World systems theory argues that underdeveloped countries are poor not due to their own histories or characteristics, but because of their position in the global capitalist system. Core developed countries exploit peripheral poorer nations by maintaining economic and military dominance over them. This allows core nations to extract resources and profits from peripheries while preventing their industrial development. World systems theorists claim international organizations do not challenge this global power structure and peripheries should pursue policies like import substitution and cooperation to resist exploitation by the core. However, critics argue world systems theory's claims are not always supported by evidence and the causes of global inequality may be more complex.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Presentation on World System Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
African perspectives on Africa-Europe relations
Geneva Centre for Security Policy, European Training Course in Security Policy
Dr. Damien Helly
Policy Officer, ECDPM
19 March 2014
Presentation on Dependency Theory for PS 212 Culture and Politics in the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Definition of development & Underdevelopment
Theories of Development
a) Modernization theory
b) Dependency theory
c) Participation theory
d) Marxist thought of Development
Conclusion
References
The presentation is on neoliberalism in international relations. The emergence of neoliberalism and convergence and difference of neoliberalism and structural realism as well as barriers to international cooperation is presented.
African perspectives on Africa-Europe relations
Geneva Centre for Security Policy, European Training Course in Security Policy
Dr. Damien Helly
Policy Officer, ECDPM
19 March 2014
The basic objective of this presentation is to examine the changing role of women in Indian society. This concern is not merely academic but is central to the process of emerging development in India. There is a need to critically evaluate the various plans/programmes undertaken for emancipation of women in India and also make a SWOT analysis of the position of women in India at present.
Presentation for a series of lectures on Colonialism prepared for PS 212 Culture and Politics of the Third World at the University of Kentucky, Summer 2007. Dr. Christopher S. Rice, Instructor.
Globalization—the closer integration of the countries of the world as a result of the lowering of transportation and communication costs and the reduction in man-made barriers—has become one of the central issues of the day."Globalization itself is neither good nor bad. It has the power to do enormous good"
Examines the phenomenon as well its impacts and possible ways of moving forward. Used for my presentation to Parliamentarians and invited guests in Bucharest, Romania, in the wonderful Palace of the Parliament in October 2015. There was a good discussion!
Modernisation and Dependency theory 33 mark planSapphoWebb
Here is an interactive plan for lesson use borrowed from my teacher for here. It includes paragraphs and ideas to put in them.
For more revision material visit revise-sociology-aqa.tumblr.com
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins effectively (from 50 - 100k pi)DOT TECH
Anywhere in the world, including Africa, America, and Europe, you can sell Pi Network Coins online and receive cash through online payment options.
Pi has not yet been launched on any exchange because we are currently using the confined Mainnet. The planned launch date for Pi is June 28, 2026.
Reselling to investors who want to hold until the mainnet launch in 2026 is currently the sole way to sell.
Consequently, right now. All you need to do is select the right pi network provider.
Who is a pi merchant?
An individual who buys coins from miners on the pi network and resells them to investors hoping to hang onto them until the mainnet is launched is known as a pi merchant.
debuts.
I'll provide you the Telegram username
@Pi_vendor_247
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank Introduce New Co-Branded Credit Cardnickysharmasucks
The unveiling of the IndusInd Bank Poonawalla Fincorp eLITE RuPay Platinum Credit Card marks a notable milestone in the Indian financial landscape, showcasing a successful partnership between two leading institutions, Poonawalla Fincorp and IndusInd Bank. This co-branded credit card not only offers users a plethora of benefits but also reflects a commitment to innovation and adaptation. With a focus on providing value-driven and customer-centric solutions, this launch represents more than just a new product—it signifies a step towards redefining the banking experience for millions. Promising convenience, rewards, and a touch of luxury in everyday financial transactions, this collaboration aims to cater to the evolving needs of customers and set new standards in the industry.
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins in South Korea profitably.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network coins in South Korea or any other country, by finding a verified pi merchant
What is a verified pi merchant?
