The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
The SlideShare introduces the concept Political system, giving the futures of African political systems and different types of African political system.
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
The fifth presentation in the series called Political Ideologies. It is suitable for History and International Relations from Year 9 to university level. It contains the following: Marx, The Capital, Communist Manifesto, dialectical materialism, socialism, forms of Marxism, classical Marxism, the utopians, Hegels, mode of production, Hegel's thesis, Hegelian dialectic, Marx theory of history, stages of Marxism, communism, classless society,
class conflict, exploitation, capitalism, proletariat, the proletarian revolution, orthodox communism, Marxism, Leninism, Stalinism, reification, Frankfurt School.
Hobbes argued that all humans are by nature equal in faculties of body and mind (i.e., no natural inequalities are so great as to give anyone a "claim" to an exclusive "benefit"). From this equality and other causes in human nature, everyone is naturally willing to fight one another: so that "during the time men live without a common power to keep them all in awe, they are in that condition which is called warre; and such a warre as is of every man against every man". In this state every person has a natural right or liberty to do anything one thinks necessary for preserving one's own life; and life is "solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short"
Aidarbek Chalbaev and Bekbolot Zhaparov from International Relations Department of International Ataturk Alatoo University is talking about the Neo -Marxism history and theory of IR .Subject: History and Theory of International Relations Lecturer: Dr. Ibrahim Koncak
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Presentation for a series of lectures on Colonialism prepared for PS 212 Culture and Politics of the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
International relations represent the study of foreign affairs and global issues among states including the roles of the states, intergovernmental organizations (IGOs), non- governmental organizations (NGOs), and multinational corporations (MNCs). It is both an academic and public policy field, and can be either positive or normative as it seeks both to analyze as well as formulate the foreign policy of particular states. It is often considered as the branch of political science.
Apart from political science, IR draws upon such diverse fields as economics, history, law, philosophy, geography, sociology, anthropology, psychology and cultural studies. It involves diverse range of issues including but not limited to: globalization, state sovereignty, ecological sustainability, nuclear proliferation, nationalism, economic development, global finance, terrorism, organized crime, human security, foreign interventionism and human rights.
A presentation regarding international political relations as part of the presenter's requirement for his Master of Arts Degree in Education Major in Social Studies.
‘वोटर्स विल मस्ट प्रीवेल’ (मतदाताओं को जीतना होगा) अभियान द्वारा जारी हेल्पलाइन नंबर, 4 जून को सुबह 7 बजे से दोपहर 12 बजे तक मतगणना प्रक्रिया में कहीं भी किसी भी तरह के उल्लंघन की रिपोर्ट करने के लिए खुला रहेगा।
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हम आग्रह करते हैं कि जो भी सत्ता में आए, वह संविधान का पालन करे, उसकी रक्षा करे और उसे बनाए रखे।" प्रस्ताव में कुल तीन प्रमुख हस्तक्षेप और उनके तंत्र भी प्रस्तुत किए गए। पहला हस्तक्षेप स्वतंत्र मीडिया को प्रोत्साहित करके, वास्तविकता पर आधारित काउंटर नैरेटिव का निर्माण करके और सत्तारूढ़ सरकार द्वारा नियोजित मनोवैज्ञानिक हेरफेर की रणनीति का मुकाबला करके लोगों द्वारा निर्धारित कथा को बनाए रखना और उस पर कार्यकरना था।
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In a May 9, 2024 paper, Juri Opitz from the University of Zurich, along with Shira Wein and Nathan Schneider form Georgetown University, discussed the importance of linguistic expertise in natural language processing (NLP) in an era dominated by large language models (LLMs).
The authors explained that while machine translation (MT) previously relied heavily on linguists, the landscape has shifted. “Linguistics is no longer front and center in the way we build NLP systems,” they said. With the emergence of LLMs, which can generate fluent text without the need for specialized modules to handle grammar or semantic coherence, the need for linguistic expertise in NLP is being questioned.
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role of women and girls in various terror groupssadiakorobi2
Women have three distinct types of involvement: direct involvement in terrorist acts; enabling of others to commit such acts; and facilitating the disengagement of others from violent or extremist groups.
