 5 -cellular manufacturing & fmsravis205084
Group Technology(GT),Part Families–Parts Classification and coding–Simple Problems in Opitz Part
Coding system–Production flow Analysis–Cellular Manufacturing–Composite part concept–Types of
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This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
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CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
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R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
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GROUP TECHNOLOGY AND CAPP
1. ME 2402 – COMPUTER INTEGRATED
MANUFACTURING (CIM)
YEAR/SEMESTER : IV/VII
UNIT III – GROUP TECHNOLOGY AND CAPP
Prepared By
MANIMARAN.M
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
K.RAMAKRISHNAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRICHY 1/25/2016 1M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY
2. UNIT III GROUP TECHNOLOGY AND CAPP
History Of Group Technology – role of G.T in CAD/CAM Integration –
part families classification and coding – DCLASS and MCLASS and
OPTIZ coding systems – facility design using G.T – benefits of G.T –
cellular manufacturing. Process planning - role of process planning in
CAD/CAM Integration – approaches to computer aided process
planning – variant approach and generative approaches – CAPP and
CMPP systems.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 2
3. GROUP TECHNOLOGY (GT)
GT is a manufacturing philosophy in which similar parts are
identified & grouped together to make advantage of their similarities
in design and production.
Similar parts bare arranged into part families, where each part family
possesses similar design and/or manufacturing characteristics.
Grouping the production equipment into machine cells, where each
cell specializes in the production of a part family, is called cellular
manufacturing
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 3
4. History of GT
• 1925 – F.W.Taylor need for standardization, inspection and supervision
• 1925 – R.Flanders presented a paper in ASME about organisationing
manufacturing, USA.
• 1937 – A.sokolovskiy essential features of GT at Soviety Union
• 1949 – A.korling of Sweden presented a paper in paris “Group Productiion”
• 1959 – S.P Mitrofanov a Russian, Published a book entitled “Scientific Principal of
GT”
• 1960 – west german and Great Britain started serios studies about GT technology
H.opitz german researcher, studied work parts manufactured and coding
system
• 1963 – Concept of GT is well recognized and widely applied in many industries
• 1990 – concepts of CMS involved
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 4
5. Implementing Group Technology (GT)
1. Identifying the part families If the plant makes 10,000 different
parts, reviewing all of the part drawings and grouping the parts
into families is a substantial task that consumes a significant
amount of time.
2. Rearranging production machines into cells It is time
consuming and costly to plan and accomplish this rearrangement,
and the machines are not producing during the change over.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 5
6. Part Families
• Part family - Group of similar parts
• Machine cell - Group of machineries used to process an
individual part family
• Part family is a Collection of parts that are similar either
because of geometric shape and size or because similar
processing steps are required in their manufacture.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 6
7. Part Families
Similar prismatic parts requiring similar milling operations
Dissimilar parts requiring similar machining operations (hole drilling, surface
milling
Identical designed parts requiring completely
different manufacturing processes
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 7
8. • One of the important manufacturing advantages of grouping work
parts into families can be explained with reference to figures below
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 8
9. METHODS FOR PART FAMILY
There are three general methods for solving part families grouping. All
the three are time consuming and involve the analysis of much of data
by properly trained personnel. The three methods are:
Visual inspection.
Parts classification and coding.
Production flow analysis.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 9
10. Visual Inspection Method
• The visual inspection method is the least sophisticated and least expensive method.
• It involves the classification of parts into families by looking at either the physical parts or their
photographs and arranging them into groups having similar features.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 10
11. Parts Classification and Coding Method
• In parts classification and coding, similarities among parts are identified, and these
similarities are related in a coding system.
• Two categories of part similarities can be distinguished:
1. Design attributes, which concerned with part characteristics such as geometry,
size and material. (Basic external and internal shape Rotational or rectangular
shape, L/D ratio, Aspect ratio, Dimensions and Tolerances)
2. Manufacturing attributes, which consider the sequence of processing steps
required to make a part.(Major processes, Minor operations, Operation sequence,
Dimension, Surface finish, Machine tool Production cycle time)
• There are three basic code structures used in group technology
– Monocode or hierarchical code
– Polycode or attribute
– Hybrid or mixed code1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 11
12. Monocode or Hierarchical code
In which the interpretation of each successive symbol depends on the
value of the preceding symbols.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 12
13. Polycode or Attribute Code
• In which the interpretation of each symbol in the sequence is always the
same, it does not depend on the value of the preceding symbols.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 13
14. Hybrid or Decision Code
• Construction to combine the best features of monocodes and
polycodes
• Best examples of a hybrid code is the opitz code and classification
system
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 14
15. OpitzClassificationSystem (H.opitz university of Aachen in Germany)
Form Code 1 2 3 4 5 for design attributes
Supplementary Code 6 7 8 9 for manufacturing attributes
Secondary Code A B C D for production operation type & sequence
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 15
17. Example: Optiz part coding System
• Given the rotational part design below, determine the form code in the Optiz parts
classification and coding system.
