Plant Tissue culture
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Plant Tissue Culture and its Basic.
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Ptms sonika chouhan
Post-translation modification involves chemical changes to proteins after they are translated from mRNA. This includes things like adding carbohydrates or lipids through glycosylation or acylation. Another key type of modification is phosphorylation, which regulates protein activity and interactions. Many eukaryotic proteins undergo initial modification in the endoplasmic reticulum, such as cleavage of signal sequences that target them for transport. Post-translational modification is important for proper protein folding and activation, and generating diversity from identical gene products to serve different cellular functions and processes.
Biotechnology notes:RDT
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology and its tools. It discusses how recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce proteins like human insulin through gene cloning in yeast cells and plants. The key developers of this technology in 1973 are mentioned. The technology has proven important for producing vaccines and protein therapies to treat diseases like hemophilia. Restriction enzymes are also discussed as important tools that act as molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. Their nomenclature and discovery by Arber, Smith, and Nathans in 1978 is noted.
Southern blotting
Southern blotting is a technique developed by Edward Southern in 1975 that allows for the detection and identification of specific DNA fragments within a mixture. It involves separating genomic DNA fragments via agarose gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a radioactively labeled probe to hybridize to complementary DNA sequences fixed on the membrane. The membrane is then exposed to film, revealing bands that correspond to the original DNA fragment positions and allowing specific fragments to be easily identified. Southern blotting finds application in DNA separation and hybridization experiments to search for functional target DNA sequences.
Bacteriophage based vector
Lamda phage has a linear double stranded DNA genome of 48,514 bp with 12 base complementary cos sites at each end used for packaging DNA into phage heads. The central region causes lytic infection and allows desired genes to replace infected genes, with a cloning capacity of 23 kb.
M13 phage infects E. coli with F pili and has a single stranded circular genome of 6,407 bp that enters bacteria from a double stranded replicative form. Replication becomes asymmetric after 100 copies are formed, producing single stranded copies extracted from host cells as M13 phage and double stranded replicative form. M13 phage is used for site-directed mutagenesis and DNA sequencing.
Biotechnology (unit 5) Class XII
1. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest, inserting it into a vector like a plasmid, introducing the vector into a host cell like E. coli, and allowing the host cell to multiply and express the gene.
2. Key tools that enable this process are restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase, which joins DNA fragments back together. Vectors like plasmids contain origins of replication and selectable markers.
3. Important applications of recombinant DNA technology include producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes and engineering plants for insect resistance. This technology has generated significant scientific and medical advances.
R dna technology, biotechnology
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and other tools to combine DNA fragments from different sources and insert them into vectors like plasmids. This allows genes to be cloned and mass produced. Key applications include producing human insulin to treat diabetes, vaccines like for hepatitis B, and gene therapy. Plasmids are commonly used vectors that are small, self-replicating DNA molecules found in bacteria. They contain origins of replication, antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers, and sites for inserting foreign DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has proven important for developing medical treatments and furthering pharmaceutical research.
Citric acid
Citric acid is commonly produced through submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. There are three main methods - submerged culture fermentation, liquid surface culture fermentation, and KOJI fermentation. Submerged culture fermentation is the most common industrial process, using sugar, starch, or molasses in fermentors along with A. niger over 5-10 days. Citric acid is then recovered through calcium citrate precipitation, demineralization, and crystallization. Finally, citric acid has many uses as a preservative and acidulant in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Transcription
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and requires the RNA polymerase enzyme, which binds to promoter regions on DNA and initiates transcription. Transcription starts at the promoter and ends at a termination signal, and mRNA can be directly translated during transcription without further processing. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex and occurs inside the nucleus, utilizing five types of RNA polymerases with many subunits to transcribe different RNA molecules. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription is their location, with prokaryotes transcribing in the cytoplasm and eukaryotes transcribing in the nucleus.
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Ptms sonika chouhan
Post-translation modification involves chemical changes to proteins after they are translated from mRNA. This includes things like adding carbohydrates or lipids through glycosylation or acylation. Another key type of modification is phosphorylation, which regulates protein activity and interactions. Many eukaryotic proteins undergo initial modification in the endoplasmic reticulum, such as cleavage of signal sequences that target them for transport. Post-translational modification is important for proper protein folding and activation, and generating diversity from identical gene products to serve different cellular functions and processes.
Biotechnology notes:RDT
This document provides an overview of recombinant DNA technology and its tools. It discusses how recombinant DNA technology has been used to produce proteins like human insulin through gene cloning in yeast cells and plants. The key developers of this technology in 1973 are mentioned. The technology has proven important for producing vaccines and protein therapies to treat diseases like hemophilia. Restriction enzymes are also discussed as important tools that act as molecular scissors to cut DNA at specific recognition sequences. Their nomenclature and discovery by Arber, Smith, and Nathans in 1978 is noted.
