Transcription
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Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and requires the RNA polymerase enzyme, which binds to promoter regions on DNA and initiates transcription. Transcription starts at the promoter and ends at a termination signal, and mRNA can be directly translated during transcription without further processing. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex and occurs inside the nucleus, utilizing five types of RNA polymerases with many subunits to transcribe different RNA molecules. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription is their location, with prokaryotes transcribing in the cytoplasm and eukaryotes transcribing in the nucleus.
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Solution
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Elongation
Termination
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beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
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Transcription is the process in which a gene's DNA sequence is copied (transcribed) to make an RNA molecule.
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RNA metabolism and transcription are complex processes involving multiple steps. There are three major types of RNA - mRNA, rRNA and tRNA. Transcription involves initiation, elongation and termination. It requires a DNA template, RNA polymerase enzyme, and nucleotide substrates. Prokaryotes have a single RNA polymerase while eukaryotes have three specialized RNA polymerases. Transcription results in primary transcripts that undergo extensive processing before becoming functional RNAs. Alternative splicing allows generation of multiple mRNAs from a single gene. Transcription and its regulation play an important role in gene expression.
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Gene expression is regulated at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. Transcriptional regulation involves proteins binding to promoter and enhancer sequences to control RNA polymerase recruitment and initiation of transcription. Eukaryotic gene expression requires transcription factors, coactivators, and basal transcription factors to assemble the transcription initiation complex. Post-transcriptional regulation influences RNA processing, transport, translation, and degradation.
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Similar to Transcription
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A)Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene\'s DNA sequence
to make an RNA molecule.Transcription can be divided into four distinct stages:
Template recognition
Initiation
Elongation
Termination
Initiation:RNA polymerase binds to a sequence of DNA called the promoter,found near the
beginning of a gene.Each gene has its own promoter.Once bound,RNA polymerase separates the
DNA strands,providing the single-stranded template needed for transcription.
Elongation:One strand of DNA,the template strand,acts as a template for RNA polymerase.As it
reads this template one base at a time,the polymerase builds an RNA molecule out of
complementary nucleotides,making a chain that grows from 5\' to 3\'.The RNA transcript carries
the same information as the non-template (coding) strand of DNA,but it contains the base uracil
instead of thymine .
Termination:Sequences called terminators signal that the RNA transcript is complete.Once they
are transcribed,they cause the transcript to be released from the RNA polymerase.
B)Prokaryotes do not have an organized nucleus,so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the
cytoplasm.Therefore,the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for
the transcription are found in the cytoplasm.Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA
polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed.The enzyme binds
to the sigma factor and the promoter region,and then initiate the transcription by completing the
holoenzyme.In prokaryotes,DNA is not bound to histones.Thus,the transcription initiates
directly.This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes.Transcription
starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA
polymerase reads the termination signal.There are two types of termination signals,Rho-
dependent and independant.Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the
transcription,and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the
time.Transcriptionl unit has one or more .
Basic principle of transcription, organization of transcriptional units in pr...
Transcription is the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA. In prokaryotes, there are three main components of the transcriptional unit: 1) Promoters located upstream of genes that are recognized by RNA polymerase to initiate transcription, 2) The RNA coding sequence which is the DNA region that is transcribed, and 3) Terminators which allow transcription to stop and release the RNA transcript. Promoters contain -10 and -35 sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. Termination can occur via Rho-dependent or Rho-independent mechanisms involving RNA secondary structure formation and polymerase stalling.