Solution
• Length-to-diameter ratio: L/D = 1.5 Digit 1 = 1
• External shape: both ends stepped with screw thread on one end Digit 2 = 5
• Internal shape: part contains a through hole Digit 3 = 1
• Plane surface machining: none Digit 4 = 0
• Auxiliary holes, gear teeth, etc.: none Digit 5 = 0
The form code in the Optiz system is 151001/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 17
18. MICLASS System
• It stands for Metal Institute Classification system and developed by Netherlands
Organization for Applied Scientific research. It is referred as Multiclass system.
• MICLASS classification range from 1 to 30 digits. Universal code the first 12 digits
code and next 18 digits are Supplementary code
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 18
19. DCLASS Coding system
DCLASS Stands for Design and Classification Information System It was
developed at Brigham Young University
The DCLASS part family code is comprised of eight digits partitioned into
five code segments
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 19
20. Production Flow Analysis (PFA)
• Production flow analysis (PFA) is a method for identifying part families and
associated machine groupings that uses the information contained on process plans
rather than on part drawings.
• Steps involved in PFA
Data collection
Sortation of process routings
Preparation of a PFA chart and
Cluster analysis1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 20
21. Production Flow Analysis (PFA)
• The procedure of Production flow analysis (PFA) consists of the following steps:
1. Data Collection. The minimum data needed in the analysis are the part number and operation
sequence, which is obtained from process plans.
2. Sortation of process plans A sortation procedure is used to group parts with identical process
plans.
3. PFA Chart The processes used for each group are then displayed in a PFA chart as shown
below.
4. Clustering Analysis From the pattern of data in the PFA chart, related groupings are identified
and rearranged into a new pattern that brings together groups with similar machine sequences.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 21
22. Part ‘Number’
MachineID
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
Example #1
Consider a problem of 5 machines and 6 parts. Try to group them by using
Rank Order Clustering Algorithm.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 22
26. Back at Step 1:
Part Number D. Eqv Rank
1 4 6 3 2 5
B Wt: 25 24 23 22 21 20
5 1 1 1 25+24+ 23=56 1
3 1 1 25+24= 48 2
4 1 1 1 22+21+ 20 = 7 3
2 1 1 22+21=6 4
1 1 1 22+20=5 5
Order stays the same: STOP!1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 26
27. Plant layout using GT
The objective of the plant layout, refers to the physical arrangement that
most economically meets the required output quantity and quality.
There are basic ways to arrange the machines in shop
Line (or) product layout
Functional (or) process layout
Group (or) combination layout
T D M S G
M T D T G
D M M S T
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 27
30. BENEFITS OF GT
Engineering Design
Tooling and setups
Materials and Handling
Production and Inventory control
Process planning
Management and employees
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 30
31. Cellular Manufacturing
Application of group technology in which dissimilar machines or processes
are aggregated into cells, each of which is dedicated to the production of a
part family or limited group of families
Typical objectives of cellular manufacturing:
To shorten manufacturing lead times
To reduce WIP
To improve quality
To simplify production scheduling
To reduce setup times
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 31
33. Rank Order Clustering Algorithm (ROC)
Rank Order Clustering Algorithm is a simple algorithm used to form machine-part
groups.
Step 0: Total number of components and components sequence
Step 1: Form the machine-component incidence matrix using the component
sequences.
Step 2: Assign binary weight and calculate a decimal weight for each row.
Step 3: Rank the rows in order of decreasing decimal weight values.
Step 4: Repeat steps 2 and 3 for each column.
Step 5: Continue preceding steps until there is no change in the position of each
element in the row and the column.1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 33
34. Component (j)
Machines(i)
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 1 1
2 1 1
3 1 1
4 1 1 1
5 1 1 1
Example #1
Consider a problem of 5 machines and 6 parts. Try to group them by using
Rank Order Clustering Algorithm.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 34
39. Clustering Methods
• Using Process Similarity methods:
• Create Machine – Part Matrices
• Compute machine ‘pair-wise’ similarity Coefficient comparisons:
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 39
40. DefiningProcessplanning
• Process planning can be defined as the systematic determination of the detailed methods by
which work pieces or parts can be manufactured economically and competitively from initial
stages (raw material form) to finished stages (desired form). The activity of developing such
a plan is called process planning.
