rna dna replication thermodynamics dna rna polymerase internal energy enthalpy entropy rna world nucleic acid chemistry non-polar covalent bonds polar covalent bonds ionic bonds elements atoms post-transcriptional modification prokaryotic transcription transcriptional termination transcriptional elongation transcriptional initiation promoters replication co-transcriptional modification alternative splicing capping transcription splicing rna editing polyadenylation thermodynamics of life biochemistry london dispersion forces 3rd law of thermodynamics oth law of thermodynamics 2nd law of thermodynamics 1st law of thermodynamics classical physics albert einstein quantum mechanics origin of life octate rule covalent bonds chemical bonds isotopes compounds atomic models ions molecules rna polymerase stringent control ppgpp up elements marwadi university enhancers transcriptional factors rna polymerase iii rna polymerase ii rna polymerase i eukaryotic transcription eukaryotes rho protein sigma factors trascription plasmid partition m13 phage rolling circle model theta model plasmid mutagenesis dna repair mechanism mutagens replication fidelity mutation telomerase heyflick's limit eukaryotic dna replication discovery of dna as genetic material mechanism of dna replication e. coli molecular biology prokaryotic dna replication
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