Southern blotting
Southern blotting is a technique developed by Edward Southern in 1975 that allows for the detection and identification of specific DNA fragments within a mixture. It involves separating genomic DNA fragments via agarose gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a radioactively labeled probe to hybridize to complementary DNA sequences fixed on the membrane. The membrane is then exposed to film, revealing bands that correspond to the original DNA fragment positions and allowing specific fragments to be easily identified. Southern blotting finds application in DNA separation and hybridization experiments to search for functional target DNA sequences.
Bacteriophage based vector
Lamda phage has a linear double stranded DNA genome of 48,514 bp with 12 base complementary cos sites at each end used for packaging DNA into phage heads. The central region causes lytic infection and allows desired genes to replace infected genes, with a cloning capacity of 23 kb.
M13 phage infects E. coli with F pili and has a single stranded circular genome of 6,407 bp that enters bacteria from a double stranded replicative form. Replication becomes asymmetric after 100 copies are formed, producing single stranded copies extracted from host cells as M13 phage and double stranded replicative form. M13 phage is used for site-directed mutagenesis and DNA sequencing.
Biotechnology (unit 5) Class XII
1. Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating a gene of interest, inserting it into a vector like a plasmid, introducing the vector into a host cell like E. coli, and allowing the host cell to multiply and express the gene.
2. Key tools that enable this process are restriction enzymes, which cut DNA at specific sequences, and DNA ligase, which joins DNA fragments back together. Vectors like plasmids contain origins of replication and selectable markers.
3. Important applications of recombinant DNA technology include producing human insulin in bacteria to treat diabetes and engineering plants for insect resistance. This technology has generated significant scientific and medical advances.
R dna technology, biotechnology
Recombinant DNA technology uses restriction enzymes and other tools to combine DNA fragments from different sources and insert them into vectors like plasmids. This allows genes to be cloned and mass produced. Key applications include producing human insulin to treat diabetes, vaccines like for hepatitis B, and gene therapy. Plasmids are commonly used vectors that are small, self-replicating DNA molecules found in bacteria. They contain origins of replication, antibiotic resistance genes as selectable markers, and sites for inserting foreign DNA. Recombinant DNA technology has proven important for developing medical treatments and furthering pharmaceutical research.
Citric acid
Citric acid is commonly produced through submerged fermentation using Aspergillus niger fungus. There are three main methods - submerged culture fermentation, liquid surface culture fermentation, and KOJI fermentation. Submerged culture fermentation is the most common industrial process, using sugar, starch, or molasses in fermentors along with A. niger over 5-10 days. Citric acid is then recovered through calcium citrate precipitation, demineralization, and crystallization. Finally, citric acid has many uses as a preservative and acidulant in foods, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and other products.
Transcription
Prokaryotic transcription occurs in the cytoplasm and requires the RNA polymerase enzyme, which binds to promoter regions on DNA and initiates transcription. Transcription starts at the promoter and ends at a termination signal, and mRNA can be directly translated during transcription without further processing. Eukaryotic transcription is more complex and occurs inside the nucleus, utilizing five types of RNA polymerases with many subunits to transcribe different RNA molecules. The main difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic transcription is their location, with prokaryotes transcribing in the cytoplasm and eukaryotes transcribing in the nucleus.
Antigen processing and presentation
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Cell structure
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The document summarizes an in-vitro study evaluating the antilithiatic (anti-kidney stone forming) and antioxidant activity of leaves of Elytraria acaulis. It includes details on the objective to evaluate the leaves' ability to inhibit calcium oxalate crystallization and growth using various assays. The methodology describes preparation of an aqueous extract of the leaves and testing the extract in assays for calcium oxalate nucleation and aggregation, calcium oxalate and brushite crystal growth, and various in-vitro antioxidant activity assays including DPPH radical scavenging and reducing power. The results section presents some standardized parameters of the crude drug and extract including morphological characteristics, physicochemical properties, and extractive
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The document discusses antigen processing and presentation pathways. It explains that antigen presenting cells digest proteins from inside or outside the cell and display the resulting peptide fragments on MHC class I or II molecules. MHC class I presents endogenous antigens processed via the cytosolic pathway, while MHC class II presents exogenous antigens processed via the endocytic pathway for recognition by T cells. This process allows the immune system to detect signs of infection or abnormal growth.
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Hooke first observed cells in 1665 using a microscope to examine cork. Leeuwenhoek later observed living cells in pond water in 1673. In 1838, Schleiden concluded plants are made of cells, and in 1839 Schwann concluded animals are made of cells, laying the foundations for the cell theory. Virchow in 1855 observed cells dividing and proposed all cells come from pre-existing cells. The cell theory states that all living things are made of cells, cells are the basic unit of structure and function, and new cells are produced from existing cells. Eukaryotic cells are more complex than prokaryotic cells, containing membrane-bound organelles. The cell membrane regulates what enters
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Plant Tissue culture
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