Role of DNA and RNA in Protein Synthesis
Protein synthesis is the process whereby biological cells generate new proteins. Translation, the assembly of amino acids by ribosomes, is an essential part of the biosynthetic pathway, along with generation of messenger RNA (mRNA), aminoacylation of transfer RNA (tRNA), co-translational transport, and post-translational modification. Protein biosynthesis is strictly regulated at multiple steps. They are principally during transcription (phenomenon of RNA synthesis from DNA template) and translation (phenomenon of amino acid assembly from RNA). The cistron DNA is transcribed into the first of a series of RNA intermediates. The last version is used as a template in synthesis of a polypeptide chain. Protein will often be synthesized directly from genes by translating mRNA. A proprotein is an inactive protein containing one or more inhibitory peptides that can be activated when the inhibitory sequence is removed by proteolysis during post translational modification. A preprotein is a form that contains a signal sequence (an N-terminal signal peptide) that specifies its insertion into or through membranes, i.e., targets them for secretion. The signal peptide is cleaved off in the endoplasmic reticulum. Preproteins have both sequences (inhibitory and signal) still present. In protein synthesis, a succession of tRNA molecules charged with appropriate amino acids are brought together with an mRNA molecule and matched up by base-pairing through the anti-codons of the tRNA with successive codons of the mRNA. The amino acids are then linked together to extend the growing protein chain, and the tRNAs, no longer carrying amino acids, are released. This whole complex of processes is carried out by the ribosome, formed of two main chains of RNA, called ribosomal RNA (rRNA), and more than 50 different proteins. The ribosome latches onto the end of an mRNA molecule and moves along it, capturing loaded tRNA molecules and joining together their amino acids to form a new protein chain.
Microbial genetics lectures 7, 8, and 9
This document discusses the relationship between genotype and phenotype. It provides examples of how gene expression in E. coli and Serratia marcescens is dependent on environmental conditions. It also summarizes the key steps in transcription, including initiation at the promoter, elongation as RNA polymerase copies DNA into mRNA, and termination. Transcription differs between prokaryotes and eukaryotes, with eukaryotic mRNA undergoing additional processing before translation.
DNA Transcription
The document summarizes the process of transcription in cells. It defines transcription as the process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template. It describes the basic structure of genes and the roles of different types of RNA including mRNA, tRNA, rRNA and snRNA. The transcription process involves RNA polymerase binding to the promoter region and synthesizing RNA along the DNA template, adding complementary bases. Elongation continues until a terminator sequence is reached, at which point transcription ends and the RNA transcript is released.
Basic principle of transcription
Transcription is the process of synthesizing RNA using a DNA template. It involves three main steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. In initiation, RNA polymerase binds to promoter sequences on DNA and unwinds the double helix. In elongation, RNA polymerase moves along the DNA strand and adds complementary RNA nucleotides. Termination occurs when the polymerase reaches a terminator sequence and stops adding nucleotides. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes have similar transcription mechanisms but eukaryotes have three RNA polymerases and require additional transcription factors.
Transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.pdf
1. Transcription is the process of copying DNA into mRNA, which carries genetic information from DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein production. RNA polymerase copies one DNA strand into a complementary mRNA strand.
2. In prokaryotes, RNA polymerase initiates transcription by binding to promoter sequences upstream of genes. It then elongates the mRNA as it moves along the DNA template. Termination occurs via rho-dependent or rho-independent signals.
3. In eukaryotes, transcription requires transcription factors to recruit RNA polymerase to the promoter. The initial pre-mRNA product undergoes processing before becoming a mature mRNA for translation.
Transcription in prokaryotes
The document summarizes transcription in prokaryotes. It discusses that transcription is carried out by RNA polymerase, which copies DNA into RNA. In prokaryotes, a single RNA polymerase enzyme governs transcription. It consists of core subunits and a sigma factor that helps recognize promoter regions on DNA. Transcription occurs in three steps - initiation, elongation, and termination. Initiation involves the RNA polymerase binding to promoter sites on DNA. Elongation extends the RNA chain. Termination ends transcription as the RNA and polymerase dissociate via either rho-dependent or rho-independent mechanisms.
Virus translation
This document discusses translation in eukaryotes and bacteria. It explains that eukaryotic mRNA is typically monocistronic while bacterial mRNA can contain multiple ORFs translated concurrently. The key differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic translation are described, including initiation factors, ribosome structure, and initiation mechanisms like the Shine-Dalgarno sequence in bacteria versus the 5' cap in eukaryotes. The document also covers post-translational modifications in eukaryotes like glycosylation, acylation, and phosphorylation, as well as intracellular protein transport through the ER, Golgi, and between nuclei.
Transcription; lgis
The document discusses DNA transcription in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It defines transcription as the synthesis of RNA from a DNA template. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and involves RNA polymerases I, II, and III. The process includes initiation, elongation, and termination. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than prokaryotic transcription due to larger genome size, chromatin structure, and presence of regulatory elements. The primary transcript in eukaryotes undergoes processing before becoming a mature mRNA.
