About Types of line coding Techniques

1. TYPES OF LINE CODING
R.Ramalakshmi
Assistant Professor
Ramco Institute of Technology
Rajapalayam

3. Unipolar Signaling
• Unipolar signaling is also called as On-Off
Keying or simply OOK.
• The presence of pulse represents a 1 and the
absence of pulse represents a 0.
• There are two variations in Unipolar signaling
• Non Return to Zero (NRZ)
• Return to Zero (RZ)

4. Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)
• In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in
data is represented by a positive pulse called
as Mark, which has a duration T0 equal to the
symbol bit duration.
• A Low in data input has no pulse.

5. Unipolar Non-Return to Zero (NRZ)

6. Advantages of Unipolar NRZ
The advantages of Unipolar NRZ are
• It is simple.
• A lesser bandwidth is required.

7. Disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ
The disadvantages of Unipolar NRZ are
• No error correction done.
• Presence of low frequency components may
cause the signal droop.
• Loss of synchronization is likely to occur
(especially for long strings of 1s and 0s).

8. Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)
• In this type of unipolar signaling, a High in
data, though represented by a Mark pulse, its
duration T0 is less than the symbol bit
duration.
• Half of the bit duration remains high but it
immediately returns to zero and shows the
absence of pulse during the remaining half of
the bit duration.

9. Unipolar Return to Zero (RZ)

10. Advantages of Unipolar RZ
The advantages of Unipolar RZ are
• It is simple.
• The spectral line present at the symbol rate
can be used as a clock.

11. Disdvantages of Unipolar RZ
The disadvantages of Unipolar RZ are
• No error correction.
• Occupies twice the bandwidth as unipolar
NRZ.
• The signal droop is caused at the places where
signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

12. Polar Signaling
There are two methods of Polar Signaling. They
are
• Polar NRZ
• Polar RZ

13. Polar NRZ
• In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data is
represented by a positive pulse, while a Low in
data is represented by a negative pulse.

14. Advantages of Polar Signaling
The advantages of Polar NRZ are
• It is simple.
• No low-frequency components are present.

15. Disadvantages of Polar Signaling
The disadvantages of Polar NRZ are
• No error correction.
• The signal droop is caused at the places where
the signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

16. Polar RZ
• In this type of Polar signaling, a High in data,
though represented by a Mark pulse, its duration
T0 is less than the symbol bit duration. Half of the
bit duration remains high but it immediately
returns to zero and shows the absence of pulse
during the remaining half of the bit duration.
• However, for a Low input, a negative pulse
represents the data, and the zero level remains
same for the other half of the bit duration.

17. Polar RZ

18. Advantages of Polar RZ
• The advantages of Polar RZ are
• It is simple.
• No low-frequency components are present.

19. Disadvantages of Polar RZ
The disadvantages of Polar RZ are
• No error correction.
• Occupies twice the bandwidth of Polar NRZ.
• The signal droop is caused at places where the
signal is non-zero at 0 Hz.

20. Bipolar Signaling or Pseudoternary
Signaling
• This is an encoding technique which has three voltage
levels namely +, - and 0. Such a signal is called as duo-
binary signal.
• An example of this type is Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI).
For a 1, the voltage level gets a transition from + to – or
from – to +, having alternate 1s to be of equal polarity. A 0
will have a zero voltage level.
Even in this method, we have two types.
• Bipolar NRZ
• Bipolar RZ

21. Bipolar Signaling

22. • The above figure has both the Bipolar NRZ and
RZ waveforms.
• The pulse duration and symbol bit duration
are equal in NRZ type, while the pulse
duration is half of the symbol bit duration in
RZ type.

23. Advantages of Bipolar Signaling
• It is simple.
• No low-frequency components are present.
• Occupies low bandwidth than unipolar and
polar NRZ schemes.
• This technique is suitable for transmission
over AC coupled lines, as signal drooping
doesn’t occur here.
• A single error detection capability is present in
this.

24. Disadvantages of Bipolar Signaling
• No clock is present.
• Long strings of data causes loss of
synchronization.

25. Manchester Signalling
• The duration of the bit is divided into two
halves
• A ‘One’ is +ve in 1st half and -ve in 2nd half.
• A ‘Zero’ is -ve in 1st half and +ve in 2nd half.

26. Manchester Signaling or Biphase
Baseband Signaling

27. Advantages of Manchester Signaling
• No DC component.
• Does not suffer from signal droop (suitable for
transmission over AC coupled lines).
• Easy to synchronise.
• Is Transparent.

28. Disadvantages of Manchester
Signaling
• Because of the greater number of transitions it
occupies a significantly large bandwidth.
• Does not have error detection capability.

29. Comparison of Line Codes

30. Power Spectral Density of Line
Codes
• The function which gives distribution of power
of a signal at various frequencies in frequency
domain.
• PSD is the Fourier Transform of
autocorrelation

31. REFERENCES
• S.Haykin, “Digital Communications”, John
Wiley, 2005
• B.Sklar, “Digital Communication Fundamentals
and Applications”, 2nd Edition, Pearson
Education, 2009
• B.P.Lathi, “Modern Digital and Analog
Communication Systems” 3rd Edition, Oxford
University Press 2007

32. Thank You