Since pi network is not launched yet on any exchange, the only way you can sell pi coins is by selling to a verified pi merchant, and this is because pi network is not launched yet on any exchange and no pre-sale or ico offerings Is done on pi.
Since there is no pre-sale, the only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners. So a pi merchant facilitates these transactions by acting as a bridge for both transactions.
How can i find a pi vendor/merchant?
Well for those who haven't traded with a pi merchant or who don't already have one. I will leave the telegram id of my personal pi merchant who i trade pi with.
Tele gram: @Pi_vendor_247
#pi #sell #nigeria #pinetwork #picoins #sellpi #Nigerian #tradepi #pinetworkcoins #sellmypi
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The secret way to sell pi coins effortlessly.DOT TECH
Well as we all know pi isn't launched yet. But you can still sell your pi coins effortlessly because some whales in China are interested in holding massive pi coins. And they are willing to pay good money for it. If you are interested in selling I will leave a contact for you. Just telegram this number below. I sold about 3000 pi coins to him and he paid me immediately.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
Currently pi network is not tradable on binance or any other exchange because we are still in the enclosed mainnet.
Right now the only way to sell pi coins is by trading with a verified merchant.
What is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone verified by pi network team and allowed to barter pi coins for goods and services.
Since pi network is not doing any pre-sale The only way exchanges like binance/huobi or crypto whales can get pi is by buying from miners. And a merchant stands in between the exchanges and the miners.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant. I and my friends has traded more than 6000pi coins successfully
Tele-gram
@Pi_vendor_247
What website can I sell pi coins securely.DOT TECH
Currently there are no website or exchange that allow buying or selling of pi coins..
But you can still easily sell pi coins, by reselling it to exchanges/crypto whales interested in holding thousands of pi coins before the mainnet launch.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell to these crypto whales and holders of pi..
This is because pi network is not doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges can get pi is by buying from miners and pi merchants stands in between the miners and the exchanges.
How can I sell my pi coins?
Selling pi coins is really easy, but first you need to migrate to mainnet wallet before you can do that. I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
Tele-gram.
@Pi_vendor_247
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
2. • Dependency theory and World-System
theory tried to explain the failure of many
countries to develop
• Scholars: Andre Gunder Frank; Immanuel
Wallerstein
• Claim: Underdeveloped/peripheral
countries are not just like Europe, but at an
earlier stage of development
• They have a very different history: colonisation
• And, they must compete with highly developed
countries
– Europe was undeveloped and became
developed
3. • Argument: Europe was able to prosper
by exploiting resources from other places
• The great success of Europe and the failures in
the non-West weren’t just a coincidence
• Europe became wealthy by maintaining economic
& military dominance over other nations
• Exploited nations will never “modernise” as long
as they are oppressed by Western nations
– Example: Latin America traded a lot with
Europe… and remained underdeveloped
• Whereas Japan avoided contact with Europe; did
better
4. World-System Theory (WST)
• WST: We need to study the entire global
economy as a world system
• We can’t understand the fate of a single country,
without understanding how it fits into the overall
system
• Countries aren’t poor because of their own
specific history or internal characteristics
• Rather, they are poor because of their position
relative to others in the global capitalist system.
5. World-System Theory (WST)
• Key concepts (some of these are similar
to dependency theory)
• Core: the rich, developed countries
• Periphery: poor, dependent nations
• Semi-periphery: semi-industrialised
countries
• See Figure 2.3 of photocopy from Moore
textbook
6. World-System Theory (WST)
• Classical economic theory predicts that
specialisation & trade is beneficial for all
• Countries that can produce high-tech goods most
efficiently should concentrate on that
• Countries that can produce bananas or coffee
efficiently should concentrate on that
• Specialisation leads to a “win/win” situation
• everyone is more efficient; countries become
more wealthy
• WST criticize this view…
7. World-System Theory (WST)
Criticism #1: Specialisation in low-tech
production (e.g., bananas) may produce
profits in the short term…
But, there is a cost: countries fail to develop industry and
sophisticated technology that could lead to greater profits
in the future
Argument: In the long run, countries would be
better off developing high-tech industry, rather
than just producing coffee
8. World-System Theory (WST)
Criticism #2: trade is asymmetrical
Rich countries don’t need coffee/bananas badly
And, they can buy them from many sources
But, poor countries critically depend on trade to get
technology, machinery to develop their economies
Thus: Poor countries are dependent on
rich ones
They need manufactured goods… and are forced to pay
high prices
And, they must sell their raw materials and agricultural
products very cheaply.