Transcription in Eukaryotes-Complete.ppt
TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF RNA
A STRUCTURAL GENE
EUKARYOTIC RNA POLYMERASES
MECHANISM OF TRANSCRIPTION IN EUKARYOTES:
- INITIATION
- ELONGATION
- TERMINATION
TRANSCRIPTION FACTORS
ACTIVATORS, MEDIATORS & CHROMATIN MODIFYING PROTEINS
RNA SPLICING
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PROKARYOTIC & EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION
Transcription in prokaryotes
transcription process synthesized ssRNA in prokaryotes, RNA polymerase and promoter of prokaryotes and eukaryotes
Dna transcription
RNA is synthesized from DNA in a process called transcription. There are both similarities and differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription. In prokaryotes, transcription occurs in the cytoplasm, is carried out by a single type of RNA polymerase, and mRNA is transcribed directly from DNA. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus, utilizes three types of RNA polymerases, and produces hnRNA which is processed into mRNA. The key stages of transcription, initiation, elongation, and termination, occur through different mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
What is transcription
Transcription is the process by which DNA is copied into messenger RNA (mRNA) using DNA as a template. It requires a DNA template, RNA nucleotides, and enzymes. In eukaryotes, pre-mRNA is formed, spliced to remove introns, and modified with a 5' cap and poly-A tail to form mature mRNA. Mature mRNA is then used to direct protein synthesis. In prokaryotes, transcription and translation occur simultaneously without pre-mRNA processing.
Protein Synthesis in Prokaryotes and Eukaroytes
Transcription and synthesis of different RNAs
Processing of RNA transcript
Catalytic RNA
RNA splicing and Spliceosome
Transport of RNA through nuclear pore
Translation and polypeptide synthesis
Posttranslational modification
Protein trafficking and degradation
Antibiotics and inhibition of protein synthesis.
TRANSCRIPTION.pptx
• Transcription machinery interacts with the template strand to produce an mRNA whose sequence resembles the coding strand.
• Life on earth is said to have begun from self-replicating RNA since it is the only class of molecules capable of both catalysis and carrying genetic information.
• Transcription maintains the link between these two molecules and allows cells to use a stable nucleic acid as the genetic material while retaining most of their protein synthesis machinery.
PROKARYOTIC GENE.pptx
The document discusses genes in prokaryotes. It defines key terms like gene, prokaryotic gene, and operon. It explains that prokaryotic genes consist of a promoter region, RNA coding sequence, and terminator region. Gene expression involves transcription and translation processes that occur in the cytoplasm. Gene regulation is achieved through repressible and inducible operons like the trp and lac operons, which are controlled by repressor and activator proteins that bind to DNA in response to environmental stimuli.
Molecular Genetics Part II
This document summarizes the process of gene expression from DNA to protein. It discusses:
1) How early experiments established that genes encode proteins through RNA intermediates. One gene encodes one polypeptide.
2) The "central dogma" of molecular biology - that DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA acts as an intermediate to protect DNA and allow for gene regulation.
3) The process of transcription, including initiation, elongation, termination, and post-transcriptional modification of pre-mRNA in eukaryotes.
4) Translation occurs on ribosomes, where mRNA directs the assembly of amino acids into polypeptides according to the genetic code
Transcription presentation
This document summarizes transcription and its regulation. It defines transcription as the first step of gene expression where DNA is copied into RNA by the enzyme RNA polymerase. It describes the three main steps of transcription - initiation, elongation, and termination. It also discusses how transcription is regulated by transcription factors that can activate or repress transcription initiation depending on if they bind to enhancer or silencer sequences. The document concludes with brief descriptions of other related topics like the genetic code, start and stop codons, and anticodons.
Role of DNA and A in Protein synthesis
DNA contains genetic instructions and is transcribed into RNA. RNA acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes, where protein synthesis occurs. Protein synthesis involves transcription of DNA into mRNA and translation of mRNA into proteins. Transcription is the synthesis of RNA from DNA, while translation assembles amino acids into proteins according to the mRNA code. Both transcription and translation are essential for protein synthesis and the flow of genetic information.