2. Liberalism defined…
• A political philosophy or worldview founded
on ideas of liberty and equality. (Wikipedia)
• Liberalism emphasizes that the broad ties
among states have both made it difficult to
define national interest and decreased the
usefulness of military power. (Sparknotes)
3. Reason for its emergence and its use
• “The contrast is with a society in which the
society decides what the individual is to do or
believe. ” (encyclopedia.com)
• In those areas of a society in which individual
liberty prevails, social outcomes will be the
result of a myriad of individual decisions
taken by individuals for themselves or in
voluntary cooperation with some others.
4. Liberalism…
• Begun with John Locke in the 17th century,
who saw great potential for human progress
in modern civil society and capitalist
economy both of which could flourish in
states which guaranteed individual liberty.
5. Basic Liberal Assumptions
a positive view of human nature
a conviction that international relations can
be cooperative rather than conflictual
a belief in progress
6. LIBERALISM
Classical Liberalism
FOCUS:
freedom, cooperation, peace, progress
EARLY THINKERS:
Locke (1632-1704) Bentham (1748-1832) Kant (1724-1804)
The rule of law Liberal states respect ‘Republics will establish
‘Rechtsstaat’ international law perpetual peace’
8. Four Strands of Liberal Thought
Institutional Liberalism
Interdependence
Liberalism
Sociological Liberalism
Republican Liberalism
9. Sociological Liberalism
• highlights the transnational non-governmental
ties between societies, such as
communication between individuals and
between groups
10. Scholars
• James Rosenau
defined transnationalism as ‘the processes whereby
international relations conducted by governments have been
supplemented by relations among private individuals, groups, and
societies that can and do have important consequences for the course
of events’
• Richard Cobden
‘As little intercourse betwixt the Governments, as much
connection as possible between the nations of the world’
• Karl Deutsch
a high degree of transnational ties between societies leads to
peaceful relations that amount to more than the mere absence of war
• John Burton
“cobweb model”
12. Interdependence Liberalism
• pays attention to the economic ties of mutual
exchange and mutual dependence between
peoples and governments
• argues that a high division of labour in the
international economy increases
interdependence between states, and that
discourages and reduces violent conflict
between states
13. Scholars:
• Richard Rosecrance
traditional military vs. trading states
• David Mitrany
cooperation should be arranged by experts, not by
politicians
• Ernst Haas
‘Spillover’ would ensure that political elites marched
inexorably towards the promotion of integration
• Robert Keohane and Joseph Nye
states become more preoccupied with ‘low politics’ of
welfare and less concerned with ‘high politics’ of national
security
14. Institutional Liberalism
• underscores the importance of organized
cooperation between the states
• institutions alleviate problems concerning lack of
trust between states and they reduce states’ fear
for each other
15. The extent of institutionalization can be
measured on two dimensions:
Scope
Depth
For assessing the depth, there are three
measures:
• Commonality
• Specificity
• Autonomy
16. A typology of international and transnational organizations
GOAL OF ORGANIZATION
TERMSOFMEMBERSHIP
UniversalRegional
Intergovernmental
Supranational
Transnational
Intergovernmental
Supranational
Transnational
Specific General
NATO
NAFTA
ECSC (European Coal and
Steel Community)
EURATOM
European Anti-Poverty
Network
WHO (World Health Organization)
IAEA (International Atomic
Energy Agency)
---
Amnesty International
AU(African Union)
European Union
European Movement
UN
---
World Federalist
Association
Adapted from Heurlin (1996)
17. Republican Liberalism
• argues that liberal democratic constitutions
and forms of government are of vital
importance for inducing peaceful and
cooperative relations between states
18. Scholars:
• Immanuel Kant
democracies do not fight each other
• Dean Babst
• Francis Fukuyama
‘the end of history as such: that is, the end
point of mankind’s ideological evolution and the
universalization of Western liberal democracy as the
final form of human government’
19. • Michael Doyle
Three conditions of peace among liberal
democracies:
1.
Democratic norms of peaceful resolution and conflict
2.
Peaceful relations between democratic states, based on a common
moral foundation
3.
Economic cooperation between democracies: ties of interdependence