9. World-System Theory (WST)
• Economists argue that foreign investment
is good for peripheral countries
• World system theorists criticize this, too:
• 1. “Core” capitalist countries tend to
extract profits from the periphery
• This outweighs benefits of foreign investment
• 2. Foreign investment doesn’t really help a
society industrialize
– Foreigners build plantations and mines to extract
resources
– They build roads & ports to extract; not to benefit the
country
10. World-System Theory (WST)
• More key concepts:
• Trade concentration: When a peripheral
country trades with just a few core
countries (or only one)
• Investment concentration: When
investment comes from just a few core
countries (or one)
• High concentration may make peripheral
countries vulnerable
• If the core country decides to halt trade or
investment, economic disaster would follow
• Peripheral countries must please core trading
partners
11. • Dependency theorists such as A. G.
Frank found evidence in studies of Latin
America
• Key observation: Latin American
economies and trade was unusual:
• They mainly produced “cash crops” and raw
materials
• Trade was almost entirely with the U.S.
– High “Trade Concentration”
• Foreign investment resulted in foreign-owned
plantations, not expanded industry &
“development”.
12. Frank’s interpretation:
Global capitalism forced countries into a
state of under-development
1. They can’t to compete with industries from
high-tech economies
They do not develop high-profit industries: cars, etc.
2. Instead, they trade commodities (coffee)
They must compete with other poor countries for sales…
so they don’t make much profit
So, they remain underdeveloped…
14. World-System Theory (WST)
• Research literature on WST
Examines:
• Do countries with more trade, investment,
and concentration fare worse in terms of:
• Economic growth
• Poverty
• Health and environmental well being
• Democracy
• Results: Mixed… More on this later.
15. World-System Theory (WST)
• Issue: Why don’t all the peripheral
countries band together and overthrow
the core?
• Example: In 1970s, Oil-producing countries
created “OPEC”, and restricted the flow of oil to
the core
• Result: High gas prices; OPEC countries got rich
– Though eventually the West made friends with Saudi
Arabia and others… who lowered prices.
• Why doesn’t this happen all the time?
16. World-System Theory (WST)
• Wallerstein’s explanation:
• for stability of the world system
• 1. Military dominance of the West
• Ex: US overthrew any Latin American governments
that tried to oppose the US
• 2. Ideological commitment to the system
• People believe capitalism is “fair”, just
• Similar to Marx: false consciousness
• 3. The existence of the semi-periphery
• Most important, according to Wallerstein
• Semi-periphery is doing OK, so they support the
core
• Prevents everyone from ganging up on the core
17. World-System Theory (WST)
• Question: How does WST differ from
other analysis of economic globalisation?
• Both agree that economics is important
– But, economists often view the world
economy positively (or neutrally)
• Eg: Many economists think trade was overall
beneficial and that globalisation reduces poverty
compared to a world without trade
• WST argues that globalisation perpetuates
inequality.
18. World-System Theory (WST)
In contrast, WST argues that the global
economic system is inherently unfair
Economic power of core countries and multi-national
corporations is so great that the periphery will always be
exploited
The idea that governments and international institutions
can make the system “fair” is an illusion
Governments and international institutions (e.g., the WTO) will always
reflect interests of capitalists
Therefore, WST scholars are pessimistic about the role of global
governance in solving social problems…
– Consequently, the system must be
substantially reorganised… or overthrown.
19. World-System Theory (WST)
• What should peripheral nations do?
– According to WST scholars?
• 1. Peripheral countries must avoid
exploitive economic relations with the
core
• Beware of trade and foreign investment, which
can lead to exploitation and foreign control
• 2. Try to nurture domestic industries
• Don’t sell coffee and rely on core for high-tech
• Try to develop advanced industries locally
• Concept: “Import substitution” – developing local
industries to avoid importing products.