Initial FormFinal Form
• Geometrical features, dimensional sizes, tolerances, materials, and surface finishes are
analyzed and evaluated to determine an appropriate sequence of processing operations.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 40
42. Responsibilities of Process Planning
• Part print analysis and symbols
• Gathering the fundamental details of product design
• Selecting the machining processes
• Selecting proper machining tool
• Sequencing the operations
• Deciding on the inspection equipment
• Determining appropriate production tolerances
• Proper cutting tools and cutting conditions
• Calculating the overall times using work measurement techniques1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 42
43. PROCESS PLANNING ACTIVITES
ANALYSIS (part requirements)
DETERMINE (operation sequence)
SELECTION OF MACHINES (equipment)
CALCULATE (processing times)
DOCUMENT (process planning)
COMMUNICATION (mfg. engr. To shop floor)1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 43
44. Role of Process Planningin CAD/CAM Integration
Process Planning In Product Cycle
• Process planning acts as a bridge between design and manufacturing.
• If the design of the product has evolved, its manufacturing necessitates careful
planning and scheduling of the various processes of manufacture.
• The cycle from concept to design, planning, production, quality control and
feedback to design goes on in which one can easily understand the crucial role
of planning.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 44
45. Role of Process Planningin CAD/CAM Integration
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 45
46. Manual process planning
AdvantagesofMPP
Very much suitable for small scale company
Low investment cost
DisadvantagesofMPP
Skilled process planner
Very complex and time consuming job
More possibilities for human error
Increases paper work
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 46
47. Computer Aided Process Planning
• Process rationalization and standardisation
• Productivity improvement
• Product cost reduction
• Elimination of human error
• Reduction in time
• Reduced paper work
• Faster response
• Improved legibility
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 47
48. Approaches to CAPP
Types of Approaches
• Variant Approach - Computer search for existing or similar process
plans of similar part families using codes, retrieves and then edit
according to new process sequence.
• Generative Approach - Computer generates new process plan every
time when a new plan is needed.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 48
49. Data Input to CAPP
• Generally the geometric model of the part is the input for the process planning
system.
• The input to the process planning system may be engineering drawing or CAD
model.
The other prerequisites for process planning are given below:
- Parts list
- Annual demand/batch size
- Accuracy and surface finish requirement (CAD Database)
- Equipment details (Work centre Database)
- Data on cutting fluids, tools, jigs & fixtures, gauges
- Standard stock sizes
- Machining data, data on handling and setup1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 49
50. Variant or Retrieval Approaches to CAPP
Part
Description GT Code Process Plan
Retrieve/Edit
New
Process Plan
Master Plans
Database
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 50
52. Variant CAPP Examples
System name Company Part data IP Decision logic Planning functions
CUTPLAN Metcut Code
Standard plans and
decision tree
Process sequence
Materials
Machines
Tools and Fixtures
CAPP CAM-I Code Standard plans
Process sequence
DCLASS CAM lab BYU
Intractive Part
Description
Decision Tree
Process sequence
Materials
Machines
Tools and Fixtures
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 52
53. Advantages / Disadvantages of Variant type CAPP
Advantages
• Reduction of time and labour requirement.
• Processing and evaluation of complicated activities and managerial issues are done in
an efficient manner.
• Structuring manufacturing knowledge of the process plans to company’s needs
through standardized procedures.
Disadvantages
• Difficult to maintain consistency during editing.
• Proper accommodation of various combinations of attributes such as material,
geometry, size, precision, quality, alternate processing sequence and machine loading
among many other factors are difficult.
• Quality is dependent on knowledge and skill of planner.1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 53
54. Generative Approaches to CAPP
Part
Descriptive
System
New
Process Plan
Process Plan
Logic
Machine
Tool
Cutting
Tool
Jigs &
Fixtures Material
Manufacturing Database
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 54
55. Generative CAPP Examples
• APPAS
• CADAM
• BYUPLAN
• GENPLAN
• PROPLAN
MERITS AND DEMERTIS
• New components can be planned easily as existing components
• Drawbacks is complex and very difficult to develop1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 55
56. Computer Managed Process Planning (CMPP)
It is a generative system capable of automatically making process
decisions.
An extensive interactive capability is provided which permits the use to
examine and modify a process plan as it is developed.
1/25/2016 M.MANIMARAN KRCE TRICHY 56
59. IMPORTANT QUESTIONS
1. Define Group Technology and its role in CAD/CAM Integration.
2. What is Part Families Classification And Coding?
3. Explain – DCLASS / MCLASS with suitable examples.
4. Explain OPTIZ Coding Systems with illustrations.
5. Explain facility design using G.T and its benefits of GT.
6. Define Cellular Manufacturing.
7. What is Process Planning and explain its role Of Process Planning in CAD/CAM Integration.
8. What are the types/approaches to CAPP? Explain Variant or Retrieval Approach / Generative
Approaches
9. Compare and contrast CAPP And CMPP Systems.
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