This document discusses unipolar signaling schemes. It describes non-return to zero (NRZ) and return to zero (RZ) signaling, noting that NRZ has signal levels on one side of the time axis and does not return to zero during symbol transmission. RZ has pulse durations less than the symbol slot time, returning to zero for the second half. The document outlines advantages and disadvantages of each, such as NRZ being prone to baseline wandering but simpler while RZ contains a clock signal but uses more bandwidth. Unipolar signaling is not suitable for transmission over AC coupled lines. Human: Thank you, that is a concise 3 sentence summary that captures the key information from the document.

1. Presentation
On
Unipolar
BY: Roshan Chaudhary (13ITU031)

2. Unipolar
• All signal levels are on one side of the time axis -
either above or below
• NRZ - Non Return to Zero scheme is an example of
this code. The signal level does not return to zero
during a symbol transmission.
• Scheme is prone to baseline wandering and DC
components. It has no synchronization or any error
detection. It is simple but costly in power
consumption.
4.2

3. 4.3
Figure 4.5 Unipolar NRZ scheme

4. Unipolar Signalling
Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):
In unipolar NRZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is
equal to the duration (To) of the symbol slot.
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0
V
0

5. Unipolar Signalling
Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):
In unipolar NRZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is equal to the duration (To) of the symbol slot.
(put figure here).
Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation.
– Doesn’t require a lot of bandwidth for transmission.
Disadvantages:
– Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0 Hz).
– Contains low frequency components. Causes “Signal Droop” (explained later).
– Does not have any error correction capability.
– Does not posses any clocking component for ease of synchronisation.
– Is not Transparent. Long string of zeros causes loss of synchronisation.

6. Unipolar Signalling
Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ):
Figure. PSD of Unipolar NRZ

7. Unipolar Signalling
Return to Zero (RZ):
In unipolar RZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is less than the
duration (To) of the symbol slot. Typically RZ pulses fill only the first
half of the time slot, returning to zero for the second half.
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
V
0
To
Ƭ

8. Unipolar Signalling
Return to Zero (RZ):
In unipolar RZ the duration of the MARK pulse (Ƭ ) is less than the duration (To) of the symbol slot. Typically RZ
pulses fill only the first half of the time slot, returning to zero for the second half.
1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0
V
0
To
Ƭ

9. Unipolar Signalling
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ):
Advantages:
– Simplicity in implementation.
– Presence of a spectral line at symbol rate which can be used as symbol
timing clock signal.
Disadvantages:
– Presence of DC level (indicated by spectral line at 0 Hz).
– Continuous part is non-zero at 0 Hz. Causes “Signal Droop”.
– Does not have any error correction capability.
– Occupies twice as much bandwidth as Unipolar NRZ.
– Is not Transparent

10. Unipolar Signalling
Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ):
Figure. PSD of Unipolar RZ

11. Unipolar Signalling
In conclusion it can be said that neither variety of
unipolar signals is suitable for transmission over AC
coupled lines.

12. UNIPOLAR LOGIC FAMILIES
• MOS devices are unipolar devices and only
MOSFETs are employed in MOS logic circuits.
• These families are:
• PMOS (p-channel MOSFETs)
• NMOS (n-channel MOSFETs)
• CMOS (Both p- and n- channel MOSFETs
are fabricated on same silicon chip)

13. MOS
• Unipolar transistor depends on only one
type of carrier.
• Carrier may be electrons or holes.
• Used in Lsi & vlsi
• Metal electrode is placed on top of oxide
insulator ie the semiconductor material.
• Mosfet is used where power consumption is
low.

14. PMOS,NMOS,CMOS
• P channel mos is referred as pmos.
• P oldest and slowest obsolete.
• Nmos n channel and used in circuits with one type
of MOS transistor.
• Nmos used in microprocessor and memories.
• CMOS combination n and p channel.
• Cmos is also explained as “Complementary –
Symmetry”.
• Cmos uses Symmetrical pairs of electronic
devices p type and n type.

16. Characteristics of Cmos
• High input resistance.
• Compatible output of one device can be
connected to another CMOS.
• High noise immunity
• Low static power
• High density on chip
• Simple
• Protection circuitry
• Absorb electric charges with no damage.

18. Usage Cmos
• Microcontrollers, microprocessor, RAM
• Image sensors, data converter and integrated
transceivers and other types of communication.
• Current IBM mainframes .
• Digital wristwatches, calculators and portable
computers.
ADVANTAGE
Dissipate less power .
Operates on high speed.
Low cost
More economical operation

19. COMPARISONS TTL,ECL,CMOS
TTL
ECL
Cmos
Power consumption
increase with clock
speed
Power consumption is
high
Power consumption does
not increase
Less sensitive
elecrostatic discharge
More sensitive electrostatic
discharge
Nand gate Nor gate Not gate
Provides more heat
cos power dissipation
is more