20. World-System Theory (WST)
What should peripheral nations do?
According to WST scholars?
1. Peripheral countries must avoid
exploitative economic relations with the
core
Beware of trade and foreign investment, which can lead to
exploitation and foreign control
2. Try to nurture domestic industries
Don’t sell coffee and rely on core for high-tech
Try to develop advanced industries locally
Concept: “Import substitution” – developing local
industries to avoid importing products.
21. World-System Theory (WST)
• What should peripheral nations do?
– According to WST scholars?
• 3. Band together with other poor nations
to fight against the power of the Core…
• Trade with each other
– Perhaps create cartels to bargain with the Core
• And some argue: start a global anti-capitalist
revolution.
22. World-System Theory (WST)
• How does WST view international
organisations?
• Answer: They do not affect the
fundamental economic positions of core
and periphery
• Claim: Most International Governmental
Organisations (IGOs) and International Non-
Governmental Organizations (INGOs) are created
by core countries, and will never fundamentally
undermine the dominance of the core
– IGOs and INGOs tend to perpetuate core dominance
– Example: WTO has not given big concessions to
periphery
• The only thing that could help would be
23. World-System Theory (WST)
• Question: Is world-system theory
“right”?
• WST makes many claims. There is no simple
answer
• 1. Analysis of Latin America is generally
thought to be compelling
• 2. Rapid industrialisation of South Korea,
Taiwan, etc = major exceptions to WST
• 3. Evidence on foreign/trade investment
is mixed, but often contradict WST
• Some studies find effects consistent with WST,
24. World-System Theory (WST)
Criticisms of WST:
1. Research findings are mixed at best
The specific WST predictions about sources of global
inequality/poverty have often been wrong
It is true that there is horrible poverty in the world…
But: Are people worse off than if there was no global economy? That
is less clear.
25. World-System Theory (WST)
2. WST doesn’t make clear predictions
After the fact, almost any action can be interpreted as
“serving the interests of global capitalists”
Example: The Montreal Protocol on CFC
emissions
First, the core didn’t sign it… WST scholars said: “See,
the core is using its power to avoid the treaty!”
Later, when the core signed it, WST scholars said: “See,
the core has ensnared the peripheral countries in a treaty
that will keep them in poverty”
A theory that can fit any evidence is not so useful.
26. World-System Theory (WST)
3. Reverse causality
WST argues: Countries that are dependent on the
core of the world capitalist system will be trapped
into a state of underdevelopment
BUT, maybe it works the other way around
Poverty produced “dependent” relations in the first place
Poor countries can’t produce high-tech goods, so they
trade commodities (e.g., bananas)
But, this doesn’t necessarily mean that trading bananas
made those countries poorer or “trapped” them into
poverty.
27. World-System Theory (WST)
• WST is a useful theory that has some
predictive power
• BUT:
– Don’t assume that the entire global economy
is conspiring to “keep the little guy down”
– The real answer, as always, is that the world
is complex…
• Some aspects of the global economy have been
beneficial, others not
• Don’t judge without evidence.
Editor's Notes
Where dependency theory sees individual countries at the brunt of the western world being exploited, WST sees the country in relation to its position around other countries. Where dependency theory sees the metropolis (core) and the satellites (periphery) WST sees the core nations which are the develop countries, the periphery as the poor dependent nations and an extra of the semi-periphery which are the industrialised countries.
It believes that if a country can specialise in a certain product then it should focus entirely on that. If a country is best at producing high tech goods it should focus on that, if one is good at producing bananas it should do that. WST sees it as a win win situation.
However it could be argued that this is what is being forced onto countries now and it is not a win win situation. For instance Veitnams main export is coffee and its government has put a lot of money into specialising in coffee however it hasnt got any richer in fact it might have decreased in its development. Also if countries specialise and suddenly the demand drops because of a lifestyle change (dont drink that much coffee) then the poorer countries will suffer most.