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Post-translation modification involves chemical changes to proteins after they are translated from mRNA. This includes things like adding carbohydrates or lipids through glycosylation or acylation. Another key type of modification is phosphorylation, which regulates protein activity and interactions. Many eukaryotic proteins undergo initial modification in the endoplasmic reticulum, such as cleavage of signal sequences that target them for transport. Post-translational modification is important for proper protein folding and activation, and generating diversity from identical gene products to serve different cellular functions and processes.
Biotechnology notes:RDT
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology and its tools. It discusses how recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce proteins like human insulin through gene cloning in yeast cells and plants. The key developers of this technology in 1973 are mentioned. The technology has proven important for producing vaccines and protein therapies to treat diseases like hemophilia. Restriction enzymes are also discussed as important tools that act as molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. Their nomenclature and discovery by Arber, Smith, and Nathans in 1978 is noted.
Southern blotting
Southern blotting is a technique developed by Edward Southern in 1975 that allows for the detection and identification of specific DNA fragments within a mixture. It involves separating genomic DNA fragments via agarose gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a radioactively labeled probe to hybridize to complementary DNA sequences fixed on the membrane. The membrane is then exposed to film, revealing bands that correspond to the original DNA fragment positions and allowing specific fragments to be easily identified. Southern blotting finds application in DNA separation and hybridization experiments to search for functional target DNA sequences.
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Biotechnology (unit 5) Class XII
1. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest, inserting it into a vector like a plasmid, introducing the vector into a host cell like E. coli, and allowing the host cell to multiply and express the gene.
2. Key tools that enable this process are restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase, which joins DNA fragments back together. Vectors like plasmids contain origins of replication and selectable markers.
3. Important applications of recombinant DNA technology include producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes and engineering plants for insect resistance. This technology has generated significant scientific and medical advances.
R dna technology, biotechnology
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and other tools to combine DNA fragments from different sources and insert them into vectors like plasmids. This allows genes to be cloned and mass produced. Key applications include producing human insulin to treat diabetes, vaccines like for hepatitis B, and gene therapy. Plasmids are commonly used vectors that are small, self-replicating DNA molecules found in bacteria. They contain origins of replication, antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers, and sites for inserting foreign DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has proven important for developing medical treatments and furthering pharmaceutical research.
Citric acid
Citric acid is commonly produced through submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. There are three main methods - submerged culture fermentation, liquid surface culture fermentation, and KOJI fermentation. Submerged culture fermentation is the most common industrial process, using sugar, starch, or molasses in fermentors along with A. niger over 5-10 days. Citric acid is then recovered through calcium citrate precipitation, demineralization, and crystallization. Finally, citric acid has many uses as a preservative and acidulant in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Antigen processing and presentation
The document discusses antigen processing and presentation pathways. It explains that antigen presenting cells digest proteins from inside or outside the cell and display the resulting peptide fragments on MHC class I or II molecules. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens processed via the cytosolic pathway, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens processed via the endocytic pathway for recognition by T cells. This process allows the immune system to detect signs of infection or abnormal growth.
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Cell structure
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Transcription
- 1. What is Prokaryotic Transcription Prokaryotes don’t have an organized nucleus, so the nuclear materials or DNA is in the cytoplasm. Therefore, the transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and all the precursors needed for the transcription are found in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic transcription requires the RNA polymerase enzyme in order for the transcription to be successfully completed. The enzyme contains five subunits (α, β, β’, ω) and it binds to the sigma factor and the promoter region, and then initiate the transcription by completing the holoenzyme. In prokaryotes, DNA is not bound to histones. Thus, the transcription initiates directly. This could be advantageous when prokaryotes have overlapping genes. Transcription starts at the promoter region and elongate through the coding region and ends when the RNA polymerase reads the termination signal. There are two types of termination signals, Rho-dependent and independent. Transcribed mRNA will be completely translated during the transcription, and no post-transcription processing will be undergoing most of the time. What is Eukaryotic Transcription Eukaryotic transcription is more complex than eukaryotic transcription and occurs inside the nucleus. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotes contain five types of RNA polymerases according to the need of transcription and contain 10 – 17 subunits. For example, RNA polymerase I transcribe large mRNA and RNA polymerase II transcribe snRNA and miRNA, etc. These five enzymes found differently in organisms, for example, RNA polymerase IV and V are present only in plants. Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Transcription Location Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cell cytoplasm. Eukaryotic transcription occurs in the cell nucleus.